雌性大鼠心内神经节中雌激素受体及其mRNA的表达

目的 在雌激素受体蛋白及ERmRNA水平提供雌激素对心内神经节中神经元作用的形态学依据。方法 采用免疫组织化学及原位杂交技术。结果 在心内神经节部分神经元中，雌激素受体免疫反应及其mRNA原位杂交反应阳性。雌激素受体免疫反应沉淀物呈棕黄色，定位于胞核，雌激素受体mRNA免疫反应沉淀物呈棕黄色，定位于胞浆。结论 大鼠心内神经节中，部分神经元能合成雌激素受体蛋白，说明ER阳性神经元可以为雌激素提供结合位点，因此，这些神经元可能受到雌激素的影响。     

雌激素受体基因多态性与骨质疏松

从雌激素的结构和功能、雌激素受体与骨代谢、人工破坏雌激素受体基因小鼠模型的建立、雌激素受体基因突变的男性病例分析、雌激素受体的同工型及雌激素受体基因多态性等 6个部分综述雌激素及其受体基因在骨质疏松发病中的作用及意义 ,旨在阐明骨质疏松症 ,尤绝经后骨质疏松症的发病及分子机制 ,为基础和临床研究提供系统的思路。     

雌激素受体α及其活性变化的影响因素

雌激素受体α的活性依赖于自身构象的变化,与协同激活因子的结合程度,自身磷酸化的部位与程度,与DNA的结合程度等因素,胞内胞外各种因子通过多个环节调节它的活性。本文通过对雌激素受体α结构、作用方式的分析,对雌激素受体α活性变化进行简要介绍。     

雌激素受体与系统性红斑狼疮的关系

系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）发病机理涉及免疫系统自身识别的丧失,较易发生于生育期女性。雌激素对SLE的发病及病情发展有重要影响。雌激素通过与T、B细胞核内表达的雌激素受体ER-α和ER-β结合进而刺激或调节特异性免疫相关基因的转录。受体结构以及与靶基因相互作用的差异造成了雌激素的异常活动,使得对自身抗原耐受起重要作用的一系列调节通路紊乱,从而导致自身免疫病如SLE的发生。多种经典和非经典雌激素信号的传导通路在转录和转录后水平均调控T细胞活化基因的表达,造成SLE患者的T细胞对雌激素应答的敏感性差异。     

雌激素及类雌激素测评系统的建立

目的采用重组报道基因的方法开发一套可筛选环境雌激素和检测青春期前儿童体内雌激素水平的雌激素受体介导的转录激活测评系统。方法构建含有雌激素受体反应元件的报道载体pGL3-ERE—LUC和pGL3-overERE—LUC以及人类雌激素受体表达载体pSG5-ER。将两种报道载体分别转染入MCF-7细胞中，加入不同浓度雌激素受体配体，观察其对该系统的影响？将两种报道载体分别与雌激素受体表达载体共转染，加入不同浓度雌激素受体配体，观察其对该系统的影响。结果酶切结果证实pSG5-ER表达载体及报告载体构建成功。转染rpGL3-ERE—LUC或pGL3-overERE—LUC的MCF-7细胞，当加入一定浓度雌二醇（E2）及异黄酮（isoflavone）时，荧光素酶活性均增加；加雌激素受体拮抗剂他莫惜芬（TAM）后，荧光素酶活性下降结论将pGl3-ERE—LUC或pGl3-overERE—LUC分别与pSG5-ER共转染入MCF-7细胞，可建立较敏感的环境雌激素测评系统.     

选择性雌激素受体调节剂

雌激素替代疗法(estrogen replacement therapy,ERT)是治疗绝经后综合征的首选治疗方案,但是长期应用导致子宫内膜增生、乳腺癌等.选择性雌激素受体调节剂主要通过ER 亚型、共调节子、靶启动子、雌激素受体相关受体等机制实现其组织选择性,在发挥骨骼、心血管保护作用的同时,减少了对乳腺及生殖系统的副作用.目前,选择性雌激素受体调节剂的种类、作用的组织特异性及其临床应用在医学界引起广泛关注,具有广阔的发展前景.     

