新型冠状病毒引起的医院感染流行与问题思考

新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)引起医院感染流行情况严重,是新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情传播的关键环节之一.医院感染防控是COVID-19疫情防控的关键环节.通过对国内外新闻及文献报道的2019-nCoV引起的各类医院感染流行及暴发情况,从流行特点和防控存在的主要问题进行梳理与分析,提出策略与建议.总结经...     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者应激性心理障碍特点及心理疏导应用

正2019年12月以来,武汉市部分医院陆续发现多例不明原因肺炎病例,现已证实为2019新型冠状病毒(2019-novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV)引起的肺炎,称为新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019, COVID-19)。COVID-19诊疗方案指出"患者常存在焦虑恐惧情绪,应当加强心理疏导"。为了缓解COVID-19患者的心理压力,提高心理免疫力,增强战胜疫情的信心,国家卫生健康委员     

新型冠状病毒肺炎相关眼部疾病

2019年12月中国武汉爆发新型冠状病毒肺炎(novel coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情.随着病例数目的增多,COVID-19除主要表现为呼吸系统症状外,还出现了以结膜炎为首发症状的感染者,已有线索认为结膜也可能是新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)感染的通道之一.相比于发热门诊...     

重症新型冠状病毒肺炎:是急性呼吸窘迫综合征吗？

新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)在全球暴发流行,危害严重。虽然目前临床研究和尸检结果提高了人们对COVID-19的认识,但仍存在诸多争议,最大的争议之一即为重症COVID-19是否可诊断为急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)。重症COVID-19符合ARDS柏林标准,但与其他原因导致的ARDS存在诸多不同之处,包括发病晚、部分患者肺顺应性相对正常、高碳酸血症出现较早、肺CT表现和肺凝血活化明显。目前对COVID-19相关ARDS的分型多基于观察性研究,偏倚较大。至今其病理生理过程尚未明确,过早分型可能误导机械通气策略,期待大样本临床研究结果带来更多证据。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎与甲状腺疾病

自新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19)疫情暴发以来, 出现了若干COVID-19相关甲状腺疾病的报道, 包括亚急性甲状腺炎、自身免疫性甲状腺疾病、非甲状腺疾病综合征以及原因未明的甲状腺功能异常。本综述旨在对COVID-19相关甲状腺疾病的临床特点进行总结, 并探究可能的发生机制。     

2019新型冠状病毒的研究进展

2019新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)是引起武汉新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)大爆发的一种病毒,其通过病毒外膜上的棘突蛋白(S蛋白)与血管紧张素转换酶2 (ACE2)受体结合而感染人体。COVID-19患者临床症状表现为高热、呼吸困难和肺部毛玻璃样病变。COVID-19轻症患者可出现"炎症因子风暴",继而导致病程急变甚至死亡。目前,对于COVID-19治疗缺乏特异治疗方法。本文梳理了最近关于2019-nCoV的文献,从流行病学、病毒学及医学、机制学的角度全面剖析2019-nCoV的特点,为目前的COVID-19疫情的有效控制提供参考。     

对α-干扰素雾化治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎的认识

2019年武汉新型冠状病毒肺炎(Novel coronavirus pneumonia,NCP,即Corona Virus Disease-2019,COVID-19)是继严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,SARS)、中东呼吸综合征(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome,MERS)之后严重威胁人类生命健康的呼吸道传播性疾病,三者的病原体同属β类冠状病毒,但新型冠状病毒的传染性远较SARS-CoV和MERS-CoV强,引起世界卫生组织的高度重视,并宣布其构成国际关注的突发公共卫生事件。虽然COVID-19病死率较低,但由于缺乏特效药物,仍面临巨大的治疗挑战。干扰素(IFN)具有广谱抗病毒作用,对多种冠状病毒具有明显的抑制作用。国家卫生健康委员会发布的新型冠状病毒肺炎诊治方案(试用版)中多次提出试用IFN-α雾化吸入治疗COVID-19。本文将从IFN类型、作用机理、雾化治疗机制、现有IFN治疗冠状病毒感染的证据入手,对IFN-α雾化治疗COVID-19进行综述。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎合并严重肝损害1例

2019年12月开始由新型冠状病毒(SARSCoV-2)感染的新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情在我国快速蔓延,其主要经呼吸道传播,主要累及呼吸系统,但亦可累及全身脏器,现报道1例COVID-19合并以严重黄疸为主要表现的肝损害患者。     

