Radiographic cephalometry analysis of dimensions of condylar processus in persons with mandibular prognathism

INTRODUCTION/AIM: There are numerous factors that influence the formation of condylar processus: the growth and development of cranial base, growth and development of the jaws and alveolar extensions, teething, the way of intercuspidation, the overlap of incisors, functions of masticatory muscles, etc. Considering the fact that the above-mentioned factors significantly differ in persons with different morphological set of the face, we set a hypothesis that dimensions of condylar processus and the mandibular ramus considerably differ in persons with mandibular prognathism compared to eugnatic persons. The aim of this study was to establish the differences in dimensions of condylar processus between the above-mentioned groups. METHODS: Six parameters representing the dimensions of the condylar processus were measured on profile teleradiographs of 30 eugnatic persons and 30 paersons with mandibular prognathism: the height of condylar processus, the height of head of the mandible, width of the head, width of the neck, height of the ramus without the condylar processus and the overall height of the ramus. RESULTS: A considerable difference in the values of the parameters was found, as well as the distribution toward the values of reference. It was found that the height of the condylar processus was significantly greater in persons with mandibular prognathism, whereas the width of the head of the mandible, the width of the neck and the height of the ramus without the condylar processus was considerably decreased within the same group. The height of the head of the mandible and the overall height of the ramus was not significantly changed. CONCLUSION: In persons with mandibular prognathism, morphological features of the condylar processus are changed. The condylar processus lengthens on account of shortening of the lower part of the ramus, and the mentioned lengthening is the most prominent in its condylar neck area which is also the centre of its most intense growth.     

Echographic evaluation of nontraumatic abdominal emergencies (author's transl)

The authors illustrate the diagnostic possibilities of echography in the evaluation of the nontraumatic abdominal emergencies. They first refer about the methods of investigation and the scanning techniques. Then they illustrate the value of echography in the evaluation of the acute cholecystitis and pancreatitis pointing out the sensitivity of this procedure to the detection of the spread of the infections to the peritoneum and to the retroperitoneal spaces. The authors also present the echographic findings in the acute pathology of the retroperitoneum and of the female pelvic organs. Finally they emphasize the diagnostic value of ultrasounds in the search of the abdominal causes of the acute anemia and of the fever of unknown origin and as a preliminary investigation in case of actue renal failure.     

肘关节后外侧旋转不稳定的解剖与生物力学研究

目的 研究肘关节外侧软组织对维持肘关节后外侧旋转稳定的作用。方法 通过解剖肘关节,观察外侧软组织的形态结构特点;将16侧上肢标本分为两组,通过生物力学试验,研究按顺序切断桡侧软组织结构时肘关节旋转度的变化。结果 肘关节伸肌起始于肱骨外髁的肌腱膜上,肌腱膜部分随肌肉走行成为肌间隔,部分止于尺骨鹰嘴外侧骨面;桡侧副韧止于尺骨冠突的部分为桡侧尺副韧带,其与桡骨环状韧带在尺度上的止点有2种类型。肘关节桡侧副韧带复合体对维持关节外侧稳定的作用约占50％,伸肌及伸肌腱膜的作用约占11％;在桡侧副韧带复合体中,桡侧副韧带（包括桡侧尺副韧带）起主要作用,桡骨环状韧带起协同作用。结论 肘关节后侧旋转不稳定除桡侧副韧带的损伤外,可能还有外侧伸肌及伸肌腱膜的损伤。     

大鼠创伤后红细胞免疫粘附功能的变化及用中药治疗的实验研究

叙述了大鼠断肢创伤后红细胞免疫粘附功能变化、变化机理及中药参耳合剂的治疗作用。创伤后红细胞c3b受体活性降低；红细胞表面免疫复合物含量增高；血清红细胞免疫粘附促进因子活力降低；血清红细胞免疫粘附抑制因子活力增高、红细胞c3b受体活性与红细胞免疫粘附抑制因子活力变化存在显著的负相关性。参耳合剂可以有效地提高受抑制的红细胞c3b受体的活性，并可以有效地调节血清红细胞免疫粘附抑制因子过高的活力。     

