不同封端剂对聚氨酯型羊毛防毡缩剂性能和整理效果的影响

介绍了将异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)与聚醚多元醇反应合成预聚体,然后分别采用焦亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸氢钠、亚硫酸氢铵等封端剂进行封端,得到3种水性羊毛防毡缩剂.文章讨论并比较了其稳定性、成膜性、分散性、表面张力以及对羊毛织物的防毡缩效果.结果表明,采用焦亚硫酸钠封端的羊毛防毡缩剂的成膜性和分散性好、表面张力小、储存稳定,防毡缩效果可达到IWS机可洗标准.     

聚氨基甲酰磺酸酯羊毛防毡缩整理剂的研制与应用

用异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)和聚醚多元醇为原料合成一系列聚氨基甲酰磺酸酯羊毛防毡缩整理剂，讨论了NCO和OH的量比、聚醚结构、作为溶剂的水、乙醇的比例和封端时间对封端反应和防毡缩效果的影响，量比n(NCO)：n(OH)为2，2：1，封端时间为60min的反应条件，以分子质量为3000、无规嵌段的聚醚合成的树脂对羊毛织物的防毡缩效果最好．     

低温溶胶型APTES改性聚氨酯在羊毛织物上的应用

 为减少羊毛防毡缩整理时溶胶-凝胶法高温焙烘造成的织物损伤和泛黄倾向,合成出一种溶胶型APTES改性的聚氨酯低温防毡缩整理剂。通过异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯（IPDI）与嵌段聚醚二元醇（PPD）反应,合成出端基含有NCO基团的预聚体,再经3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷（APTES）封端后得到的PPD-[Si(OEt)3]2前驱体水解,即得新型整理剂产品。采用FTIR和TGA对样品凝胶化后形成的杂化结构和热性能进行表征, 比较不同焙烘温度条件下（120、140、160℃）样品的防毡缩性能。结果表明：低温条件下（120 ℃,3 min）处理的羊毛样品可获得良好的防毡缩效果,面积毡缩率在3%之内。     

前处理对毛织物防毡缩整理的影响

为了改善羊毛织物毡缩性能,运用不同前处理与蛋白酶结合的方法对羊毛织物进行表面改性,探讨整理后织物毡缩性能和强力的变化,从而确定最佳前处理方案。应用SEM研究不同前处理、前处理与蛋白酶共同整理对织物表面形貌的影响,探讨不同前处理对羊毛用蛋白酶处理防毡缩性能的影响。研究结果表明:仅用蛋白酶处理,羊毛织物毡缩率仅下降到11.4%,很难达到羊毛防毡缩的目的,LTP前处理对于其后进行的蛋白酶防毡缩处理效果具有显著的影响,毡缩率下降到5.6%,达到了国际羊毛局防毡缩标准。     

羊毛/山羊绒混合体毡缩性能研究

应用毡缩球法测试不同长度羊毛的毡缩体积变化规律,并将其与山羊绒纤维混合,研究混合体的毡缩性能.通过实验得出:羊毛毡缩体的体积随温度、时间的增加而变小;纤维越短其毡缩性能越差;羊毛与山羊绒混合时,随羊毛/山羊绒比值减小混合纤维的毡缩体积先增大后减小,当羊毛/山羊绒比值为1∶2时,原长羊毛与山羊绒混合纤维毡缩体积最大,而当羊毛/山羊绒比值为1∶1时,1/2长羊毛、1/3长羊毛与山羊绒混合纤维出现最大毡缩体积.     