ACE2在冠状病毒病-19多器官损伤中的作用

正自冠状病毒疾病-19(corona virus disease 19,COVID-19)疫情爆发以来,我国感染严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒-2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)人数8万余人,病死人数达3000余人,全国平均重症率约21.72%,湖北省重症率22.50%。华中科技大学同济医院一项研究发现,COVID-19重症患者28 d病死率高达高达61.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎痰标本2019-nCoV核酸阳性3例报道:对咽拭子检测假阴性问题的思考及建议

由新型冠状病毒2019-nCoV引起的肺炎(COVID-19)目前疫情仍十分严峻。2019-nCoV的核酸检测是COVID-19确诊的必要指标之一。临床对标本类型的选择影响2019-nCoV核酸检出率。本文报道3例COVID-19患者的确诊经过,分析采用咽拭子和痰标本检测2019-nCoV的效果,为临床诊断COVID-19时如何选择标本类型和如何提高核酸检出率提供参考。     

Clinical features and potential mechanism of coronavirus disease 2019-associated liver injury

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has posed a serious threat to global public health security. With the increase in the number of confirmed cases globally, the World Health Organization has declared the outbreak of COVID-19 an international public health emergency. Despite atypical pneumonia as the primary symptom, liver dysfunction has also been observed in many clinical cases and is associated with the mortality risk in patients with COVID-19, like severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome. Here we will provide a schematic overview of the clinical characteristics and the possible mechanisms of liver injury caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, which may provide help for optimizing the management of liver injury and reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients.     

四川省甘孜藏族自治州新型冠状病毒肺炎病例流行病学特征分析

目的探讨2020年四川省甘孜藏族自治州（甘孜州）暴发的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情的病例特征及流行趋势,旨在为遏制本地疫情扩散及外地疫情输入提供科学依据。方法参照《新型冠状病毒防控方案》、《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎可疑暴露者和密切接触者管理方案（第二版）》进行流行病学调查与呼吸道样本采集,通过实时反转录–聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）方法对其呼吸道样本进行新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）核酸检测,并采用描述性流行病学方法对病例特征、疫情趋势及聚集性影响因素进行分析。结果对54例COVID-19病例的682名密切接触者进行筛查,发现确诊病例39例,无症状感染者3例。 截至2020年2月28日,甘孜州累计报告COVID-19病例96例,其中确诊病例78例,无症状感染者18例。 5例有湖北省武汉市旅居史的输入性确诊病例构成本次疫情流行曲线的早期波峰,本地73例确诊病例及18例无症状感染者通过共同聚集性活动使COVID-19疫情进一步扩散。结论甘孜州累计报告COVID-19病例96例,家庭及宗教（寺庙法会及丧葬礼念经）聚集性活动为本次疫情发生的高危传播因素,无症状感染者以中青年人居多,早期对密切接触者进行严格隔离医学观察、对无症状感染者进行及时检测、对高龄确诊病例进行及时救治,可有效降低传染率和死亡率。     

巨噬细胞在心肌梗死中作用的研究进展

自2019年12月份以来,2019 新型冠状病毒(2019 novel coronavirus,2019-nCoV)肺炎在武汉局部爆发,波及全国,蔓延世界。该疾病传染性较强,虽此病以轻症为主,但仍有一定死亡率,尽管世界各国都采取相应措施,但是COVID-19感染者数量仍然持续增加,疫情形势依然严峻,截止2月26日全国累计确诊78191人,死亡2718人,在目前及以后需要手术治疗的患者中难免会有COVID-19感染者,但是外科医护及相关人员在积极救治患者的同时自身防护非常重要,因手术导致医护交叉感染的发生应避免发生。为规范脊柱外科患者合并这一新发传染病的诊治,特制订上海市公共卫生临床中心关于“脊柱外科患者合并COVID-19感染”的诊疗建议方案。     

Healthy neonate born to a SARS-CoV-2 infected woman: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUNDSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly discovered coronavirus that has generated a worldwide outbreak of infections. Many people with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) have developed severe illness, and a significant number have died. However, little is known regarding infection by the novel virus in pregnant women. We herein present a case of COVID-19 confirmed in a woman delivering a neonate who was negative for SARS-CoV-2 and related it to a review of the literature on pregnant women and human coronavirus infections.CASE SUMMARYThe patient was a 36-year-old pregnant woman in her third trimester who had developed progressive clinical symptoms when she was confirmed as infected with SARS-CoV-2. Given the potential risks for both the pregnant woman and the fetus, an emergency cesarean section was performed, and the baby and his mother were separately quarantined and cared for. As a result, the baby currently shows no signs of SARS-CoV-2 infection (his lower respiratory tract samples were negative for the virus), while the mother completely recovered from COVID-19.CONCLUSIONAlthough we presented a single case, the successful result is of great significance for pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection and with respect to fully understanding novel coronavirus pneumonia.     