军事医学顶层本体中语义类型框架的构建研究

目的：探索军事医学本体语义类型的构建方法,建立军事医学顶层本体语义类型框架,为军事医学本体的构建奠定基础,并进一步为军事医学信息资源的知识组织、知识揭示和知识服务提供支撑。方法通过文献计量法构建军事医学核心概念集,在复用一体化医学语言系统（ UMLS）顶层语义类型框架的基础上,采用语义分析法和专家咨询法,综合自底向上和自顶向下相结合的方式完成语义类型框架的构建。结果将军事医学同一类知识点归到一个语义类型,得出了军事医学顶层本体语义类型框架的树形层级结构。结论提出的军事医学本体语义类型的构建方法是有效实用的,构建的军事医学顶层本体语义类型框架能将军事医学知识进行重构,为军事医学顶层本体语义关系的建立提供基础架构。     

Effects of selected softball bat loading strategies on impact reaction impulse

Interior loading strategies to modify the location and size of the effective hitting area of aluminum softball bats were identified. The effects of these strategies on theoretically derived and empirically determined relevant mechanical parameters were compared. Loading strategies consisted of adding 315 g to the interior of three similar (790 g) aluminum softball bats: at the center of mass of the original bat (bat C); at the ends of the bat and distributed so that the center of mass was unchanged, (bat A); and at the ends of the bat and distributed so that the moment of inertia about the swing axis (I1) was the same as that of bat C (bat B). The following parameters were derived theoretically by considering the bat as a physical pendulum and empirically by observing the impact reaction impulse on the axis of suspension: moment of inertia about the suspension axis (I0); moment of inertia about the swing axis; distance from the suspension axis to the center of percussion; and the slope of the impact reaction impulse (P1) relative to the impact impulse (P) as a function of impact location. These values for each bat were compared. Both empirical and theoretically derived data indicated that: the center of percussion of bat B was farther away from the axis than bats A and C; the moment of inertia about the swing axis of bat A was much greater than that of bats B and C; and the slope of the impact reaction regression line as a function of impact location for bat B was significantly less than that of the other bats. Thus, the effective hitting area of bat B was moved toward the barrel end of the bat and enlarged without a substantial increase in the moment of inertia about the swing axis.     

Localization and diagnosis of septic endoprosthesis infection by using 99mTc-HMPAO labelled leucocytes

The aim of this study was to evaluate, retrospectively, the diagnostic value of Tc hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO) labelled autologous leucocytes for the preferred septic localizations of the infection of the endoprosthesis. We retrospectively reviewed 67 patients with implanted endoprostheses. Diagnosis was found in 42/67 patients. In 25/67 patients we were able to negate an acute pathological process of infection of the endoprosthesis. Our patients were divided into three groups according to the type of endoprosthesis (hip joint, knee joint, shoulder joint). The localizations of the endoprosthesis disorders are shown. The preferred localizations of the acute infection of the hip endoprosthesis are the regio intertrochanterica and the middle part of the shaft of the prosthesis. The preferred localization of the acute infection of the knee endoprosthesis is the proximal shaft of the tibia. The preferred localization of the acute infection of the shoulder endoprosthesis is the distal end of the prosthesis in the proximal humerus. It is hoped that the knowledge of these preferred localizations of infection of endoprosthesis will help patients and doctors in diagnosis and treatment in the future.     

Radiographic anatomy of the distal dural sac. A myelographic investigation of dimensions and termination.

A radio-anatomical study was performed of the distal dural sac (DS) in 121 patients subjected to myelography. In 83.4% the termination of the DS was located from the upper half of the S1-segment to the lower half of the S2-segment. In the remaining patients the dural terminations were more distally located. The average location of the DS-termination was higher than that found in a previous anatomic study. The inference is that in patients with low-back pain and sciatica, the DS tends to terminate at a higher spinal level than in a non-selected anatomic material. The caudal reduction in sagittal diameter of the DS was less than that of the frontal diameter of the sac. The linear diminution in cross-sectional area of the DS from the level of L3 towards the lumbo-sacral junction was not correlated with the degree of caudal extension of the DS into the sacrum. Thus the length of the DS and its transverse diameters are independent of each other. These results supported the view that the location of the termination of the DS (and hence that of the spinal cord) is not related to stenosis of the central spinal canal.     