1398中性蛋白酶对羊毛织物防毡缩整理的研究

用1398中性蛋白酶对羊毛织物进行防毡缩整理，对羊毛纤维外层鳞片酶解的不均匀性作了进一步探索，并提出用转谷氨酰胺酶与1398中性蛋白酶同时作用于羊毛织物，增强其断裂强力，降低减量率并进一步提高其防毡缩性能的方案，获得理想效果。     

环保型羊毛织物抗毡缩处理方法比较

羊毛织物含氯抗毡缩整理具有很好的整理效果,但是污染环境,而一些环保型的抗毡缩整理方法,无法同时满足抗毡缩效果和织物手感等性能的要求。文章探讨一种用次氯酸钠和双氧水联合抗毡缩整理的方法,并将这种方法与二氯异氰尿酸法、过一硫酸钾法和等离子体法进行比较。研究发现,通过次氯酸钠和双氧水联合整理,羊毛织物可以获得很好的抗毡缩效果、手感和染色效果,对织物的断裂强度、亲水性能影响较小。同时,这种新型抗毡缩整理方法,降低了有效氯用量,满足了生态环保的要求。     

聚氨酯溶胶型羊毛防毡缩剂的研制与应用

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了一种含有以γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)对预聚体进行封端的聚氨酯溶胶(PEG-[Si(OEt)3]3),并在不同条件下,用其对羊毛织物进行了处理.使用FTIR、TGA-DTG和SEM研究了羊毛织物经该溶胶处理前、后的化学和物理结构特性.同时,测试了羊毛织物的毡缩率及力学性能.结果表明:经PEG-[Si(OEt)3]3处理后的羊毛织物与未处理织物相比,前者的防毡缩性能有了显著提高,并且力学性能无明显变化.     

双氧水预处理对增强羊毛防毡缩整理效果的研究

为强化自制蛋白类防毡缩整理剂对羊毛的防毡缩效果,将双氧水预处理与防毡缩整理剂联合应用于羊毛的防毡缩工艺中,以纤维毡缩球密度和失重率为评价指标,优化出双氧水预处理条件。结果表明:选择合适条件的双氧水预处理羊毛可以提高蛋白类防毡缩整理剂对羊毛纤维的防毡缩效果,羊毛纤维的毡缩球密度从0.071 2 g/cm3降至0.021 4 g/cm3,毛织物面积毡缩率从10.71%降至4.03%,并测定了不同处理羊毛的SEM图,发现羊毛表面形态结构和羊毛防毡缩性能存在密切联系。     

羊毛生物酶防毡缩整理

依据羊毛结构与生物酶的作用关系,分析了羊毛生物酶防毡缩加工中存在的主要问题;阐述了对羊毛防毡缩用各种酶的研究,着重介绍"酶联合"与"酶修饰"防毡缩技术应用于羊毛生物酶法防毡缩加工的进展;针对酶处理时间长,效果差,强力损伤大等问题,提出了"双氧水预处理-复合酶-壳聚糖包裹"的处理工艺。     

DEFINITION OF OUTLIERS USING UNSUPERVISED PRINCIPAL COMPONENT SIMILARITY ANALYSIS FOR SENSORY EVALUATION OF FOODS

ABSTRACT

As unsupervised classifications, principal component similarity (PCS) and cluster analysis (CA) were compared for outlier detectability in panel evaluation. By rotating the reference, PCS can define outlying panelists based on the similarity of their evaluation patterns with that of the reference panelist. As a result, the outliers detected on PCS scattergrams are dependent on the reference selected, whereas, outliers detected by CA are based on dissimilarity, thus being rather unilateral. The definition of outliers in PCS is new as it is different from the currently most popular definitions based on dissimilarity. For verifying the outliers thus obtained, random-centroid optimization (RCO) was applied for selecting the best samples by each cluster of panelists. This combination of PCS/RCO may be useful in finding the likeness distribution among consumers and then in creating food products to correctly respond to the demands of different consumer groups.     

