生物膜反应器处理聚氯乙烯离心母液动力学研究

研究了采用四级内循环好氧生物膜反应器串联工艺对悬浮法聚氯乙烯(SPVC)离心母液废水的处理效果。根据运行数据，得出各级反应器内基质降解动力学模型。结果表明，该废水中不可生物降解的基质浓度在20mg／L左右，分别测得各反应器内的饱和常数Ks为：439．7．146．2，43．36，15．43mg／L，单位面积填料基质最大去除速度Umax为72．92，20．79，7．22，4．18g／m^2．h。     

耐高温石油微生物的筛选与降解能力初探

针对含油废水的特点,采用开放式系统运行方式,从长期受石油烃污染的土壤和炼油厂污水处理曝气池活性污泥样品中筛选、驯化得到高温复合菌群。该复合菌群降解石油烃的最适条件为:接种量为6%、温度50℃、pH=7.5、DO3.48 mg/L和NaCl质量分数低于0.3%。利用该复合菌群对炼油废水进行处理,菌群能产生鼠李糖脂类生物表面活性物质,降低废水的表面张力。由降解过程中实际除油率和表观除油率的变化情况,推断出复合菌群先将石油烃吸附到菌体表面,然后将其进行生物利用,使废水中的石油烃降解。     

硝基苯降解菌的筛选驯化及其最适降解条件研究

研究经过筛选、驯化、分离得到一硝基苯高效降解菌群,其对硝基苯废水的最佳降解条件为：厌氧,pH7～8,33～37℃,盐浓度为3．5～5．5g／L。该菌群不仅能耐受较低浓度的铬、铅等重金属离子,而且对二硝基甲苯也具有一定降解能力。硝基苯浓度为300mg/L,停留时间为20h时,硝基苯的去除率为95％;硝基苯浓度为500mg/L,停留时间为22h时,硝基苯去除率为82％。     

溶解氧对催化铁内电解法预处理混合废水的影响

采用内循环、微曝气和强曝气催化铁内电解法处理难降解混合废水，中试结果表明，在缺氧（DO〈0．4mg／L）和微氧（DO-1，2mg／L）条件下，混合废水经催化铁预处理后其BODJCOD值从0．13和0．12分别提高到0．32和0．28，平均TP去除率分别达到29．3％和36．1％，而且出水铁离子浓度在15-30mg／L范围内，可有效提高后续活性污泥浓度，改善污泥稳定性、以及混合液分离效果。在好氧（DO〉4．5mg／L）条件下，催化铁内电解法对混合废水可起到强化混凝作用，其对COD和TP的平均去除率高达37．5％和65．9％，但铁铜滤料消耗大，强度变差，而且出水铁离子浓度达100mg／L之多，对生物处理工艺产生不利影响。     

生物强化技术处理高盐有机废水

以皂素废水为进水基质,耐盐菌株作为诱导菌投加到皂素废水生物处理系统中(B反应器),以来投加组(A反应器)作对比,考察盐度对反应器运行性能的影响,试验结果表明,当废水氟离子浓度为9000～14000mg·L-1时,对A反应器中的微生物产生轻度抑制,而B反应器对COD的去除率平均为96.32%;当进水氟离子浓度为17000～22000 mg·L-1时,对A反应器中的厌氧污泥产生中度抑制,A反应器对COD的去除效率下降到70%以下.而B反应器对COD的去除率平均高迭92.95%;当进水中氯离子浓度为28000 mg·L-1时,对A反应器中的厌氧污泥微生物产生严重的抑制作用,而B反应器中的污泥仍然能保持较好的代谢活力和降解性能,对废水COD的去除率平均为84.41%.并且在整个盐度提高运行期间,B反应器中的活性污泥的脱氢酶活性均高于A反应器.随着盐度的不断提高,B反应器中的污泥的沉降性能有所增强,而A反应器中的污泥的体积指数在氯离子超过17000mg·L-1以后开始变大,污泥沉降性能恶化.     

基于MMI技术对印染废水中NP降解关键功能菌群的识别、构建与评估

磁性纳米粒子介导分离（MMI）技术无需对底物进行标记即可从复杂微生物系统中分离具有活性的功能微生物菌株/菌群，是筛选获取特定功能微生物并丰富完善微生物种质资源的有力工具。针对印染废水特征污染物壬基酚（NP）的污染问题，基于MMI技术进行功能微生物驯化富集与筛选识别，构建了NP关键降解功能菌群，并评估了其对实际印染废水中NP的去除效能。结果表明，驯化污泥中假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、水形杆菌属（Undibacterium）、贪铜菌属（Cupriavidus）、unclassified＿Enterobacteriaceae和Clostridium＿sensu＿stricto被识别为NP降解关键功能菌属。通过纯培养筛选获得5株NP降解关键功能菌，其对NP降解率均在70%以上；通过筛选菌株构建了NP降解复合功能菌群，其对NP降解率可达96.87%，最佳应用条件为pH 6.87、温度30.16℃、摇床转速141.57 r/min。复合菌群对实际废水中低质量浓度NP(1 mg/L)的降解过程符合一级动力学反应模型，NP半衰期为（7.69±0.05） h；对高质量浓度NP(200 mg/L...     

