用地高辛标记的核酸探针检测猪伪狂犬病毒野毒感染的研究

利用PCR技术从带有伪狂犬病毒（PRV）gE基因的重组质粒pMD18-T-gE中扩增回收约304bp大小的片段,并制备出地高辛标记的gE基因核酸探针。特异性检测结果表明,该探针能与重组质粒DNA发生特异性杂交,而与对照的PRVBartha-k61株疫苗毒DNA、猪细小病毒（PPV）DNA、猪圆环病毒（PCV）DNA、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRsV）cDNA、猪瘟病毒（CSFV）cDNA的杂交反应均为阴性;敏感性检测结果表明,该探针对PRV野毒的最低检出量为4pg。应用该探针对11份繁殖障碍病料进行了杂交检测,共检出4份阳性病料,该结果与PCR检测结果一致,表明该核酸探针可用于猪伪狂犬病野毒感染的临床诊断。     

用地高辛标记核酸探针检测鹅细小病毒的研究

从带有鹅细小病毒(GPV)NSI基因的重组质粒pMD18T-NS1用限制性内切酶EcoRI和BamH1双酶切回收1880bp大小片段,并制备出地高辛标记的GPV核酸探针。其标记效率达到0．01pg／μl。特异性检测结果表明,该探针能与GPV不同毒株核酸发生特异性杂交,而与对照的DPV、GPPV等病毒的核酸杂交反应均为阴性;敏感性检测结果表明,该探针对GPV的最低检出量为0．0224pg。该探针对不同方法处理的GPV感染病料进行检测,均出现杂交阳性。表明所研制的标记探针用于GPV的检测足可行的。     

鹅细小病毒VP1-VP3非重叠序列地高辛探针的制备和应用

根据GPV H1株核苷酸序列，设计了扩增VP1-VP3基因非重叠序列的1对引物，对其结构蛋白VP1与VP3非重叠核苷酸序列进行PCR扩增，将PCR产物纯化、回收后制备出GPV VP1-VP3基因DIG标记核酸探针，其标记效率达到0．1pg／μl。特异性检测结果表明，该探针能与GPV不同毒株核酸发生特异性杂交，而与对照的DPV、GPMV等病毒的核酸杂交反应均为阴性；敏感性检测结果表明该探针对GPV的最低检出量为0．032ng。上述试验结果表明该探针可以用于GPV感染临床病料的检测。     

核酸探针检测犬瘟热病毒方法的建立和初步应用

根据犬瘟热病毒（CDV）基因序列的结构特点,在其编码核衣壳蛋白的高度保守基因区内,设计合成一对特异性引物.以RT-PCR技术从CDV基因中扩增出了一段长度为430 bp的核苷酸cDNA,并制备出地高辛标记的CDV核酸探针.特异性检测结果表明,该探针能与CDV标准株和地方分离株核酸发生特异性杂交,而与对照的NDV、MV等病毒的核酸杂交反应均为阴性.敏感性检测结果表明,该探针对CDV的检出量可达到0.1 pg.用所制备的核酸探针对某宠物诊所疑似犬瘟热病例进行临床诊断初步应用试验,表明该标记探针完全可用于CDV的临床检测.     

禽偏肺病毒地高辛核酸探针的制备与应用

根据GenBank中已经发表的B亚型禽偏肺病毒F基因的保守序列设计并合成1对引物,利用RT—PCR扩增出1条与目的片段大小一致的725bp基因片段,回收、纯化PCR产物,用地高辛标记,制备出地高辛标记的aMPV核酸探针。特异性检测结果表明,该探针能与aMPV核酸发生特异性杂交,而与H9N2亚型AIV、NDV、IBV、ORT和E．coil的核酸杂交反应均为阴性;敏感性检测结果表明,该探针对aMPV的最低检出量为5Pg。应用制备的探针对山东省不同地区的605份商品肉鸡和122份商品肉鸭进行了核酸探针检测,阳性检出率分别为36．59％和34．51％。本试验制备的aMPV地高辛探针特异性强、敏感性好,对样品的检测结果表明山东省部分地区的商品肉鸡、肉鸭中普遍存在aMPV感染。     

旋毛虫期特异性基因的筛选与鉴定

对旋毛虫新生幼虫 期特异性基因进行筛选与鉴定,结果表明:对新生幼虫cDNA文库进行核酸杂交筛选，获得7个阳性克隆，其大小在1.4 kb左右；用放射性同位素α³²P标记cDNA探针后，与旋毛虫成虫、肌幼虫、新生幼虫、成虫/新生幼虫cDNA文库质粒DNA进行Southern印迹杂交，结果与成虫/新生幼虫、新生幼虫cDNA文库质粒DNA有杂交而与成虫、肌幼虫cDNA文库质粒DNA不杂交，因此该探针是新生幼虫期所特有的cDNA片段。     