Medium Evaluation and Plastic Composite Support Ingredient Selection for Biofilm Formation and Succinic Acid Production by Actinobacillus succinogenes

Succinic acid production medium for Actinobacillus succinogenes was simplified. Vitamins and fatty acids were removed from the medium and industrial quality yeast extract was substituted to yield revised succinic acid medium. Customized plastic composite support (PCS) blends were screened for biofilm and succinic acid production. Twenty different PCS blends with and without mineral salt additions were evaluated in twenty simulated repeated-batch fermentations using MgCO₃ for pH control and CO₂ supply. Succinic acid concentrations, percentage yield succinic acid, and biofilm formation for each PCS blend were determined. No correlation was observed for biofilm formation and succinic acid production. The selected customized PCS blend for A. succinogenes succinic acid production consisted of 50% (wt/wt) polypropylene, 35% (wt/wt) dried ground soybean hulls, 5% (wt/wt) dried bovine albumin, 2.5% (wt/wt) soybean flour, 2.5% (wt/wt) yeast extract, 2.5% (wt/wt) dried red blood cells, and 2.5% (wt/wt) peptone, which demonstrated 70% yields for succinic acid compared to 64% yield for suspended cell fermentation.     

The effect of homogenization and addition of polysaccharides on the viscoelastic properties of processed cheese sauce

This study was conducted to determine the effect of 1-stage homogenization (OSH) and 2-stage homogenization (TSH) and the addition of polysaccharides [κ-carrageenan (CR) or furcellaran (FR) at levels ranging from 0.000 to 1.000% (wt/wt)] on the physicochemical, viscoelastic, and mechanical vibration damping properties of processed cheese sauces (PCS) after 30 d of storage (6 ± 2°C). The basic chemical properties (pH, dry matter content) were similar for all tested samples. Viscoelastic measurements indicated that PCS rigidity was directly proportional to increasing CR or FR concentration and to the application of homogenization. The interactions between the application of homogenization and the concentration of polysaccharides used were also significant. Compared with OSH, TSH did not lead to any further increase in the rigidity. The preceding results were also supported by data obtained from a nondestructive method of mechanical vibration damping. No changes in water activity were observed in any PCS sample. Overall, the addition of FR or CR appeared to be highly suitable for increasing the emulsion stability of PCS. If PCS products with softer consistency are desired, then a concentration of CR/FR ≤0.250% (wt/wt) could be recommended together with OSH/TSH. For products for which a firmer PCS consistency is required, the addition of CR in concentrations of ≥0.500% (wt/wt) or FR in concentrations of ≥1.000% (wt/wt) together with OSH is recommended. Finally, as the concentration of polysaccharides increased, a darker PCS color was observed.     

Medium Evaluation and Plastic Composite Support Ingredient Selection for Biofilm Formation and Succinic Acid Production by Actinobacillus succinogenes

Succinic acid production medium for Actinobacillus succinogenes was simplified. Vitamins and fatty acids were removed from the medium and industrial quality yeast extract was substituted to yield revised succinic acid medium. Customized plastic composite support (PCS) blends were screened for biofilm and succinic acid production. Twenty different PCS blends with and without mineral salt additions were evaluated in twenty simulated repeated-batch fermentations using MgCO₃ for pH control and CO₂ supply. Succinic acid concentrations, percentage yield succinic acid, and biofilm formation for each PCS blend were determined. No correlation was observed for biofilm formation and succinic acid production. The selected customized PCS blend for A. succinogenes succinic acid production consisted of 50% (wt/wt) polypropylene, 35% (wt/wt) dried ground soybean hulls, 5% (wt/wt) dried bovine albumin, 2.5% (wt/wt) soybean flour, 2.5% (wt/wt) yeast extract, 2.5% (wt/wt) dried red blood cells, and 2.5% (wt/wt) peptone, which demonstrated 70% yields for succinic acid compared to 64% yield for suspended cell fermentation.     