用MRI进行立体定向放射治疗定位的精确性

CT和MRI是SRT(立体定向放射治疗)定位经常采用的方法,二者各有优势。对MRI而言,由于存在着影像扭曲的问题,因此影响了SRT定位的精确性,并进一步影响了剂量分布的准确性。因此,MRI能否用于SRT定位,还存在着较大的争议。本文对近几年来的一些研究进行综述,以了解MRI用于SRT定位的原理、影像扭曲的来源、误差的大小及影响因素,相应的解决方法等。     

Chest radiography based on the interlobar fissures

Recognition of which interlobar fissure in the right lung is major or minor is important in chest radiography. Based on assessment of the interlobar fissure, the location of diseases or the degree of expansion of the lobes is comprehensible. As a general rule, the major fissure is not seen in normal cases. However, the major fissure is visualized in the presence of volume loss of the lower lobe. Although the medial end of the minor fissure is at the intermediate artery between the upper and lower lobe bronchi, that of the major fissure is continuous to the central portion of the mediastinum. The following cases will be presented: post-pleuritis, atelectasis of the superior segment of the lower lobe (S6), obstructive pneumonia in the middle and lower lobes due to stenosis of the intermediate bronchus, pneumonia of the upper lobe, and superior accessory fissure with atelectasis of the upper lobe.     

Analysis of time-activity curves related to myocardial metabolism. The case of 123I-heptadecanoic acid

Time-activity curves are frequently used in the external assessment of the kinetics of radiolabelled non-esterified fatty acids. Analysis of time-activity curves is accomplished by fitting an analytical curve through the data points of the time-activity curve, resulting in two or more parameters of the curve fit. Before interpreting the results of curve fitting, the precision of each of the parameters has to be determined. In the present study the precision of the parameters of monoexponential plus constant curve fit of time-activity curves after administration of 123I-heptadecanoic acid was assessed for an acquisition time of 75 min. Two parameters were used, the T1/2 of the monoexponential and the ratio A/A+C, where A is the amplitude of the monoexponential and C the constant. A model study was used to assess the precision of the parameters of curve fitting. The precision of the parameters was calculated for wide ranges of the T1/2 (0-60 min), A/A+C (0-100%) and the noise content of the time-activity curve. The results are presented as the 10th and 90th percentiles.     

THE DYNAMICS OF A NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL CONDITION DURING THE PREPARATION FOR IMPORTANT CONTESTS

The aim of this research was to determine a conjugation of the functional condition dynamics of the neuromuscular organs, visual analyser, latent period of the motorial activity and supporting kinosthetic functions at different stages of preparation of the sportsmen for important contests.

The following research methods were used to achieve this aim: a functional mobility of the neuromuscular organs was determined with the help of an electrostimulation method (excitability thresholds, frequency range of optimum and maximum rhythm, data on the changes of a bioelectric potential in relation to electrical stimuli); a functional condition of the visual analyser was determined with the use of an electrostimulation method (excitability thresholds, frequency range of phosefan in the reaction to a threshold irritant); a grey matter neurodynamics was determined with the help of a chronoreflexometry using an audio irritant of a different power with the preliminary strain of motor centres or without it; supporting kinosthetic functions were determined with the help of seismotremography and stabilography (frequency and amplitude of tremor, deviations of the gravity centre of the body in different positions of the Romberg test).

All the research on the systems mentioned was carried out within the preparatory, main and contest periods during the preparation for the important contests. Gymnasts, boxers and fencers were under observation. In all there were carried out 570 observations of 54 sportsmen of a high sporting qualification.

The functional condition of the visual analyser at a satisfactory level of training was characterised by relatively low excitability thresholds and high frequency limits of phosefan. The functional mobility of the neuromuscular organs was reduced during this period. The supporting kinosthetic functions became apparent in the instability of frequency and amplitude tremor characteristics and general gravity centre deviations. The latent period of the motor movement reaction was the longest without the preliminary strain of the motor centres. The performance of intense training efforts was accompanied by distinct symptoms of the nervous system excitement against a background of the reduced functional mobility of the neuromuscular organs.

Just before the main contests, when the sportsmen were in good training condition, the excitability thresholds of the visual analyser were slightly increasing; frequency limits of phosefan were falling; functional mobility of the neuromuscular organs achieved the highest value; supporting kinosthetic functions were characterised by stable values of the tremor frequency and amplitude and of the deviations of the general gravity centre of the body; minimum latent period of the motor movement reaction was dependent upon the preliminary strain of the motor centres.