雌激素受体(ESR)基因多态性与疾病相关性的研究进展

雌激素受体是一种受配体激活的转录因子,由配体结合区、DNA结合区、转录激活区组成.雌激素受体对于对雌激素敏感的组织是一个重要的调节元件,如子宫内膜、乳腺、骨组织、肝脏等.雌激素的功能是刺激组织的增殖、分化,因此受体功能的变化可能有重要的临床意义.雌激素受体基因的多态性,单倍构型与它的生物学功能是相关的,研究认为ESR基因多态性与乳腺癌、骨质疏松症、HBV感染、子宫内膜异位症、冠心病等疾病存在相关性.该研究从雌激素受体的结构、功能与疾病的相关性方面作一综述.     

雌激素受体基因多态性与妇科疾病关系研究进展

雌激素受体（ER）是雌激素的结合位点，是信号转导的始发站。研究表明，人ER有α和β两种亚型，由不同的基因编码，两者均存在多种遗传多态性，从而可能影响ERα和ERβ的表达和功能，因此与许多雌激素相关性疾病的发生和发展有着密切关联。目前国内外研究较多的是乳腺癌、子宫内膜异住症、子宫肌瘤等疾病与ER基因多态性的关系。本文就ER结构、ER基因常见遗传多态性及其与女性六种疾病（子宫内膜异位症、子宫肌瘤、子宫内膜癌、绝经后骨质疏松、原因不明月经过少及复发性流产）相关性的研究进展进行综述。     

趋化因子及其受体与自身免疫性甲状腺疾病

趋化因子及其受体是免疫系统的重要组成部分，其趋化活性可以介导免疫细胞的定向移动和活化。在自身免疫性甲状腺疾病（AITD）的形成过程中，趋化因子及其受体参与淋巴细胞在甲状腺组织的浸润、定位及活化，它们的表达是导致AITD发生的一个重要因素。     

雌激素参与痛觉调控的机制研究

<正>流行病学的研究表明~([1]),疼痛确实存在性别差异,并且大多数情况下女性更容易感受到疼痛,对疼痛的耐受性也更低,罹患慢性疼痛相关疾病的几率更高。而决定性别差异的最关键因素是雌激素,因此,本文将首先简要概述雌激素及其受体的分布和功能,然后阐述雌激素与疼痛性别差异的关     

Effect of sex hormones on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU)

Purpose: Sex hormones have been associated with the prevalence, susceptibility, and severity of autoimmune disease. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, sex hormones are reported to influence cytokine production, specifically by affecting the balance of Th1 and Th2 effector cells. We evaluated the effect of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU), a rodent model of human ocular autoimmune disease. Methods: Lewis rats implanted with either β-estradiol (estrogen), 5-dihydrotestosterone (5-DHT), norgestrel (progesterone), or estrogen plus progesterone were immunized with the retinal antigen interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) peptide. Evaluation of EAU was based on histology of the eyes and measurement of peripheral immunological responses of DTH and lymphocyte proliferation to S-antigen. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure IFN-γ and IL-10 mRNA in the eyes. Results: In female rats 5-DHT significantly decreased, estrogen slightly enhanced, but progesterone or estrogen + progesterone did not affect EAU. In contrast, in male rats 5-DHT slightly decreased, estrogen moderately decreased, progesterone did not effect, but, estrogen + progesterone slightly decreased EAU. The results correlated with the ocular levels of Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-10) cytokine messengers. Conclusion: The data support the hypothesis that sex hormones may affect autoimmune diseases by inducing changes in the cytokine balance. This suggests that sex hormone therapy could be considered as an adjunct to anti-inflammatory agents to treat ocular autoimmune diseases in humans.     

