在含氯化物的碱性溶液中双相不锈钢的耐蚀性及表面膜的研究

在９０℃含Ｃｌ－碱性溶液中所研究钢种的电化学行为表明：００Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ５Ｍｏ３Ｓｉ２（１８－５）双相不锈钢耐一般腐蚀和孔蚀性能较０Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ（１８－ＳＴｉ）奥氏体不锈钢更佳．碱液中的游离ＮＨ３、ＣＯ３２－和ＨＣＯ３－有缓蚀作用，Ｓ２－促使材料活化．ＥＤＡＸ、ＸＰＳ及ＴＥＭ分析结果表明：两种不锈钢的表面膜均为多价的复杂氧化物膜，以ＣｒＯＯＨ、Ｃｒ２Ｏ３为主要成分．１８－５钢表面膜中Ｃｒ富集程度较１８－８Ｔｉ钢高，膜的致密度及稳定性亦高，膜中的ＭｏＯ３能有效提高钢的耐孔蚀性能．     

微量元素对Cr—Ni—Mn—N奥氏体抗氢钢微观凝固偏析的影响

利用金相法和电子探针研究了微量元素Ｐ，Ｃ，Ｓｉ和Ｎｂ对采用低偏析均质化技术炼制的Ｃｒ－Ｎｉ－Ｍｎ－Ｎ奥氏体抗氢钢凝固组织和微观偏析的影响。结果表明，降低Ｐ，Ｃ及Ｓｉ的含量有利于Ｃｒ－Ｎｉ－Ｍｎ－Ｎ奥氏体凝固组织枝晶细化，Ｎｂ保持适当含量对枝细化有利，分别减少，Ｐ，Ｃ，Ｓｉ和Ｎｂ的实验钢中的含量不仅能大幅降低元素自身的偏析，而且不同程度地影响到其它元素偏析。     

人体植入物用钴－铬合金

人体植入物用钴－铬合金美国卡彭特技术公司新近开发成功一种医疗用植入物用无磁钻一铬－钼合金，其典型的化学成分是：Ｃｏ－２６Ｃｒ—６Ｍｏ—１Ｓｉ－１Ｆｅ－１Ｍｎ－１Ｎｉ－０．５Ｗ－０．５Ｃｕ－０．１８Ｎ－０．０５Ｃ－０．０１５Ｐ－０．０１５Ｓ，该合金制品...     

铸造Cr—Mn—N系不锈钢腐蚀磨损行为的研究

加Ｃｕ，Ｍｏ等合金元素的铸造Ｃｒ－Ｍｎ－Ｎ系不锈钢在Ｈ２ＳＯ４，ＨＮＯ３，ＨＡＣ等不同介质中的抗腐蚀性能远优于３０４不锈钢，究其原因，除了Ｃｒ－Ｍｎ－Ｎ系不锈钢与３０４不锈钢有相似的耐蚀性能外，磨损实验证明其比Ｎｉ系不锈钢有更好的的加工硬化能力，适用于磨损为主的工况。     

Si在变形Ni—Cu—Fe—Mn—Si合金中的行为

研究了热处理后前后变形Ｎｉ－Ｃｕ－Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ－Ｓｉ合金中的Ｓｉ的存在形式，在晶界及晶内的分布状态和结构，并研究了在热处理状态下，合金性能的变化，ＸＲＤ分析表明：Ｎｉ－Ｃｕ－Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ－Ｓｉ合金基体为面心方立结构，在热加工状态（Ｒ态）下，Ｎｉ－Ｃｕ－Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ－Ｓｉ合金除Ｎｉ３Ｓｉ相外，还出现了Ｎｉ３１Ｓｉ１２相。该相为立方结构。ＴＥＭ分析表明：第二相（Ｎｉ３Ｓｉ）在晶界和晶内弥散分布，少量在晶界聚     

瞬时液相扩散焊接CuAlBe合金和1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢

采用ＣｕＭｎ合金为中间层对ＣｕＡｌＢｅ合金和１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢进行了瞬时液相扩散焊接。通过扫描电镜、电子探针和Ｘ射线省射分析等手段对接头的微观组织和相结构进行了分析,并用拉伸试验评价了接头的连接强度。研究结果表明,焊接压力、焊接温度、焊接时间及ＣｕＭｎ合金中间层Ｍｎ的含量等焊接参数对接头强度影响很大。在本试验中,当ＣｕＭｎ中间层中Ｍｎ元素含量为３０％、Ｔｔ＝１２２３Ｋ、ｔｂ＝４０ｍｉｎ、Ｐ     