基于近红外化学成分特征吸收光谱的野生台蘑鉴别模型研究

本文建出一种应用近红外光谱技术鉴别野生台蘑的新方法。使用FieldSpec3便携式近红外光谱仪对包括野生台蘑在内的13种蘑菇进行漫反射光谱采集。将采集的数据经小波去噪后,对可见与近红外光谱(350～2500nm)进行峰谷筛选,所得峰谷集经主成分分析降维,取方差贡献率大于99.9%的5个主成分作为BP神经网络的输入值,建立数学模型。该模型在偏差±0.05内,对未知样本正确识别率为100%。本结果表明利用近红外漫反射光谱可以很好地鉴别野生台蘑。     

基于产品满意度的中小服装企业排料系统评价

在分析现有服装裁片排料系统主要问题的基础上,通过引入产品满意度的概念,建立了中小服装企业裁片排料系统的满意度评价模型,并对不同排料模式进行了分析和评价,为适合中小服装企业的裁片排料系统开发提供依据。     

Modification of Sodium Release Using Porous Corn Starch and Lipoproteic Matrix

Excessive sodium consumption can result in hypertension, diabetes, heart diseases, stroke, and kidney diseases. Various chips and extruded snacks, where salt is mainly applied on the product surface, accounted for almost 56% of snacks retail sales in 2010. Hence, it is important to target sodium reduction for those snack products. Past studies had shown that modifying the rate‐release mechanism of sodium is a promising strategy for sodium reduction in the food industry. Encapsulation of salt can be a possible technique to control sodium release rate. Porous corn starch (PCS), created by enzymatic treatment and spray drying and lipoproteic matrix, created by gelation and freeze drying, were evaluated as carriers for controlled sodium release targeting topically applied salts. Both carriers encapsulated salt and their in vitro sodium release profiles were measured using a conductivity meter. The sodium release profiles of PCS treated with different enzymatic reaction times were not significantly different. Protein content and fat content altered sodium release profile from the lipoproteic matrix. The SEM images of PCS showed that most of the salt crystals coated the starch instead of being encapsulated in the pores while the SEM images and computed tomography scan of lipoproteic matrix showed salt dispersed throughout the matrix. Hence, PCS was found to have limitations as a sodium carrier as it could not effectively encapsulate salt inside its pores. The lipoproteic matrix was found to have a potential as a sodium carrier as it could effectively encapsulate salt and modify the sodium release profile.     

Effects of corn silage processing and amino acid supplementation on the performance of lactating dairy cows

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of crop processing and amino acid supplementation on dairy cow performance. Corn silage processed (PCS) or unprocessed (UCS) was used as the main forage (45% of dry matter, DM) in a total mixed ration (TMR). Each TMR was either supplemented (AA) or not (AAO) with ruminally protected amino acids (lysine, 3 g/d and methionine, 14 g/d). Thirty-two (551 kg) Holstein cows were randomly assigned to four treatments: PCS-AA, PCS-AA0, UCS-AA, and UCS-AA0 in a 2 x 2 factorial structure. Between wk 7 and 17 of lactation, cows were fed ad libitum TMR comprising 45% of corn silage plus 1 kg of grass hay once a day. The UCS presented better fermentation characteristics than PCS. Dry matter intake (DMI) of the TMR was not affected by treatment and averaged 22.7 kg/d. Energy-corrected milk (ECM) production was 9% higher with UCS than with PCS (33.1 vs. 30.1 kg/d). Milk efficiency was therefore 6% higher with UCS than with PCS (1.43 vs. 1.35 kg ECM/kg of DMI). The concentration of major milk constituents (fat, protein, lactose, urea) was not affected by treatments. Apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, N, starch, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber were similar among treatments. The effective ruminal degradability of DM, starch, and protein, however, was greater with PCS than with UCS. Amino acid supplementation had no effect on milk production nor on milk constituents, whether it was used with processed corn silage or with unprocessed corn silage. These data indicate that feeding UCS resulted in a greater milk production compared with PCS. The numerically higher DMI, a potentially greater intestinal digestion of starch or the better conservation of UCS could have contributed to the greater milk production.     