Effect of Sex Hormones on Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis (EAU)

Purpose: Sex hormones have been associated with the prevalence, susceptibility, and severity of autoimmune disease. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, sex hormones are reported to influence cytokine production, specifically by affecting the balance of Th1 and Th2 effector cells. We evaluated the effect of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU), a rodent model of human ocular autoimmune disease. Methods: Lewis rats implanted with either β‐estradiol (estrogen), 5‐dihydrotestosterone (5‐DHT), norgestrel (progesterone), or estrogen plus progesterone were immunized with the retinal antigen interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) peptide. Evaluation of EAU was based on histology of the eyes and measurement of peripheral immunological responses of DTH and lymphocyte proliferation to S‐antigen. Quantitative RT‐PCR was used to measure IFN‐γ and IL‐10 mRNA in the eyes. Results: In female rats 5‐DHT significantly decreased, estrogen slightly enhanced, but progesterone or estrogen + progesterone did not affect EAU. In contrast, in male rats 5‐DHT slightly decreased, estrogen moderately decreased, progesterone did not effect, but, estrogen + progesterone slightly decreased EAU. The results correlated with the ocular levels of Th1 (IFN‐γ) and Th2 (IL‐10) cytokine messengers. Conclusion: The data support the hypothesis that sex hormones may affect autoimmune diseases by inducing changes in the cytokine balance. This suggests that sex hormone therapy could be considered as an adjunct to anti‐inflammatory agents to treat ocular autoimmune diseases in humans.     

Estrogen as an immunomodulator

Estrogen's role in the sex differences observed in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis have remained unclear. Complicating the understanding of the immunomodulatory effects of estrogen are (1) the effects of estrogen on multiple components of the immune response; (2) its varied effects on different systems in which it appears pro-autoimmune, as in murine lupus, or anti-inflammatory, as in EAE; and (3) its effects on other hormones which are potentially immunomodulatory. Recent reports have shed light on the role of estrogen in the modulation of lymphocyte survival and expansion and in the elaboration of Th1 versus Th2 cytokines and on the mechanisms by which estrogen can activate via multiple signaling and genomic pathways in immune cells.     

Seronegative autoimmune diseases: A challenging diagnosis

Autoimmune diseases (AID) are increasingly prevalent conditions which comprise more than 100 distinct clinical entities that are responsible for a great disease burden worldwide. The early recognition of these diseases is key for preventing their complications and for tailoring proper management. In most cases, autoantibodies, regardless of their potential pathogenetic role, can be detected in the serum of patients with AID, helping clinicians in making a definitive diagnosis and allowing screening strategies for early -and sometimes pre-clinical- diagnosis. Despite their undoubted crucial role, in a minority of cases, patients with AID may not show any autoantibody, a condition that is referred to as seronegative AID. Suboptimal accuracy of the available laboratory tests, antibody absorption, immunosuppressive therapy, immunodeficiencies, antigen exhaustion, and immunosenescence are the main possible determinants of seronegative AID. Indeed, in seronegative AID, the diagnosis is more challenging and must rely on clinical features and on other available tests, often including histopathological evaluation and radiological diagnostic tests. In this review, we critically dissect, in a narrative fashion, the possible causes of seronegativity, as well as the diagnostic and management implications, in several AID including autoimmune gastritis, celiac disease, autoimmune liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune encephalitis, myasthenia gravis, Sjögren’s syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, and autoimmune thyroid diseases.     

间充质干细胞在自身免疫性疾病中的应用研究进展

自身免疫性疾病（AID）的发病机制主要在于机体自身耐受的破坏,机体产生自身抗体和（或）自身反应性淋巴细胞,导致疾病的发生。目前临床上对AID的治疗主要是采取非特异性免疫抑制。虽然一定程度上可减轻症状,但不能根治疾病,而重症AID缺乏理想的治疗方法,预后差。因此,寻找有效的治疗方法仍然是目前临床亟待解决的问题。间充质干细胞（MSC）是一种非造血多能成体干细胞,具有多向分化以及促进组织修复等潜能,其免疫调控作用的发现是近年来干细胞研究领域的一项重要突破。最近,MSC移植治疗自身免疫性疾病的应用研究不断涌现,显示了MSC的免疫调节特性及其治疗AID的潜在能力,为进一步研究奠定了基础。     

