多孔钯块材的脉冲烧结制备及其气体载氘行为(英文)

钯材的高速载氘对金属-氢同位素系统和氢能应用领域的研究具有重要的意义.本文研究了以海绵钯粉为原料通过脉冲烧结制备多孔钯块材的新工艺,用SEM和XRD分析了制备的多孔钯块材的微观结构形貌和相组成,并进一步研究了多孔钯块材的气体载氘行为.结果表明,采用脉冲烧结工艺可制备出孔隙率为81.6%的纯净多孔钯块材,氘在该钯材中的初始载入速度较高但迅速降低,80 s内即可完成约90%氘的载入;载氘开始约10 s后,氘的载入速度下降到较低的水平并缓慢衰减.     

316不锈钢藕状多孔结构的选区激光烧结制备

研究了一种新型的制备金属藕状多孔结构技术——选区激光烧结，着重说明该技术的基本原理和工艺过程，并利用此制备技术成功获得了藕状多孔试样。利用SEM分析了316不锈钢藕状多孔试样的微观孔隙特征，并测定其孔隙率，结果表明其孔径大小分布均匀（2-4μm），平均孔隙率约为60％，孔隙贯通性良好；初步探讨了选区激光烧结制备316不锈钢藕状多孔结构的成形机制。     

多孔蒙乃尔合金的制备及其结构特性

为了制备蒙乃尔合金多孔材料,本文以蒙乃尔粉为原料,以K2CO3为造孔剂,采用烧结-溶解法制备了不同孔隙率的蒙乃尔合金多孔试样。研究了造孔剂体积分数、压坯压力和烧结温度对试样孔隙率、孔径和透气度的影响。实验结果表明,当造孔剂的体积分数在20%~ 40%之间时,制备的样品孔隙率为31%~46%。当压坯压力在200~400MPa范围时,随压力的增大试样的孔隙率、孔径和透气度均减小;当烧结温度在850~1000℃范围时,随烧结温度升高,孔径和透气度先增大后缓慢降低,在950℃达到峰值。当造孔剂体积分数为30%,压制压力为200MPa,烧结温度950℃时,所制备的蒙乃尔多孔材料孔隙率为37%,最大孔径为21.5μm,透气度为76.77 m3/(h?kPa?m2)。     

微米孔径多孔铝的制备及性能

为获得高强度的微米孔径多孔铝,通过真空压力烧结溶解工艺制备微米孔径多孔铝,对制备过程、微米孔径多孔铝的强度及渗透性能进行研究。结果表明:真空环境下的压力烧结可明显促进铝粉烧结,提高微米孔径多孔铝的抗弯强度;在压制压力500 MPa、烧结温度650℃、烧结时间2 h以及烧结压力150~200 MPa条件下可获得孔隙率44%~61%、平均孔径55~230μm的多孔铝;随着孔隙率和平均孔径的提高,微米孔径多孔铝的相对渗透系数增大;与尺寸相同、孔结构相似的多孔不锈钢相比,微米孔径多孔铝具有较好的渗透性能和较高的耐压破坏比强度。     

钯床排代回收和装载氘的性能研究

通过让氢气流经氘化钯床，在床出口端间隔取样分析的方法，研究了室温(～22℃)下钯床排代回收和装载氘的性能。结果表明，气—固相间的氢、氘交换过程可以采用塔板模型进行描述；22℃下钯具有较大的氢同位素交换速率，氢(氘)的排代流速为1．8L／min时，回收率为80％的氘纯度可以达到99％，排代气量为钯床吸氢量的3．0倍时，氘的装载纯度可以达到99％。     

利用纳米钯的受热收缩性制备高洁净度多孔钯材料

采用纳米钯黑做造孔剂并与海绵钯混合进行等离子脉冲放电烧结(SPS)的方法制备多孔钯块体材料。结果表明,纳米钯黑材料在500~550℃受热后会产生明显的收缩,具有良好的造孔效果。由于采用该方法不引入任何杂质,故可在550℃时制备出洁净度与孔隙率(87.88%)高、力学性能好的多孔钯块体材料。该方法也可为其它高洁净度多孔金属材料的制备提供有价值的借鉴。     

多孔钯块体材料的制备及其表面处理

采用等离子脉冲放电烧结(SPS)法制备多孔钯块体材料,并对其进行表面氧化还原处理。结果表明:采用该方法在550℃时可以制备出结构稳定性与力学性能好、孔隙率高(87.88%)的多孔钯块材。此种多孔钯块材在通过氧化还原处理以后,其表面碳杂质含量能够得到有效降低,表面粗糙度与表面积能够得到一定程度的提高。     

氩气保护烧结多孔TiNi合金孔隙特征的研究

采用氩气保护烧结制备了多孔TiNi合金，并用图像分析的方法对其孔隙和孔隙率进行了研究。结果表明：粉末粒度和压制压力影响压坯中的孔隙和粉末颗粒之间的结合，从而影响烧结产物的孔隙；烧结温度和烧结时间是影响多孔TiNi合金孔隙的重要因素；980℃烧结时孔隙形成发展过程分为三个阶段：新孔形成、孔隙的聚集和孔隙的收缩，烧结8h所得到的多孔TiNi合金的孔隙率较高；1000℃下烧结0．5h孔隙已经基本形成，延长时间孔隙率变化不大。     

