1,1′-二羟基-5,5′-联四唑二羟胺盐及碱金属盐的合成、溶解度测定及关联

以1,1′-二羟基-5,5′-联四唑为原料,分别与氢氧化锂、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾反应得到1,1′-二羟基-5,5′-联四唑的碱金属盐:1,1′-二羟基-5,5′-联四唑二锂盐(Li2DHBT)、1,1′-二羟基-5,5′-联四唑二钠盐(Na2DHBT)、1,1′-二羟基-5,5′-联四唑二钾盐(K2DHBT),收率分别为90.6%、91.9%、90.2%。以Li2DHBT为原料,通过与盐酸羟胺的复分解反应得到1,1′-二羟基-5,5′-联四唑二羟胺盐(HATO),收率为94.1%。利用激光监测技术,采用动态法测定了20~60℃下,HATO、Li2DHBT、Na2DHBT和K2DHBT在水中的溶解度,利用理想溶液模型和Apelblat方程对实验数据进行了关联。结果表明,四种盐在水中的溶解度均随温度的升高而增加。理想溶液模型、Apelblat方程的拟合值与实验值的平均相对误差在3.5%以内,但Apelblat方程对实验数据的关联结果较优。溶解热力学计算结果表明,HATO、Li2DHBT、Na2DHBT、K2DHBT的溶解焓分别为27.991,27.632,31.125,17.991kJ·mol-1,溶解熵分别为23.431,36.807,41.251,3.139J·mol-1·K-1。     

3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱在乙醇-水二元体系中溶解度的测定与关联（英文）

利用激光监视系统测定了3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)在乙醇-水中不同温度下的溶解度,并用van′t Hoff方程、修正的Apelblat方程、R-K方程和Jouyban-Acree方程对所测的溶解度数据进行拟合。四种方程的相关系数均大于0.99,且均方根偏差都接近于0,说明所选四种方程都能很好地拟合实验数据。根据所测溶解度数据,计算了DNTF在乙醇-水体系中的溶解熵,溶解焓和溶解的吉布斯自由能,表明DNTF在乙醇-水二元体系中溶解是一个吸热、非自发过程。     

黑索今在乙酸乙酯‐水二元混合溶剂中的溶解特性的模拟（英）

为了研究黑索今（RDX）在乙酸乙酯?水二元体系中的溶解特性,测定了RDX在298.15~338.15K温度下的溶解度。分别采用Apelblat方程、CNIBS/R?K模型及Jouyban?Acree方程对实验数据进行拟合。算出了标准溶解焓、标准溶解熵及吉布斯自由能。为了研究溶解机理,采用分子动力学模拟方法计算了RDX在二元混合溶剂中的溶度参数。结果表明,RDX的溶解度随着温度和水含量的升高而增大。经验方程拟合值与实验值基本保持一致。实验所得的溶解度数据,模型参数、热力学性质、溶度参数都为 RDX和HMX的回收过程提供了基础数据和模型。     

黑索今在乙酸乙酯‐水二元混合溶剂中的溶解特性的模拟（英文）

为了研究黑索今(RDX)在乙酸乙酯?水二元体系中的溶解特性,测定了RDX在298.15～338.15 K温度下的溶解度。分别采用Apelblat方程、CNIBS/R?K模型及Jouyban?Acree方程对实验数据进行拟合。算出了标准溶解焓、标准溶解熵及吉布斯自由能。为了研究溶解机理,采用分子动力学模拟方法计算了RDX在二元混合溶剂中的溶度参数。结果表明,RDX的溶解度随着温度和水含量的升高而增大。经验方程拟合值与实验值基本保持一致。实验所得的溶解度数据,模型参数、热力学性质、溶度参数都为RDX和HMX的回收过程提供了基础数据和模型。     

3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱结晶工艺

利用动态激光法测定了3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)在V(乙酸)∶V(水)=7∶3的混合溶剂中的溶解度及超溶解度,并用Apelblat方程对溶解度数据进行拟合。通过正交试验考察影响结晶产品的四个主要因素(起始温度、搅拌速率、降温速率和晶种量),并得到最优结晶工艺条件为:起始温度85℃,搅拌速率400 r·min~(-1),降温速率0.25℃·min~(-1),晶种量应为所加DNTF固体质量的5%。最优结晶工艺条件下结晶产品收率可达91.7%,纯度高达99.72%,晶体密度为1.876 g·cm~(-3),用2 kg落锤测得特性落高H50为36.38 cm,用电子显微镜观察晶体的形貌规则且统一,用XRD粉末衍射仪对产品进行表征,结果显示结晶产品没有转晶,用百特激光粒度仪对产品粒度分布进行表征,结果显示产品粒度分布较窄且粒度均一。     