The data obtained gave us the opportunity to assume that the functional condition dynamics of the systems under consideration might characterise the level of an operative rest, as A. A. Ukhtomsky saw it, as a combatant readiness for physical activity.

     

前交通动脉瘤与大脑前动脉A1段缺如相关性研究

目的：探讨前交通动脉瘤（ACoA）发病及伴蛛网膜下腔出血与大脑前动脉A1段缺如的相关性。方法：回顾性分析705例全脑血管造影及临床资料,其中47例ACoA患者为研究组,129例无脑血管病变患者为对照组,比较ACoA发病、动脉瘤大小及蛛网膜下腔出血与大脑前动脉A1段缺如相关性。结果：47例ACoA患者中,大脑前动脉A1段缺如发生率为44.7%,对照组129例患者中大脑前动脉A1段缺如发生率为9.3%,ACoA患者伴大脑前动脉A1段缺如发生率明显高于对照组,差异有显著性意义（χ^2=28.303,P〈0.001）。21例伴A1段缺如的ACoA动脉瘤平均直径（5.8±2.8）mm,26例无A1段缺如的ACoA动脉瘤平均直径（4.2±2.2）mm,二者差异有显著性意义（t=2.098,P〈0.05）。21例伴A1段缺如的ACoA,其蛛网膜下腔出血程度与大脑前动脉A1段缺如相关（Z=-2.199,P〈0.05）。结论：前交通动脉瘤发病、动脉瘤大小以及伴发蛛网膜下腔出血均与大脑前动脉A1段缺如相关,大脑前动脉A1段缺如患者的ACoA发生率明显增高。     

Brachial plexus sonography: a technique for assessing the root level

OBJECTIVE: Our study was intended to establish a technique to assess the level of the roots of the brachial plexus using high-resolution sonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The skeleton of a cervical spine was examined in vitro to determine whether the vertebrae may be identified individually on sonography by means of the evaluation of their transverse processes. Then 20 healthy subjects and five patients who had undergone CT of the cervical spine were evaluated sonographically, and we attempted to identify the level of individual roots of the brachial plexus using the transverse processes as landmarks. To establish the reliability of this method, a blinded review of sonograms of the paravertebral area obtained at various levels was performed independently by three examiners. RESULTS: In vitro, sonography was reliable in depicting the level of the C7 vertebra because of the absence of the anterior tubercle from its transverse processes. In healthy subjects, this feature allowed us to establish the level of the roots outside the spine. In our series, the C4-C7 roots were visible sonographically in all cases, whereas the C8 and T1 levels were seen, respectively, in only 16 of 20 and eight of 20 cases. All examiners correctly identified the C7 level in the blinded review of sonograms. CONCLUSION: High-resolution sonography can reveal the level of the roots of the brachial plexus on the basis of the different morphology of the transverse processes of the vertebrae. Our study has implications for confirming the exact level of pathologic roots before surgery.     

Use of separate hand locations to calculate ground reaction force exerted on a vaulting pole

A model was developed to permit calculation of the force exerted by the ground on a vaulting pole given the flexibility characteristics of the pole, the grip height of the upper hand, and the coordinates of each of the two hands relative to the base of the pole. The flexural rigidity of the pole was assumed constant throughout the length of the pole and not subject to hysteresis or dynamic loading effects. The model was based on the following rationale: knowing the initial angle of the base of the pole (beta 0) and the force vector (F1) exerted by the ground on the pole, it was possible to estimate the shape of the pole and the coordinates of the two hands following an iterative procedure. Conversely, it was possible to find a combination of beta 0 and F1 that made the pole fit two specified hand locations.     