HD+SPS多孔镁的制备及其组织性能研究

利用氢化脱氢(HD)+放电等离子烧结(SPS)工艺制备了多孔镁块体材料,研究了不同MgH_2含量下多孔镁孔隙率、孔结构及压缩和吸能性能。结果表明,HD+SPS法制备的总孔隙率分别为7.5%和17.8%的多孔镁,且其孔径尺寸细小,内部组织均匀;孔隙率为17.8%的多孔镁具有相对较低的压缩屈服强度43 MPa,单位体积吸能较高,为34.04 MJ/m~3,最大能量吸收效率为1.42。17.8%孔隙率的多孔镁压缩应力-应变曲线较7.5%孔隙率的多孔镁有相对较低的屈服强度及较长的应力平台阶段,在能量吸收材料应用上更具优势。     

烧结温度对凝胶注模多孔Ni-Ti合金性能的影响

以TiH_2粉及雾化Ni粉为原料,采用凝胶注模成型技术,制备出Ni-Ti凝胶生坯,再通过真空干燥、脱脂以及烧结工艺制备出多孔Ni-Ti合金。运用XRD、SEM对多孔Ni-Ti合金进行了相成分及微观结构表征,分析了不同烧结温度对于多孔Ni-Ti合金孔隙率、力学性能、物相成分及微观形貌的影响。结果表明,随着烧结温度的增加,孔隙率降低,抗压强度和杨氏模量增加。对固相体积分数为45%的生坯,在1050℃下高真空烧结2 h,制备出孔隙率为42.65%,抗压强度为202.65 MPa,杨氏模量为17.14 GPa,主相为NiTi相的多孔Ni-Ti合金。基体满足人体骨性能需要。     

规则多孔金属理想结构分析

在氢气或氢气和氩气混合的高压气氛中,采用定向凝固技术制得了规则多孔Cu。对不同直径和不同气孔率的试样进行了图像处理;计算了各可能结构的理论气孔率,并与实测值比较;计算了各结构生成吉布斯能;对比了各结构的演化完整性。结果表明,正六边形气孔率理论计算值与实测值偏差最小;正六边形结构生成吉布斯能最低;正六边形结构无空位和中断,具有完好的演化性。正六边形是规则多孔金属气孔析出的理想结构。     

钛合金变形Gyroid单元多孔结构设计与分析

三周期极小曲面（triply periodic minimal surfaces, TPMS）多孔结构研究广泛,但变形TPMS多孔结构研究较少,而变形TPMS多孔结构在一定方向上的力学性能存在潜在优势。研究Gyroid单元多孔结构的参数化设计方法,采用激光选区熔化（selective laser melting, SLM）技术制备出孔隙率为60%和75%的常规和变形Gyroid单元多孔钛合金样件。通过Micro-CT观察样件的形貌特征,内部连通性良好,未发现有明显的结构断裂和孔隙堵塞。采用Instron电子万能材料试验机进行力学压缩试验,结果表明：孔隙率为60%的变形Gyroid单元多孔结构的抗压强度相比常规Gyroid单元多孔结构增加49.3%,弹性模量增加63.5%;孔隙率为75%时抗压强度增加40.5%,弹性模量增加70.5%。研究结果表明,在相同孔隙率的情况下,长轴在压缩方向上的变形Gyroid单元结构具有更优的力学性能。     

定向凝固多孔Mg-Zn合金的制备及气孔结构

采用Bridgman型定向凝固法制备出藕状多孔Mg-Zn合金.研究了不同锌含量和氢气压力对气孔形貌的影响.通过理论计算对Mg-1Zn(质量分数,％,下同)合金的孔隙率进行了预测.结果表明,锌元素的加入会对孔结构产生重大影响.随着Zn含量从0％增加到2％,平均孔径增加.随着氢气压力从0.1 MPa增加到0.6 MPa,M...     

钛合金变形Gyroid单元梯度多孔结构设计与分析

研究一种具有径向和轴向孔径梯度的变形Gyroid单元多孔结构参数化设计方法,采用激光选区熔化成形(selective laser melting, SLM)技术,制备出孔隙率为60%和75%的钛合金变形Gyroid单元梯度多孔结构样件。使用有限元法(finiteelementmethod,FEM)对4组梯度多孔支架模型及2组均质模型进行静力学仿真分析,对制备的钛合金梯度多孔样件进行力学性能测试,并与已测试过的均质样件进行力学性能对比分析。有限元计算结果与力学性能试验结果共同表明：变形Gyroid单元多孔结构力学性能随孔隙率的升高而降低,孔隙率相同时,径向梯度多孔支架力学性能优于均质多孔支架,更适用于皮质骨的骨缺损修复,轴向梯度多孔支架力学性能相比均质多孔支架有所减弱,更适用于松质骨。     