3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱在乙醇-水二元体系中溶解度的测定与关联（英）

利用激光监视系统测定了3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)在乙醇-水中不同温度下的溶解度,并用van't Hoff方程、修正的Apelblat方程、R-K方程和Jouyban-Acree方程对所测的溶解度数据进行拟合.四种方程的相关系数均大于0.99,且均方根偏差都接近于0,说明所选四种方程都能很好地拟合实验数据.根据所测溶解度数据,计算了DNTF在乙醇-水体系中的溶解熵,溶解焓和溶解的吉布斯自由能,表明DNTF在乙醇-水二元体系中溶解是一个吸热、非自发过程.     

ADN的溶解度、结晶介稳区及诱导期的测定

溶解度、介稳区宽度及诱导期是二硝酰胺铵(ADN)结晶过程中的重要参数。采用动态法测定了ADN在正丁醇、异丙醇、水和异丙醇混合溶剂(体积比为1∶10和1∶6)中的溶解度,并分别采用Apelblat方程和λh方程对溶解度数据进行了拟合。研究了搅拌速度、降温速率对ADN在正丁醇、异丙醇中介稳区宽度以及不同过饱和度对诱导期的影响。结果显示,Apelblat方程和λh方程都能对ADN溶解度很好地拟合;结晶介稳区的宽度随降温速率的降低、搅拌速度的增加而变窄;随着过饱和度的增大,结晶诱导期变短。应用自洽Nyvlt型方程和3D成核理论,结合实验介稳区宽度与诱导期数据,计算的成核级数m约为4,ADN在正丁醇和异丙醇中的固-液界面张力分别为0.235,0.191 mJ·m~(-2)(均相成核),0.070,0.067 mJ·m~(-2)(非均相成核)。     

FOX-7在DMSO-EAC混合体系中的结晶热力学

为了研究1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)在二甲基亚砜-乙酸乙酯(DMSO-EAC)混合溶剂中的结晶行为,促进FOX-7球形化晶体制备工艺研究,利用激光动态法测定了298.15～333.15 K温度范围内FOX-7在不同体积比DMSO-EAC混合溶剂中的溶解度,建立了溶解度方程,估算了结晶热力学参数,并在DMSO-EAC混合溶剂中进行了降温结晶实验。结果表明,FOX-7在该混合体系溶剂中的溶解度随温度和DMSO含量的增加而增加;所有模型拟合结果良好,其中CNIBS/R-K模型的关联结果最优;在VDMSO∶VEAC=1∶3体系中降温结晶所得晶体形貌规则、呈椭球状且粒度均匀。     

TATB在不同溶剂中的溶解特性研究进展

1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯（TATB）具有良好的爆轰能量和极佳的安全性能,是当前唯一满足钝感高能炸药标准（IHE）的单质炸药。然而,由于TATB分子内外具有强的氢键作用,导致其难溶于常规溶剂。而提升TATB的溶解度是对其进行产品精制、品质控制和形貌调控的重要前提,也是降低其产品制造成本,减少环境污染的重要途径。因此,提升TATB的溶解度是其工程化应用的重要基础。针对TATB在不同溶剂中的溶解特性研究进展进行综述,溶剂类型包括常规溶剂（如二甲基亚砜）、强酸和强碱（如浓硫酸,氢氧化钠溶液）,以及离子液体（如1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐）等,分析了当前溶剂体系在溶解TATB存在的优势与不足,并就未来的溶解溶剂与溶解方法进行了展望,例如发展新型组合溶剂提高溶解度,采用计算化学方法研究溶解机理。     

RDX溶液固液平衡数据测定及模型研究

采用激光动态跟踪技术分别测定RDX在环己酮、二甲亚砜、γ-丁内酯、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液中的固液平衡数据,并采用λh方程、NRTL方程、Apelblat方程对实验数据进行关联,结果表明Apelblat模型关联度最高,模拟相对误差在0.1%～2.18%之间。最后,针对特定体系的溶解度曲线,进行多项式筛选及参数拟合,模拟相对误差在1%以内。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.