地高辛标记cDNA探针检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒

本研究以猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)S1株ORF7基因为模板,通过RT-PCR技术扩增出394 bp的cDNA。用PCR纯化试剂盒纯化PCR产物,并以此为模板制备出地高辛标记的cDNA探针。特异性试验表明,该探针仅与PRRSV核酸反应,与PPV、PRV、FMDV、HCV及PCV2的核酸反应为阴性。敏感性检测表明,采用CSPD化学发光检测时,硝酸纤维素膜上最低检出量为62.5 pg;尼龙膜上最低检出量为0.5 pg。应用该探针,在尼龙膜上对10份PRRSV阳性病料的组织RNA样品进行检测,结果均为阳性,与RT-PCR检测结果一致,证明该方法可用于PRRSV临床样品检测。     

反转录聚合酶链反应和核酸探针检测禽呼肠孤病毒研究的概述

根据禽呼肠孤病毒(ARV)参考毒株S1133S1基因序列，设计合成4对引物而分别建立了RT-PCR、半套式PCR和一步法PCR三种用于检测ARV的方法。它们能检测到的最近ARVRNA量分别为1pg、1fg和0．16ngRNA；研制出禽呼肠孤病毒地高辛核酸探针，并建立了地高辛核酸探针检测ARV的方法，该核酸探针最低能检测到0．45ng的ARVRNA；对广西部分鸡场血清学调查表明，ARV平均阳性率为27％；对广西ARV野毒株进行了分离和鉴定，并对获得的2个地方分离株的S1基因片段进行测序及分析，两分离株与标准株S1133的同源性分别为98．5％和98．3％；用所建立的RT-PCR和地高辛核酸探针方法对用ARV人工感染鸡采集的各种样品的检测，并和传统病原分离方法进行比较，结果RT-PCR检出率为92．5％(222／240)，地高辛核酸探针检出率为74．2％(178／240)，病原分离鉴定方法检出率为55％(132／240)。用ARV强毒分别对免疫种鸡后代和无母源抗体或SPF的雏鸡进行攻毒试验，结果油苗免疫的种鸡后代对本病有很强的抵抗力，能抵抗ARV强毒的攻击，其平均保护率90．8％(109／120)。而无母源抗体或SPF的雏鸡攻毒后均100％(240／240)死亡。     

犬冠状病毒核酸探针的制备及其基因序列的测定与比较

采用RT—PCR方法扩增犬冠状病毒(CCV)YSl、CI1和NL—18株5’端部分S基因序列，以随机插入DNA法对CCV YSl株纯化的PCR产物标记^32P同位素，制备核酸探针，并与3株CCV反转录产物杂交。用平端连接法将3株CCV PCR产物克隆于pUCl9 SmaI位点或pGEM—T载体中，经PCR鉴定为正确重组质粒。以双脱氧末端终止法测定了重组质粒的cDNA核苷酸序列，并用DNASIS计算机软件进行多重比较分析，绘制系统树。结果表明，所制备的核酸探针可与3株CCV反转录产物杂交，其核苷酸序列与多株CCV相应序列的同源性高达91．9％-99．1％，为CCV的保守区。由此说明，制备的酸破探针可用于犬CCV感染的分于流行病学研究。     

禽呼肠孤病毒RT-RPA-LFD快速检测方法的研发

禽呼肠孤病毒(avian reovirus,ARV)主要感染鸡和火鸡，引起关节炎、腱鞘炎等症状。为满足疾病早期快速诊断的需求，建立一套应用重组聚合酶核酸等温扩增技术(recombinase polymerase amplification,RPA)检测ARV的方法，使用侧向流动免疫试纸条(lateral flow dipstick,LFD)观测结果。首先针对ARV较为保守的片段M1基因设计数套引物，使用普通RT-PCR筛选出一套无非特异条带、敏感性优良的引物组建立ARV RT-RPA-LFD反应体系，优化探针浓度和反应温度，使用建立的反应体系进行特异性和敏感性试验，最后以最低检测模板浓度优化反应时间。结果显示，建立的ARV RT-RPA-LFD反应体系在探针工作浓度为0.12 mmol/L,37℃条件下反应20 min，可最低检测到1.5×10¹ copies/反应的ARV RNA，并且不与其他常见禽病原体核酸发生反应。使用建立的方法检测40份临床病料，发现有3份ARV阳性，与之前本实验室建立的二重qRT-PCR检测结果一致。结果表明，本研究建立的ARV RT-R...     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.