氢同位素催化交换过程影响因素研究

氢-水催化交换反应是研究氢同位素分离的重要手段,对反应过程中各影响因素的研究是氢同位素分离工作中的重要内容。在自行设计的不锈钢催化交换柱中,装填一定体积比的疏水催化剂与亲水填料,进行H-D体系气液催化交换实验。观察反应温度、气液摩尔比、不同原料水氘浓度对传质系数的影响,讨论了气体流速对床层压力降的影响情况。结果表明,不同气液比下,反应温度为45°C时传质系数最高。传质系数随原料水氘浓度(5.05 20.1)×10 3增加而降低,传质系数在0.58 1.17和2.65 3.56随着气液摩尔比而增加,催化交换柱床层压力降随气体流速而增加。研究发现,反应温度、气液摩尔比和氘浓度等因素均会影响氘的传质系数。     

Pt-SDB憎水催化剂氢-水液相催化交换工艺研究

研究了以贵金属铂为活性成分、聚苯乙烯 二乙烯基苯为载体的憎水催化剂Pt SDB的氢 水液相催化交换工艺条件 ,讨论了催化剂与亲水填料在催化反应床中的填装方式、填装比例以及反应温度、交换方式等工艺条件对氢 水催化交换反应总体积传质系数的影响。结果表明 :催化剂与填料混合填装时体积比 1∶1和分层有序填装时体积比 1∶4的效果最佳 ,总体积传质系数随反应温度升高而提高 ,交换反应温度以 60℃为宜     

SDB疏水催化剂载体的装填及对传质性能的影响

氢-水液相催化交换(LPCE)是处理大量含氚废水的有效途径,而疏水性载体苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯共聚物(SDB)是LPCE的关键材料,对活性组分Pt起到承载作用。采用30mm×400mm玻璃柱模拟催化反应床,研究了SDB疏水性载体与填料的填装方式、气体流速、液体流速、温度以及分层装填高度等工艺条件对床层压力降和持液量的影响。结果表明:当不锈钢θ填料与SDB疏水性载体的体积比为4∶1时,无论采用混合装还是分层装,床层压力降均随气体流速、液体流速和温度的增加而升高,而动持液量随气体流速的增加而减小,随液体流速的增加而增大;混合装的压力降低于分层装,不同分层装对应的床层压力降大小为:四层装三层装一层装两层装。     

填料及填装工艺对水-氢同位素液相催化交换效率的影响

研究了填料及填装工艺对水-氢同位素液相催化交换效率的影响,讨论了亲水填料的选型原则、处理方式、亲水填料与憎水催化剂在催化反应床中的填装比例。结果表明：选用不锈钢三角填料,填料使用前进行表面处理,亲水填料与憎水催化剂按体积比为1：4分层有序填装,均能提高催化反应床的交换效率。     

氢同位素D、T从气相到液相的氢-水交换实验研究

采用Pt-SDB疏水催化剂和亲水填料混装进行含氘、氚氢气与水的液相催化交换实验，研究反应温度、气体流量和液体流量对D、T转化率以及H-D、H-T的总传质系数Kya的影响。研究结果表明：在相同操作条件下，T的转化率η(H-T)比D的转化率η(H-T)高，H-T的总传质系数比H-D的高；从D、T转化率随气体流量和液体流量的变化趋势可知，气体流量对D、T转化率的影响较大；选择合适的反应温度即可获得较佳的转化率和总传质系数。在实际工艺中，反应温度选为45℃较适宜。     

氢-水液相催化交换床压力降及液泛研究

在50mm×680mm和20mm×290mm玻璃柱中,用氢 氘水研究了催化交换床层不同填料的液泛及床层压力降的变化。结果表明:活性Al2O3填料、不锈钢θ填料、不锈钢三角填料装填的床层在相近操作条件下,θ填料泛点气速为高;相同气速下,升高温度和增加液体喷淋密度均使床层压力降升高。压力降随液体喷淋密度l、床层气速μ变化的经验关联式为Δp=14758 8×100 0164lμ1 91。     

疏水催化剂应用进展

疏水催化剂主要用于反应物、产物或反应介质中有水的一些反应，包括氢-水液相催化交换、氢氧复合、有机物的低温氧化、NO_x选择催化还原和含NH₃废水的处理等。文章对疏水催化剂在各领域的应用进展进行综述，并对其催化特点及存在问题进行讨论。反应在室温或略高于室温的条件下进行，能耗低；对一些反应，疏水催化比亲水催化有更高选择性。针对具体的反应，研究疏水催化剂制备工艺，提高疏水催化剂对具体反应的催化性能有利于其工业上广泛应用。     

H-D体系的气液催化交换实验研究

采用Pt-SDB疏水催化剂与亲水填料混装,考查了氢同位素氘从气、液两相间相互交换过程的影响因素。结果表明:随着天然水流量的增大,开始时催化交换效率增大,而后趋于平稳;在相同的液体流量下,随着气体流量的增大,催化交换效率减小;随着温度的升高,催化交换效率增大;在同一温度下,随着液体流量的增大,气相总传质系数(Kya)没有什么明显的变化,而反应温度对Kya影响显著,高、低气体流速下两者的活化能相差很小。     

氢同位素氘从气相到液相的催化交换实验研究

采用Pt SDB疏水催化剂与亲水填料按1∶4混装进行氘从气相到液相的催化交换实验,研究影响传质单元数及氘转化率的因素。结果表明:为获得较大的传质单元数,需选择合适的操作温度及交换气流速;液体流量增加,转化率提高,但液体流量达到一定程度时,氘转化率几乎不再变化;催化柱长度对氘转化率有较大影响,交换气流速2 m3/h、液体流量1~2 kg/h、45 ℃时,4 m柱长下的氘转化率达到90%。     

疏水催化剂的研究与应用进展

简要概述了国内外对疏水催化剂的研究与应用进展，重点介绍了疏水催化剂的制备方法和催化交换性能研究，包括动力学，失活与再生及辐照稳定性研究，并对其发展进行了评述与展望。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

Interaction between uranium and humic acid (Ⅰ): Adsorption behaviors of U(Ⅵ) in soil humic acids

The adsorption behaviors of uranium on three soil humic acids (HAs), which were extracted from soils of different depths at the same site, were investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorption results showed that U(Ⅵ) in solutions can be adsorbed by the three soil HAs, with the order of FHA (HA from 5 m depth of soil) ＞SHA (HA from the surface) ＞THA (HA from 10 m depth of soil) for adsorption efficiency in each desirable condition, and the adsorption reached equilibrium in about 240 min. Although the maximum adsorption efficiency was adsorption could be described with Langmiur isotherm or Freundlich isotherm equation. The L/S (liquid/solid, mL/g)ratio and pH were important factors influencing the adsorption in our adsorption system besides uranium concentration. The adsorption efficiency decreased with the increase of the L/S ratio and pH at the pH range of 2.0-3.0 for SHA and THA or 2.5 - 6.0 for FHA. However, no significant difference in adsorption of U(Ⅵ) was observed at the experimental temperature. All the results implied that humic substances have different characteristics in samples even collected at the same site.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Information for authors

<正>1.NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES(NST),a bimonthly journal,is devoted to all aspects of nuclear science and technology,theoretical or experimental.Its special interest lies in the subjects of synchrotron radiation science and technology;low energy accelerators,radiation technology and applications;radiochemistry,radiopharmaceuticals and nuclear medicine;nuclear electronics and instrumen-     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.