UASB反应器处理活性黑KN-B废水的研究

采用UASB反应器处理活性黑KN—B废水,研究了水力停留时间（HRT）、碳源组成及浓度等因素对废水处理效果的影响,考察了反应器对该废水可生化性降解的作用。试验结果表明：反应器的最佳HRT为24h,当HRT小于24h时．废水的COD去除率显著降低,而BOD,的去除率不受影响,稳定在90％。在不同葡萄糖和蛋白胨的碳源组合下．碳源含量高于2000mg／L时,废水处理效果差别不大;而碳源含量过低,低于2000mg／L时,COD去除率将明显下降,不利于对废水的处理：而BOD;的去除率受进水碳源组成的影响较小。在试验的各种条件下,UASB反应器的活性污泥都能够有效处理500mg／L的高浓度活性黑KN—B废水,去除率稳定在90％以上。     

微量Fe、Co、Ni对厌氧污泥活性的影响

在静态装置中培养厌氧污泥,以葡萄糖、尿素、磷酸二氢钾为厌氧微生物生长的营养物质和处理废水,向培养瓶中直接加入不同浓度的FeCl2、CoCl2、NiCl2溶液进行单因素实验。当投入的铁离子质量浓度为5mg／L,钴离子的质量浓度为0．7mg／L,镍离子的质量浓度为1mg／L时,废水COD的去除率为88％,甲烷总产量达到68mL,均大于各个单因素的效果,因此有效提高了对有机物的降解能力。     

标准加入-重铬酸盐法测定高氯废水COD的研究

废水中高浓度氯离子的存在严重干扰COD的检测结果。采用标准加入法测定高氯废水中的COD值，结果表明：废水中COD/Cl-浓度比值大于1/200时，当氯离子浓度小于8 000 mg/L，加标后控制COD/Cl^-浓度比值大于1/20；当氯离子浓度在15 000～30 000 mg/L，加标后控制COD/Cl^-浓度比值大于1/15；当氯离子浓度大于50 000 mg/L，加标后控制COD/Cl-浓度比值大于1/10，测得数据可靠有效。废水中COD/Cl^-浓度比值小于1/200时，该方法不适用。     

固定化杰氏棒杆菌降解直链十二烷基苯磺酸钠的研究

以海藻酸钠为载体将筛选出的杰氏棒杆菌进行固定化包埋，并对固定化菌降解LAS废水进行了实验研究。结果表明：在不同的温度和pH值条件下，固定化菌的适应范围比游离菌有所扩大，适宜的温度为20～35℃，pH为5～9；固定化菌降解不同浓度的LAS废水过程遵循一级反应。随浓度的提高，降解速率常数增大，当浓度超过300mg／L后，降解速率常数又开始减小。     

SEDIMENTATION OF BINARY MIXTURES OF PARTICLES OF UNEQUAL DENSITIES AND OF DIFFERENT SIZES

A model is developed for the sedimentation from a suspension of two particle species of unequal densities and of different sizes. The composition and the thickness of various layers in the sediments are predicted using graphical and analytical methods. The model predictions were in excellent agreement with experimental results, when the particle size ratio was ≥ 108. When size ratio of the particles was 2.60 and 4.31 the agreement occurred in about 50 percent of the cases.     

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM1

The different analytical methods proposed for the evaluation of gypsum have been subjected to an experimental test. A combination method, consisting of a fusion with KHCO₃ and determination of CaO by KMnO₄ titration, the SO₃ by Andrews method of titration of BaCrO₄ has been found to give very reliable results with the least consumption of time.     

骑式摩托车油箱喷涂工艺的改进

面对日益激烈的市场竞争,摩托车油箱外观质量越来越成为影响销售的因素之一。文章介绍了改进工艺后的油箱涂装,该涂装体系提高了油箱外观的丰满度,降低了油箱涂装的生产成本。     

氢气纯度分析方法准确性的探讨

ONACCURACYOFANALYSISOFOFHYDROGEN1前言我公司目前应用的氢气纯度分析方法有两种,一种是爆炸反应法,另一种是焦性没食子酸吸收法。几年来,人们对两种分析方法的准确性曾有过褒贬不一的评论。这里我们也谈谈自己粗浅的观点。2爆炸法测定氢气纯度一定量的氢气样品与适量的空气之均匀混合物因反应后生成液体水而引起气体体积减少,减少的体积等于参加反应气体体积之和。其中l／3为氧气,2／3为氢气。根据氢气取样量和反应前后混气体体积之差,以及氢气在反应中的体积比例关系,可计算出样品的氢气纯度。计算公式式中：A一混…     

HEASUREHENT OF INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF LOSS OF VOIATILE COMPOUNDS DURING DRYING OF DROPS

A novel technique serves to monitor instantaneous rates of loss of a volatile solute from a suspended drop during drying. A highly sensitive electron capture detector is used to monitor concentrations of SF6 released into a flowing gas stream from a suspended, drying drop. Simultaneously, the appearance and morphological development of the drop are monitored with a video camera. This provides the wherewithal of relating instantaneous rates of loss of the volatile solute to particular events during the development of particle morphology.