Genetic and phenotypic variation and consistency in cow preference and circadian use of robotic milking units

Many dairy herds use automatic milking stations (AMS), with cows in large herds often having access to 2 or more AMS, and must choose between them when they go for milking. Individual cows acquire routines of either consistently using a specific milking box or consistently using any available milking box. Here, we hypothesized that the degree of use of the same milking box was an expression of preference, and quantified it as preference consistency score (PCS). The PCS was calculated as a ratio between the excess frequencies of the first choice over the base frequency of “not first choice” over 15-d segments of lactation. This ratio was 0 if all choices were taken equally, and became 1.0 if only the first choice was taken in all events. We investigated the consistency of milking box preference in 2 cohorts (one Holstein and one Jersey) across 6 commercial dairy herds in Denmark (n = 4,665 cows total). In addition to PCS, we recorded and analyzed associated milking and behavior traits, including a time profile index showing use of specific clock hours when cows were milked (Time_profile, based on excess use of specific clock hours), milking frequency, time spent in the milking box, and milk yield. Records from each milking event were condensed into 15-d segments based on days in milk. The data were analyzed using a linear mixed model, with random genetic and individual cow effects, to estimate heritability (h²), repeatability (t), and individual level correlations (r_i) between traits. The average PCS was 0.43 and 0.41 in Holstein and Jersey, respectively, showing that cows developed routines for consistently using the same milking box; however, some cows had lower preference (i.e., greater flexibility in use). The Time_profile indicated that some cows were milked in a few hour-bins, whereas others were more flexible. The PCS and Time_profile traits had low heritability (h², PCS/Time_profile = 0.07 ± 0.02/0.11 ± 0.02 Holstein, 0.13 ± 0.03/0.04 ± 0.02 Jersey) and moderate repeatability (t, PCS/Time_profile = 0.47/0.40 Holstein, 0.50/0.42 Jersey). The 2 traits were weakly correlated with each other (r_i = 0.18 and 0.17), and were weakly correlated with milk yield (r_i range: 0.0 to ?0.10). However, the time profile was strongly correlated with milking frequency (r_i range: ?0.81 to ?0.73), and was moderately correlated with daily box time (r_i range: ?0.43 to ?0.35). In general, Holstein and Jersey parameter estimates were of similar size, and thus in good agreement. Overall, individual cows covered a broad spectrum of preference consistency, both regarding the use of specific milking boxes and time profiles, with these 2 traits representing different aspects or dimensions of milking behavior. The findings that some cows have strong preferences for specific AMS may be most useful in herd management and farm design. The weak correlation to milk yield indicated that yield minimally affected these 2 milking associated behavior traits. In conclusion, although the traits were repeatable, heritability was low; thus, genetic selection for milk yield might minimally affect these 2 traits.     

Crystallinity and Rheological Properties of Pregelatinized Rice Starches Differing in Amylose Content

Three rice starches with different amylose contents (Glutinous: 1.4%, Jasmine: 15.0% and Chiang: 20.2%) were pregelatinized in a double drum dryer at 110, 117 and 123°C. Starch crystallinity was determined by X‐ray diffractometry and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. Rheological properties were assessed by a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) and rheometer. Pregelatinized starches obtained from Glutinous (PGS) and Jasmine rice (PJS) gave an RVA pasting profile with cold peak viscosity. At drum temperature 110°C, PGS and PJS showed X‐ray patterns that were indicative of amorphous structures. However, pregelatinized Chiang rice starch (PCS) exhibited RVA hot peak viscosity and the presence of an amylose‐lipid complex with remaining granule structure. The PCS had a lower water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) than PJS and PGS. After pregelatinization at increased drum temperature (117, 123°C), the PGS had a lower WAI, whereas PCS showed an opposite trend indicating lower degree of granule disruption. In addition, the cold peak viscosity of PGS and PJS decreased with increasing drum temperature. For all drum temperatures, the apparent viscosity at 25°C for PGS and PJS decreased with increasing shear rate, indicating shear‐thinning behavior.