Immunohistochemical analysis of estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta and progesterone receptor in normal human endometrium

The endometrium expresses estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), which are involved in autocrine and paracrine regulation processes in response to estrogen and progesterone. The aim of the present study was to evaluate immunohistochemical distribution patterns of estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha), estrogen receptor beta (ER beta) and PR in normal human endometrial tissue with the use of monoclonal antibodies. Human endometria were obtained from 17 premenopausal patients undergoing surgery for non-malignant diseases and were classified to be in proliferative, early secretory and late secretory phases by histological and anamnestical means. Distribution patterns of the steroid receptors were evaluated using the IRS-score and the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test was used to compare the means. Correlation was assessed with the Spearman factor and linear regression analysis. ER alpha and PR expression decreased significantly (p<0.05) in glandular epithelium from the proliferative to the late secretory phase. ER beta expression showed a similar significant decrease (p<0.05), although staining intensity was lower than that of ER alpha. A significant correlation between expression of all three steroid receptors was observed (p<0.001). Distribution patterns of ER alpha, ER beta and PR in normal human endometrium showed a cyclic variation during the menstrual cycle. A significant correlation between expression of ER alpha, ER beta and PR was also demonstrated using regression analysis, indicating dependence of expression of these three steroid receptors. The present study shows the presence of steroid receptors in human endometrial epithelium, indicating that these cells respond to estrogen and progesterone and thus playing a significant role in endometrial physiology.     

肠道菌群在自身免疫性疾病中的研究进展

自身免疫性疾病(autoimmune disease,AID)通过自身产生抗体,导致免疫耐受失衡,而引起的一系列慢性炎症反应,甚至对机体组织造成损伤。目前AID发病率逐渐升高,而其确切的发病机制尚不明确。肠道菌群作为人体最大的"免疫器官",参与机体代谢,形成肠粘膜屏障,维持免疫功能正常。随着对人体肠道菌群研究的深入,越...     

Non-HLA associations with autoimmune diseases

Susceptibility to autoimmune diseases (AID) has been associated with multiple combinations of genes and environmental or stochastic factors. The strongest influence on susceptibility to autoimmunity is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), in particular HLA; however, linkage analyses among multiple affected family members have established that non-MHC chromosomal susceptibility regions also influence the susceptibility towards AID. Besides HLA, three non-HLA genes have been convincingly associated with different AID: Citotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTPN22) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF), indicating that autoimmune phenotypes could represent pleiotropic outcomes of non-specific diseases' genes that underline similar immunogenetic mechanisms. Identification of genes that generate susceptibility will enhance our understanding of the mechanisms that mediate these complex diseases and will allow us to predict and/or prevent them as well as to discover new therapeutic interventions.     

Endogenous estrogens, through estrogen receptor α, constrain autoimmune inflammation in female mice by limiting CD4+ T-cell homing into the CNS

Sex hormones influence immune responses and the development of autoimmune diseases including MS and its animal model, EAE. Although it has been previously reported that ovariectomy could worsen EAE, the mechanisms implicated in the protective action of endogenous ovarian hormones have not been addressed. In this report, we now show that endogenous estrogens limit EAE development and CNS inflammation in adult female mice through estrogen receptor α expression in the host non-hematopoietic tissues. We provide evidence that the enhancing effect of gonadectomy on EAE development was due to quantitative rather than qualitative changes in effector Th1 or Th17 cell recruitment into the CNS. Consistent with this observation, adoptive transfer of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific encephalitogenic CD4(+) T lymphocytes induced more severe EAE in ovariectomized mice as compared to normal female mice. Finally, we show that gonadectomy accelerated the early recruitment of inflammatory cells into the CNS upon adoptive transfer of encephalitogenic CD4(+) T cells. Altogether, these data show that endogenous estrogens, through estrogen receptor α, exert a protective effect on EAE by limiting the recruitment of blood-derived inflammatory cells into the CNS.