Initial experiments have been carried out with drops of aqueous solutions of glucose, sucrose, maltodextrin and coffee extract. The results clearly display the onset of the volatiles-retentive selective diffusion phenomenon. There is also substantial loss of the volatile component later in the drying process, when the drops undergo repeated ex ansion, bursting and cratering due to the formation of internaf bubbles. These experiments appear to be the first quantitative demonstration of major losses accompanying changes in drop morphology.     

用两个形状指数表征粉煤灰颗粒形貌的研究

引用两个形状指数表征颗粒形状的概念,即先将颗粒形状近似为椭圆,再将椭圆图像分离:以圆为基准的颗粒宏观形状指数δ;以光滑椭圆为基准的颗粒轮廓凹凸度,即微观形状指数ζ。分析和发展了近似椭圆模型。并运用图像分析仪对粉煤灰、水泥样品进行实验。结果表明,粉煤灰颗粒的两个形状指数δ和ζ都大于水泥颗粒。证明粉煤灰颗粒的球形度、表面光滑度优于水泥,而且,随着粒径增大,δ和ζ呈下降趋势,表明磨制颗粒越粗。(?)粒形状越不规则。文中还运用近似椭圆模型再现了颗粒的模拟图像。     

典型煤碳燃烧特性研究和数值模拟

本文以三种典型煤的碳燃烧为研究对象，分别采用简单一维沉降燃烧方式和等温加热燃烧方式，实验研究了煤在快速加热条件下，其碳的初期和中，后期燃烧过程。以实验为基础，建立了煤的碳燃烧模型，变工况数值模拟了煤的碳燃烧过程，揭示了煤不同条件下的单颗粒碳燃烧特性。     

茶多酚提取方法进展

本文综述了国内外现有茶多酚提取方法的现状以及近期的研究进展，并对其优缺点进行了评价。这将有助于中低档茶的综合利用和茶多酚的进一步开发应用。     

卫生陶瓷烧成用窑炉发展之我见

归纳了当今卫生陶瓷工业的发展现状和水平 ,对窑炉产业提出了的新要求 ,分析了某一新型窑炉的特点 ,对发展我国陶瓷窑炉产业提出了建议     

ANALYSIS OF RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITY OF GLASSES

Viscosity of Simple Soda-Silicate 500° to 1400°C Comparison of the results given by English with those of Washburn, Shelton and Libman, indicates a discrepancy in the absolute values of log₁₀ viscosity amounting to 0.6, those of Washburn et al., being relatively too high. If correction for this is made, the isothermal curves of log₁₀ viscosity as a function of soda content are smooth up to 50% Na₂O, showing no inflection. The observations as a function of temperature T are all represented within accidental error by an equation of the type where all three constants vary regularly with the composition. Change of Viscosity of Glass (6SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to Molecular Substitution of CaO, MgO and Al₂O₃ for Na₂O The effect is clearly brought out by plotting (from the results of English) the change of log₁₀η due to the substitution as a function of temperature. The curves each show a sharp bend at a temperature between 840° and 1050°C, which is designated the aggregation temperature T_a. If we divide these curves by the corresponding percentage substituted, we get curves for each oxide which are straight and parallel below the aggregation temperatures, the slopes (increase of change of log₁₀η per 100°C) being −0.056 (CaO), −0.055 (MgO), −0.018 (A1₂O₃) per per cent oxide substituted. For substitution of 1/2 molecule the slopes are −0.325 (CaO), −0.23 (MgO) and −0.18 (Al₂O₃) per 100°. At the aggregation temperature the change of log₁₀η per per cent is a minimum, 0.03 to 0.06 for CaO, 0.12 for MgO, 0.07 for Al₂O₃. Evidence of Aggregation in Glasses, from viscosity Measurements The sharp bends in the plots of change of log₁₀η due to substitution of an oxide for Na₂O, suggest the beginning of molecular aggregation at these temperatures. These aggregation temperatures are close to the devitrification temperatures, but the effect on the viscosity curves cannot be due to actual devitrification since it does not change with time. Taking the aggregation temperatures as equal to devitrification temperatures, additional isotherms are roughly sketched into the equilibrium triangle of the system Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂. Change of Viscosity of Glass (4SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to of Substitution of B₂O₃ for SiO₂ The change of log₁₀η (from the results of English) is plotted as a function of temperature, and also the change of log₁₀η per per cent B₂O₃. The curves are more complex than for the substitution for Na₂O.