Fe—Mn—Al合金的腐蚀性能与钝化膜的研究

应用阳极极化及ＡＥＳ／ＸＰＳ技术，研究了Ｆｅ－３０．８Ｍｎ－８．２Ａｌ奥氏体合金在ｐＨ值为－０．８至１５．３的水溶液中的腐蚀性能，并与Ｆｅ－３０Ｍｎ合金，低碳钢，９％Ｎｉ低温钢及１Ｃｒ１３不锈钢进行对比。在所测试的水溶液中，该合金的腐蚀抗力优于低碳钢的Ｆｅ－３０Ｍｎ合金，与９％Ｎｉ钢相当，但不及１Ｃｒ１３不锈钢。     

一种高速化学镀Ni-Cu-P合金工艺

开了一种高速化学镀Ｎｉ－Ｃｕ－Ｐ合金工艺,研究了镀液中ＣｕＳＯ１．５Ｈ２Ｏ浓度、ｐＨ值、温度对镀层成分、镀速的影响,并根据ＧＢ１０１２４－８８标准对镀层作了耐蚀性试验。结果表明,本工艺在各参数较大的变化范围内均可获得较高的镀速,最高镀速可达２８ｕｍ／ｈ,而且镀层具有较好的耐蚀性,该工艺条件下获得的镀层在５０％Ｈ２ＳＯ１（室温）和５０％ＮａＯＨ（９５Ｏ）中的耐蚀性远高于１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ、１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ１２Ｍｏ２Ｔｉ等不锈钢、碳钢以及Ｎｉ－Ｐ化学镀层。     

铸造铬锰氮下锈钢耐蚀性的研究

添加了Ｍｏ和Ｃｕ的铬锰氮不锈钢，合金钝化膜更加完整，且稳定性高钝化膜主要由Ｆｅ，Ｃｒ和Ｍｏ的含水氧化物组成，添加Ｍｏ和Ｃｕ的合金钝化膜有Ｃｒ，Ｍｏ和Ｃｕ的富集，且Ｃｒ／Ｆｅ的比值高，膜薄却密，耐蚀性能好。它具有优于１８－８和１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ１２Ｍｏ２Ｔｉ钢的耐均匀腐蚀、耐点蚀和耐晶间腐蚀性能。     

Fe—Mn─Al合金的腐蚀性能与钝化膜的研究

应用阳极极化及ＡＥＳ／ＸＰＳ技术,研究了Ｆｅ－３０．８Ｍｎ－８．２Ａｌ奥氏体合金在ｐＨ值为－０．８至１５．３的水溶液中的腐蚀性能,并与Ｆｅ－３０Ｍｎ合金、低碳钢、９％Ｎｉ低温钢及１Ｃｒ１３不锈钢进行对比。在所测试的水溶液中,该合金的腐蚀抗力优于低碳钢和Ｆｅ－３０Ｍｎ合金,与９％Ｎｉ钢相当,但不及１Ｃｒ１３不锈钢。Ｆｅ－３０．８Ｍｎ－８．２Ａｌ合金在１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａ２ＳＯ个中形成的钝化膜的最表层可能为氢氧化物,而膜的主体由Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、Ｍｎ２Ｏ３及Ａｌ２Ｏ３组成。     

磷、硅、锰和铜对高纯18Cr-14Ni不锈钢在氯化物介质中抗孔蚀性能的影响

应用浸蚀腐蚀试验和阳极极化曲线研究了不同P、Si、Mn和Cu含量的高纯18Cr-14Ni不锈钢在氯化物介质中的抗孔蚀行为.结果表明合金元素P、Si和Cu的加入可改善高纯18Cr-14Ni钢的抗孔蚀能力.而Mn含量的增加对不锈钢的抗孔蚀性能是有害的.     

Korrosionsprobleme in chlorhaltigen Medien: Lösungsmöglichkeiten durch einige nichtrostende Spezialstähle

Corrosion problems in chloride containing media: possible solution by some stainless special steels The increasing water pollution forces the chemical industry to use water with increasing chloride content for cooling and other purposes. This trend brings about increasing corrosion danger, in particular pitting, stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue as well as crevice corrosion. The present paper deals with some steels characterized by resistance to these specific corrosion phenomena. A steel containing (%) 21 Cr., 7.5 Ni, 2.5 Mo, 1.5 Cu, to 2 Mn, to 1 Si and 0.06 C is particularly resistant to stress corrosion cracking. It contains 30 to 50% ferrite in an austenitic matrix. Even in Mg chloride solutions it may be kept under a load of 7 kg/mm² without stress corrosion occurring (with a steel of the 18 10 CrNiMo type the admissible load is only 2 kg/mm²). A steel containing (%) 25 Ni, 21 Cr, 4.5 Mo, 1.5 Cu, to 1 Si, to 2 Mn, and 0.02 C has a broad passivity range and is resistant to general corrosion in acid reducing media and phosphoric acid of all concentrations. A ferritic steel containing (%) 26 Cr. 1 Mo and minor additions of C, Mn, Si, Cu, Ni and nitrogen is resistant to stress corrosion cracking in neutral chloride solutions and general corrosion in oxidizing and neutral media, even against hydrogen sulfid and organic acids; it is beyond that lergely resistant to pitting in chloride solutions.     

