苯乙炔的合成研究

苯乙烯与溴在四氯化碳中于１０～１５℃反应生成１,２ 二溴乙苯,后者与氢氧化钾在甲醇中回流脱溴化氢生成苯乙炔,总收率６０％。     

4-乙酰氨基苯磺酰胺的工艺改进

以苯胺为原料，合成4－乙酰氨基苯磺酰胺。在氯磺化反 引入四氯化碳溶剂，在反应后期加入氯化钠。用正交实验确定了最佳原料配比：n(乙酰苯胺）；n（氯磺酸）：n（氯化钠）＝1．0：4．3：0．4。改进后，氯磺化反应的收率由80％提高到86．73％，物料稀释温度和氨解打浆温度由5℃提高到15℃，节省了能源。     

4,4''''-双苯并唑二苯乙烯的合成

以对氰基苄基氯、邻氨基苯酚和对醛基苯基苯并噁唑为原料，经加成环化、酯化、缩合三步反应，合成了荧光增白剂双苯并噁唑二苯乙烯。重点讨论了酯化、缩合两步反应的优化条件，在n(对氯甲基苯基苯并噁唑)：n(亚磷酸三乙酯)=1：4，反应温度165℃，反应时间5h下，酯化收率可达92％；在n(苯并噁唑基苄基膦酸二乙酯)：n(对醛基苯基苯并噁唑)：n(甲醇钠)=1：1：1．6，反应温度20℃，反应时间8h下，缩合收率达到91％以上。双苯并噁唑二苯乙烯产品纯度大于99％，并用元素分析、红外光谱以及紫外吸收光谱对所得的化合物进行了表征。     

由苯乙烯合成肉桂酸

本文以氯化亚铜和二乙胺作催化剂，使四氯化碳与苯乙烯发生加成反应生成１，３，３，３－四氯丙基苯，该中间体在对甲苯磺酸、硫酸和醋酸作用下水解生成肉桂酸，两步反应的收率分别为７８％、９５％。     

苯乙烯合成肉桂酸

以氯化亚铜和二乙胺作催化剂，四氯化碳与苯乙烯发生加成反应，生成１，３，３，３－四氯丙基苯（Ⅰ），收率为７９％，中间体（Ⅰ）于硫酸锌－醋酸体系中水解７．５ｈ，生成肉桂酸（Ⅱ），收率为９０％，在对甲基苯磺酸、硫酸、醋酸体系中水解１５ｈ，收率为９２％。     

4-硝基-N-甲基-邻苯二甲酰亚胺的合成新工艺研究

研究了以甲苯为溶剂，邻苯二甲酸酐、甲胺、硝酸为原料合成4—硝基—N—甲基—邻苯二甲酰亚胺的方法，讨论了反应温度、溶剂、原料配比和反应时间等对反应产率的影响。结果表明：n(邻苯二甲酸酐)：n(甲胺)=1：1．25，在回流下反应5h，苯酐转化率达95％，N—甲基—邻苯二甲酰亚胺收率为94％。N—甲基—邻苯二甲酰亚胺硝化工艺为：n(N—甲基—邻苯二甲酰亚胺)：n(硝酸)=1：1．1，混酸配比为n(浓硫酸)：n(硝酸)=3：1，在20～25℃、0．5h内加完，然后在55～60℃反应4h，可得4—硝基—N—甲基—邻苯二甲酰亚胺。其含量为98％，收率81％。通过红外光谱对产品进行了表征。     

对乙酰氨基苯磺酰胺合成工艺的改进

以苯胺为母体合成对乙酰氨基苯磺酰胺，在氯磺化反应中引入四氯化碳作溶剂，在反应后期加入氯化钠．用正交实验确定了最佳原料配比：n（乙酰苯胺）：n（氯磺酸）：n（氯化钠）=1．0：4．3：0．4．工艺改进后．氯磺化反应的收率由80．00％提高到了86．73％．物料稀释温度和氨解打浆温度由5℃提高到了13℃，节省了能源，方便了生产．     

碘化钠催化合成1,4-二乙氧基苯的研究

以乙醇为溶剂，碘化钠为催化剂，由金属钠，对苯二酚和溴乙烷合成了1，4－二乙氧基苯，考察了影响收率的因素，最佳合成条件为：物料溴乙烷：对苯二酚：金属钠：碘化钠（摩尔比）为2．5：1：2．2：0．13，反应在回流温度下进行，反应时间2h，收率可达92．8％。     

氟代苯腈系列化合物的合成研究

以氯代苯腈(2,6-二氯苯腈、2-氯苯腈和4-氯苯腈)和无水氟化钾为原料,非质子极性溶剂(环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2．咪唑啉酮等)为反应介质,经氟化反应合成了相应的氟代苯腈(2,6-二氟苯腈、2-氟苯腈和4-氟苯腈)。得出的最佳合成条件为：n(CBN)：n(KF)：n(Solv)：n(Cat．)=1：2．5～3．0：4．5～8．8：0～0．006,反应温度为230～280℃,反应时间为2．0～4．5h。产品摩尔收率分别为93．5％、91．8％、90．5％,质量分数分别为99．5％、99．1％、99．0％。     

相转移催化合成苯甲醇的工艺研究

以氯化苄、碳酸钙为主要原料，在相转移催化剂的作用下水解得到苯甲醇，通过单因素实验，得到优化的工艺条件为：氯化苄：碳酸钙：水：催化剂（质量比）=1：1：5．2：0．02，反应温度：100℃，反应时间：12h，其收率可达94．4％，产品经气相色谱定量分析，纯度可达到99．3％。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。