Preparation and characterization of porous magnesium materials

The proper spacer material and the preparation technology for biological compatible porous magnesium materials were explored by the powder metallurgy method, and microstructures, porosity and mechanical properties of sintered porous magnesium were investigated. The results show that compared with spacer materials of NH4CO3, NH3Cl and carbamide, NI-I4CO3 is the best one for preparation of sintered porous magnesium, and the worst one is NH3Cl. The isolated blind pores are formed mainly by the particle interval of the magnesium powders. Adding spacer material favors the formation of open pores, while has little contribution to the formation of blind pores. The overall porosity and porosity of open pore of the sintered porous magnesium increase with the increase of added spacer material, while decrease with the increase of the molding stress. The mechanical properties of sintered porous magnesium increase with decreasing addition of spacer material and increasing molding stress.     

Development and characterisation of (Ni, Cu, Co)-YSZ and Cu-Co-YSZ cermets anode materials for SOFC application

To improve the internal reforming reactions at SOFC anode, alternative (Ni, Cu, Co) -YSZ and Cu-Co-YSZ anode cermets materials are coated by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). The spray parameters including carrying gas flow rate, spraying distance, argon flow rate and hydrogen flow rate were investigated by an orthogonal experiment to fabricate gas-permeable anode cermets coatings. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction are used to characterise the morphology and structure of coated films respectively. The porosity was deduced by the statistical image analysis. By proper selection of the spray parameters to decrease the particles velocity and temperature, the sprayed coatings monometallic and bimetallic ones show that the cross porosity is dependent of metal weight ratio. In fact, when the metal percentage increases, the porosity decreases. Monometallic Ni-YSZ, Cu-YSZ and Co-YSZ cermets with a weight ratio of (3:2) appear to be less porous than those with (1:1) and (2:3) ones respectively, to reach a maximum porosity of 21.57% for Co-YSZ cermet of (2:3) weight ratio. Cu-Co-YSZ bimetallic cermet coating with weight ratio of (0.5:1:2.5) is more porous than those with (1:2:3) and (2:1:2) weight ratios respectively. Its porosity is about 19.15% which is closed to that of Ni-YSZ (2:3) coating. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the metal content in the cermets have a negligible influence on the crystalline phase structure. Such bimetallic materials anode are very interesting because Co diffuses in Cu lattice offering thus, best electronic conductivity, thermal stability and an avoided carbon formation, by replacing Ni with an electron conductor such as Cu that does not catalyze carbon formation.     

Estimation of porosity content of composite materials by applying discrete wavelet transform to ultrasonic backscattered signal

As the use of composite materials in the aerospace industry increases, the development of advanced nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques for composite materials is in demand. Ultrasonic quantitative NDE technique for composite materials may provide good information on manufacturing quality, material strength and perhaps useful lifetime. It is well known that the effects of porosity in composite laminates on ultrasonic attenuation and velocity can be used in gauging the porosity content in composites, but back surface echoes may be absent or unusable due to complex geometry and bonding effects. In such cases the backscattered signals may be processed to extract porosity information. Measuring the porosity content in composite material by ultrasonic backscattering signal is a significant challenging problem in NDE of composite material. Backscattering signals are random and sensitive to volume fraction of pore and thickness of ply in composite material. Therefore the backscattering signal has various frequency bands and hence a signal decomposition method is required to analyze the ultrasonic backscattering signals. In this study, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) using a MATLAB decomposition algorithm was applied to ultrasonic backscattered signals acquired in various porous composite laminates containing a porosity content that ranges from 0.01 to 11.90%. The ultrasonic backscattered signals were decomposed into two parts: the high frequency components called “Details” and the low frequency components called “Approximation”. And then, the correlation analysis was performed between the porosity content and the peak amplitude and magnitude of peak frequency of the decomposed signal. Overall, the correlation was reasonably good. As a conclusion, the DWT technique showed good benefits for analyzing the porosity content in composites using ultrasonic backscattered signal from composite materials.     

Pd基光学氢敏感薄膜材料的研究进展

Pd基光学氢敏感薄膜材料是光学氢敏感薄膜材料最为重要的一类，主要包括Pd，Pd／Ni合金，Pd／WO3，Pd／MoO3，Pd／TiOx，Pd／MoS2等薄膜材料。本文从这类薄膜材料的制备、性能及应用方面，对Pd基光学氢敏感薄膜材料的研究进展作了详细的论述。目前Pd基光学氢敏感薄膜材料的制备主要还是应用溅射法。在所有钯基氢敏感材料中以Pd膜的性能最佳，但是由于在应用过程中存在Pd膜出现表面起泡、层错和钯膜与载体结合能力下降等缺陷，因此Pd／Ni合金，Pd／WO3，Pd／MoO3，Pd／TiOx，Pd／MoS2等薄膜材料相继被开发。但目前上述薄膜材料在研究和应用中仍然存在许多问题，本文在论述中分别提出了上述材料目前研究中存在的问题以及今后的发展方向。