冶金因素对钢点蚀诱发敏感性的影响

选取有代表性冶金元素的几种低碳钢和低合金钢,通过在3%NaCl（pH=10）溶液中的极化实验比较它们之间的点蚀诱发敏感性,用电子探针（EPMA）分析钢中夹杂物诱发点蚀的腐蚀特征。结果表明,脱氧程度较差的沸腾钢的抗点蚀诱发能力明显优于脱氧程度完全的镇静钢,经过稀土处理的镇静钢的抗点蚀诱发能力有所改善,介于两者之间。镍铬系低合金钢的抗点蚀诱发能力优于锰系低合金钢,说明钢中合金元素对点蚀诱发敏感性有重要影响钢中夹杂物是最主要的点蚀诱发源,夹杂物边界钢基体表面的氧化膜最薄弱,夹杂物诱发点蚀的最初腐蚀均始于该基体处。     

焊接氧化皮对奥氏体不锈钢孔蚀性能的影响

采用电化学测试技术,在NaCl介质中焊接氧化皮对3种奥氏体不锈钢的耐孔蚀性能进行了探讨.结果表明,有焊接氧化皮部位较比母材更易产生孔蚀,去除氧化皮则改善耐蚀性能.有焊接氧化皮的不锈钢耐孔蚀性能依NK1<316<304次序变劣.通过表面SIMS分析,发现焊接氧化皮合金表面贫乏铬,从而导致耐孔蚀性能下降.有焊接氧化皮NK1不锈钢耐孔蚀性能之所以优于304不锈钢,是由于表面膜中富集铜元素,并参与了成膜过程,改善了表面电化学行为,增强了表面膜抵抗侵蚀性离子破坏的能力.     

Investigation on Pitting Corrosion of Nickel-Free and Manganese-Alloyed High-Nitrogen Stainless Steels

Pitting corrosion behavior of three kinds of nickel-free and manganese-alloyed high-nitrogen (N) stainless steels (HNSSs) was investigated using electrochemical and immersion testing methods. Type 316L stainless steel (316L SS) was also included for comparison purpose. Both solution-annealed and sensitization-treated steels were examined. The solution-annealed HNSSs showed much better resistance to pitting corrosion than the 316L SS in both neutral and acidic sodium chloride solutions. The addition of molybdenum (Mo) had no further improvement on the pitting corrosion resistance of the solution-annealed HNSSs. The sensitization treatment resulted in significant degradation of the pitting corrosion resistance of the HNSSs, but not for the 316L SS. Typical large size of corrosion pits was observed on the surface of solution-annealed 316L SS, while small and dispersed corrosion pits on the surfaces of solution-annealed HNSSs. The sensitization-treated HNSSs suffered very severe pitting corrosion, accompanying the intergranular attack. The addition of Mo significantly improved the resistance of the sensitization-treated HNSSs to pitting corrosion, particularly in acidic solution. The good resistance of the solution-annealed HNSSs to pitting corrosion could be attributed to the passive film contributed by N, Cr, and Mo. The sensitization treatment degraded the passive film by decreasing anti-corrosion elements and Cr-bearing oxides in the passive film.     

Stainless steel reinforcing bars – reason for their high pitting corrosion resistance

In harsh chloride bearing environments stainless steel reinforcing bars offer excellent corrosion resistance and very long service life for concrete structures, but the high costs limit a more widespread use. Manganese bearing nickel‐free stainless steels could be a cost‐effective alternative. Whereas the corrosion behavior of stainless steels in alkaline solutions, mortar and concrete is quite well established, only little information on the reasons for the high pitting resistance are available. This work reports the results of pitting potential measurements in solutions simulating alkaline and carbonated concrete on black steel, stainless steel DIN 1.4301, duplex steel DIN 1.4462, and nickel‐free stainless steel DIN 1.4456. Duplex and nickel‐free stainless steels are fully resistant even in 4 M NaCl solutions with pH 13 or higher, the lower grade DIN 1.4301 shows a wide scatter between fully resistant and pitting potentials as low as +0.2 V SCE. In carbonated solutions with pH 9 the nickel‐free DIN 1.4456 shows pitting corrosion at chloride concentrations ≥3 M. This ranking of the pitting resistance can be rationalized based on XPS surface analysis results: both the increase of the Cr(III)oxy‐hydroxide and Mo(VI) contents in the passive film and a marked nickel enrichment beneath the film improve the pitting resistance. The duplex DIN 1.4462 shows the highest pitting resistance, which can be attributed to the very high Cr(III)oxy‐hydroxide, to a medium Mo(VI) content in the film and to a nickel enrichment beneath the film. Upon time, the protective properties of the surface film improve. This beneficial effect of ageing (transformation of the passive film to a less Fe²⁺ containing, more hydrated film) will lead to higher pitting potentials. It can be concluded that short‐term solution experiments give conservative results in terms of resistance to chloride‐induced corrosion in reinforced concrete structures.     