最佳kVp与体模表面剂量和体模厚度关系的实验研究

目的在保持一定的X射线图像信噪比的前提下,探讨管电压（kVp）与体模表面剂量和体模厚度的关系.方法应用自制人体模型模拟X射线数字减影血管造影,在特定的X射线影像增强器表面剂量下,采用不同的kVp和毫安秒组合曝光,采集相关数据并绘制成体模表面剂量-kVp曲线、体模厚度-kVp曲线以及体模厚度和kVp的关系式.结果体模表面剂量-kVp曲线提示,kVp越大,体模表面剂量越低,但斜率渐趋于零;体模厚度-kVp曲线提示,体模越厚,所需kVp越大;体模厚度和kVp的关系式为：kVp=64＋0.89D（D为体模厚度,cm）.结论随着kVp的不断增高会导致体模表面剂量的逐渐降低,理想的kVp值与体模的厚度直接相关.     

Reliability of the individual age assessment at the time of death based on sternal rib end morphology in Balkan population

This paper analyzes the reliability of the Iscan's sternal rib-ends phase method for the assessment of individual age at the time of death in the Balkan population. The method is based on the morphological age changes of the sternal rib ends. The tested samples consisted of 65 ribs from autopsy cases in the Institute for Forensic Medicine, University of Belgrade, during 1999-2002 (23 females, and 42 males of various ages, ranged from 17-91 years), according to the forensic documents. Significant differences between the real chronological age of the individuals and the values established by the Iscan's method was found, especially in the older categories (phases 6 and 7), in both males and females. The results of the discriminative analysis showed the values of the highest diagnostic relevance for the assessment of age in our population: the change of the depth of the articular fossa, the thickness of its walls, and the quality of the bones.     

Reversible and non-reversible enlargement of cerebrospinal fluid spaces in anorexia nervosa

Summary Brain CT studies of 35 patients with anorexia nervosa confirmed the observations of other authors: cerebral dystrophic changes correlate with weight loss and the reversibility of these changes also correlates with the normalization of body weight. Other corroborated facts are: the most numerous and most pronounced enlargements are of the cortical sulci and the interhemispheric fissure, moderate widening affects the ventricles and the rarest and most insignificant changes are those of the cerebellum. The reversibility of the changes showed a parallel to the extent of the changes themselves and to the duration of improvement of the body weight. The reversibility of the enlargement of the cortical sulci and of the distances between the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles was more often significant than that of the abnormal measurements of the cella media. This difference is based on minimal early acquired brain damage which occurs in 60% of our patients. This high incidence of early acquired minimal brain disease in patients with anorexia nervosa is here discussed as a nonspecific predisposing factor. Although there is no exact explanation of the etiology of the reversible enlargement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces in anorexia nervosa, the changes resemble those in alcoholics. The mechanisms of brain changes in alcoholism, as shown experimentally, seem to us to throw light on the probable mechanism of reversible dystrophic brain changes in anorexia nervosa.     

Biorhythmic selection of cosmonauts]

The paper describes some features of modern and future interplanetary space missions which may influence the stability of the circadian system of the human body. It presents requirements for biorhythmological selection of cosmonauts. The paper discusses the biorhythmological types of humans: biorhythmologically labile, biorhythmologically inert and intermediate. The time schedule specified by the flight program dictates the selection of the cosmonauts of a certain type for the given mission. The paper suggests methods for the biorhythmological selection of cosmonauts: 1) on the basis of adaptation to the concrete type of "space day" in the flight; 2) on the basis of the biorhythmological type; 3) on the basis of the length of the natural circadian period; 4) on the basis of typological features of the nervous system.     

A scintigraphic method of examining the patency of oviducts using 133Xe

Described below is the radioisotope method of examining the patency of oviducts using a solution of ¹³³Xe. Scintigraphic pictures of the uterine cavity and oviducts were obtained with a Jumbo Toshiba gamma-camera; they were subsequently analysed by an Informatek SIMIS-3 data processing system. A total of 30 women aged between 20 and 36 with primary or secondary infertility were examined. The patency of oviducts and the shape of the uterine cavity was assessed on the basis of: the overall picture of the activity of ¹³³Xe in the uterine cavity and oviducts, the isocontours of the overall picture, curves of increasing and decreasing activity in the fallopian tubes, and the spatial picture of activity distribution in the uterus and fallopian tubes. The results of the examinations corresponded in all cases with the diagnosis made on the basis of hysterosalpingography. An advantage of the isotope method of examining the patency of fallopian tubes and the shape of the uterine cavity is the fact that it is an examination of a dynamic nature, completely safe for the patient and exposes the patients to a considerably lower dose of irradiation than during hysterosalpingography.