COVID-19 and gastroenteric manifestations

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the infection of a novel coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)], has become a pandemic. The infection has resulted in about one hundred million COVID-19 cases and millions of deaths. Although SARS-CoV-2 mainly spreads through the air and impairs the function of the respiratory system, it also attacks the gastrointestinal epithelial cells through the same receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor, which results in gastroenteric symptoms and potential fecal-oral transmission. Besides the infection of SARS-CoV-2, the treatments of COVID-19 also contribute to the gastroenteric manifestations due to the adverse drug reactions of anti-COVID-19 drugs. In this review, we update the clinical features, basic studies, and clinical practices of COVID-19-associated gastroenteric manifestations.     

影像学辅助诊断新型冠状病毒肺炎

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）是因感染2019新型冠状病毒引起的以肺部炎性病变为主的急性呼吸道感染性疾病，其传染性强，潜伏期长。目前确诊COVID-19的金标准是核酸检测阳性，而部分患者核酸检测结果呈假阴性，且需排查患者数量较大。对于无症状患者及大量待筛查者，影像学检查尤为重要。本文围绕CT及超声检查辅助诊断COVID-19的要点及其优势和防护规范进行综述。     

COVID-19 and the heart

An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in December 2019 due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a strain of SARS-CoV. Patients infected with the virus present a wide spectrum of manifestations ranging from mild flu-like symptoms, cough, fever and fatigue to severe lung injury, appearing as bilateral interstitial pneumonia or acute respiratory failure. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection predominantly offends the respiratory system, it has been associated with several cardiovascular complications as well. For example, patients with COVID-19 may either develop type 2 myocardial infarction due to myocardial oxygen demand and supply imbalance or acute coronary syndrome resulting from excessive inflammatory response to the primary infection. The incidence of COVID-19 related myocarditis is estimated to be accountable for an average of 7% of all COVID-19 related fatal cases, whereas heart failure (HF) may develop due to infiltration of the heart by inflammatory cells, destructive action of pro-inflammatory cytokines, micro-thrombosis and new onset or aggravated endothelial and respiratory failure. Lastly, SARS-CoV-2 can engender arrhythmias through direct myocardial damage causing acute myocarditis or through HF decompensation or secondary, through respiratory failure or severe respiratory distress syndrome. In this comprehensive review we summarize the COVID-19 related cardiovascular complications (acute coronary syndromes, myocarditis, HF, arrhythmias) and discuss the main underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.     

COVID-19: An overview and a clinical update

The outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19, previously known as 2019 nCoV) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Wuhan City, China, has spread rapidly around the world. Most patients from the first cluster had an epidemiological connection to the Wuhan's Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. Available evidence has shown that SARS-CoV-2 can be easily transmitted from person to person through close contact and respiratory droplets, posing a substantial challenge to public health. At present, the research on SARS-CoV-2 is still in the primary stages. However, dexa-methasone and remdesivir are appeared to be promising medical therapies. Still, there is no definite specific treatment, and the mainstay of treatment is still focused on supportive therapies. Currently, over 150 vaccines are under investigation. It is necessary to understand the nature of the virus and its clinical characteristics in order to find effectively manage the disease. The knowledge about this virus is rapidly evolving, and clinicians must update themselves regularly. The present review comprehensively summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and management of COVID-19 based on the current evidence.     

SARS-CoV-2核酸检测技术进展及应用

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)感染的持续暴发给全球公共卫生带来了挑战。SARS-CoV-2核酸检测作为诊断病原体感染的“金标准”,是确诊、治疗和防控新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的主要检测手段。文章对SARS-CoV-2核酸检测技术和混样检测模式进行综述,以期为临床实验室选择适宜的检测技术和筛查策略提供参考。