Pitting transients analysis of stainless steels at the open circuit potential

Metastable pitting of stainless steels in chloride containing oxidising electrolytes is investigated at rest potential using a new experimental technique allowing to record simultaneously the potential and corrosion current variations. Different industrial surface conditions (BA and 2B) are tested for both ferritic (FeCr type) and austenitic (FeCrNi type) stainless steels. It was shown that the number of pitting events decreases with the exposure time and that BA condition provides better resistance to pitting than 2B. As far as pitting mechanisms are concerned, the potential recovery after pitting does not reflect the pit repassivation but rather refers to the discharge of the surface capacity. Analysing the pitting transients provides quantitative information on the cathodic reaction through the passive film (transfer resistance and surface capacitance). Differences in pitting transient shapes are discussed as well.     

Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Hot-Deformed and Cold-Strained High-Mn Steels

The electrochemical corrosion properties of 26Mn-3Si-3Al and 27Mn-4Si-2Al austenitic steels in two different states were studied in 0.1 M H₂SO₄ and 3.5% NaCl using potentiodynamic polarization tests. The effect of cold deformation on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of steels was analyzed. In acid solution, both steels exhibited lower corrosion resistance than in chloride solution independently on the steel state (hot-rolled, cold-worked). Cold deformation decreases the corrosion resistance, though this effect is smaller than the effect of chemical composition related to the combined Al + Si addition. All steels showed the evidence of pitting corrosion. The intensive dissolution of Fe and Mn takes place in the acid medium.     

Cr对钢耐海水腐蚀性的影响

获得了５种含铬低合金钢在海水中暴露１、２、４、８（７）年的腐蚀数据,讨论Ｃｒ对钢耐海水腐蚀的影响,铬钢的耐海水腐蚀性不仅与Ｃｒ的含量有关,还与其他复合合金元素有关。短期浸泡时,钢的耐海水腐蚀性随铬含量（无其他合金元素复合）增加而提高。长期浸泡,Ｃｒ对钢的耐海水腐蚀性有害,约１％Ｃｒ与Ｍｏ（－Ａｌ）复合对钢的耐海水腐蚀性的影响与Ｃｒ的影响没有左别大于２％Ｃｒ与Ｍｏ（－Ａｌ）复合大幅度提高钢在海水中短期浸泡的耐蚀性,并使耐蚀性逆转时间明显推迟.小于1%Cr与Mn-Cu、Cu-Si-V、Ni-Cu-Si、Ni-Mn等复合对钢的耐海水腐蚀性有害。     

Einfluß von Passivierungs- und Kohlenstoffschichten auf austenitischen CrNiMo-Stählen auf die Beständigkeit gegen Lochfraß und Spannungsrißkorrosion

Effects of passivation and carbon films on austenitic CrNiMo steels on their piting and stress corrosion resistance The influence of passive film and combinations of a passivation and a carbon layer on the resistance to pitting and SCC of austenitic CrNiMo steels has been investigated in physiological sodium chloride solution (Tyrode solution) at pH 6.9 to 7.4 at 37 ± 1°C. The passive film was obtained after electrolytic polishing in H₃PO₄ + H₂SO₄ + C₆H₅NHCOCH₃ + oxalic acid + corrosion inhibitor CS by treatment with 40% nitric acid the carbon film was obtained by CVD. Impurities in the steel (non-metallic inclusions) and the different metallic phases were investigated and the chemical composition of the passive film was determined by quantitative analysis. The resistance to pitting of the steel with and without passive film was determined potentiodynamically in Tyrode's solution at 37 ± 1°C. The resistance to SCC was determined in Tyrode's solution at 37 ± 1°C, in neutral glycerole and in boiling magnesium chloride solution at 154 ± 1°C and evaluated in terms of K_σ and K_τ. The corrosion damage was investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The investigations have revealed that the different surface conditions considerably improve the pitting and SCC resistance of the steels in the media used in this work, so that they make possible the use of these materials as surgical implants.