旺长期遮光及光照转换对不同肥料条件下烟草叶片光合特性的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了旺长期遮光及光照转换对不同肥料条件下烟草叶片光合速率(Pn)与荧光特性的影响。结果表明,遮光促进两种肥料条件下烟草叶片叶绿素(Chl)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量的积累,却降低它们的Pn。其中施无机肥的烟草叶片Chl含量增加较多,而50%无机肥+50%饼肥配施烟草叶片的Car增幅显著,从而,施无机肥烟草叶片Chl/Car上升,而无机肥+饼肥配施烟草叶片Chl/Car却下降。无论从自然光转至遮荫条件下还是从遮荫条件转至自然光下,两种肥料条件下生长的烟草叶片的Pn、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)及光化学猝灭系数(qP)均急剧下降,但与施无机肥相比,无机肥+饼肥配施烟草叶片保持较高的Pn、ΦPSⅡ、Fv/Fm、及qP,可能是饼肥促进了栽培条件下烟草植株的光生态适应性。     

遮荫处理对臭柏幼苗光合特性的影响

为了探明臭柏幼苗在不同遮荫处理下的光合特性和色素含量,通过盆栽实验,测定了0%、25%、50%、75%和90%四个遮荫处理下臭柏光合特性日变化和色素含量。结果表明:(1)随着遮荫率增加,臭柏净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)及蒸腾速率(Tr)随之减小,而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随之增大,非气孔制限因素是臭柏光合速率下降的主要原因,且90%遮荫会影响臭柏幼苗的正常生长;(2)叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)和叶绿素总量(Chl a+b)均随着遮荫率增加而增大,Chl a/b则随着遮荫率的增大而呈下降趋势;(3)几乎所有遮荫处理组Gs均与Tr表现出不同程度的相关性,而Gs与Pn的相关性较差;所有遮荫处理组水分利用效率(WUE)与Pn均呈极显著相关,而与Tr相关性不显著,说明臭柏是通过较高的光合速率来实现高的水分利用效率以适应不同的光照条件。同时WUE和Ci也表现出不同程度的相关性。     

遮荫对异株荨麻光合特性和荧光参数的影响

系统研究了全光照和不同程度的遮荫(43%,58%,73%,87%,97%)对异株荨麻光合特性和荧光参数的影响。结果表明,异株荨麻的光补偿点和光饱和点均较低,且随着遮荫程度的提高,其值以及暗呼吸速率均依次降低。净光合速率日变化曲线呈单峰型,光合速率高峰值和日平均光合速率均随着遮荫程度的提高而明显下降。蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化与光合速率的日变化趋势一致,遮荫对蒸腾作用和气孔导度均有显著的影响,随着遮荫程度的提高,蒸腾速率和气孔导度均显著下降。在各光照条件下,蒸腾速率与气孔导度呈显著正相关。蒸腾速率和气孔导度与光合速率的相关性随遮荫条件的不同而异,全光照条件下蒸腾速率与光合速率呈显著正相关,而所有遮荫条件下相关性不显著。气孔导度与光合速率在所有光照下相关性均不显著。各遮荫条件下叶片总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量均显著高于全光照的,且随遮荫程度的提高叶绿素含量呈上升趋势,而叶绿素a/b的值则随着遮荫程度的提高而下降。叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ内禀光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和潜在活性(Fv/Fo)日变化呈单谷曲线。各遮荫条件下Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo值均高于全光照的,且随着遮荫程度的提高其值均依次增加。这说明,异株荨麻是一种耐荫性很强的植物,遮荫可使其降低光补偿点、光饱和点、净光合速率、暗呼吸速率以及叶绿素a/b,但增加总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量、光能利用率以及PSⅡ原初光能转化效率和潜在活性,以增强在弱光条件下的生长发育能力。     

遮荫对连翘光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

本文系统研究了不同程度的遮荫(0%、43%、70%、97%)处理对连翘叶片光合特性和叶绿素a荧光参数的影响。结果表明：随着遮荫程度增加,最大净光合速率、光补偿点、光饱和点、暗呼吸速率降低;净光合速率日变化均呈单峰型,峰值和光能利用率增加;叶绿素a b、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量增加,叶绿素a/b降低;叶绿素a荧光参数Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo日变化呈单谷曲线,值均高于全光照的,且随着遮荫程度的提高其值均依次增加。这说明,连翘是一种耐荫性很强的植物,遮荫可使其降低光补偿点、光饱和点、净光合速率、暗呼吸速率以及叶绿素a/b,增加总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量、光能利用率以及PSⅡ原初光能转化效率和潜在活性,从而增强其在弱光条件下的生长发育能力。     

光照强度对濒危植物毛瓣金花茶光合生理特性的影响

以盆栽3年生毛瓣金花茶实生苗为材料,采用人工遮荫方法研究不同光照强度(10％、25％、50％和100％自然光强)对其光合生理特性的影响,为其迁地保护和种群恢复提供科学依据.结果显示:(1)随着光照强度的升高,毛瓣金花茶叶片最大净光合速率(Pmmax)、表观量子效率(AQY)和光饱和点(LSP)降低,光补偿点(LCP)升高,其中P…和AQY在10％和25％光强下显著高于50％和100％光强处理.(2)叶片叶绿素总量(Chl)、叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量均随光强的升高而降低,Car/Chl含量随光强的升高而升高.(3)叶绿素荧光参数FmFv、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0均随光强的升高而降低,其中Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm在100％光强下显著低于其他3个遮荫处理,3个遮荫处理间则无显著差异.(4)叶片丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量均随光强的升高而升高,在100％光强下,MDA和Pro含量显著高于其他3个遮荫处理,50％光强下的MDA含量显著高于10％和25％光强处理.(5)在25％光强下,毛瓣金花茶未发生明显光抑制,在50％光强下,其光抑制主要是由PSⅡ的可逆失活引起的,光合机构未遭到明显破坏,在100％光强下,其PSⅡ反应中心受到严重伤害,发生了光氧化.研究表明,毛瓣金花茶虽为阴生植物,却能忍受一定程度的强光(50％光强),在种群恢复过程中,可适当间伐上层乔木,增加林下透光率,提高毛瓣金花茶种群的开花结实率,促进其自然更新,在迁地保护时可选择相对开敞的遮荫环境.     

干旱胁迫对金花茶幼苗光合生理特性的影响

以金花茶一年生实生苗为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,研究不同水分处理(CK、T1、T2、T3,土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的85%~90%、65%~70%、50%~55%、35%~40%)对金花茶幼苗光合生理指标的影响。结果显示:(1)在重度干旱胁迫(T3处理)下,金花茶植株都因干旱而死亡,表明金花茶幼苗对干旱胁迫的耐受极限为田间持水量的50%~55%(土壤含水量为15.04%~16.54%)。(2)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,金花茶幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔限制值(Ls)和PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)均显著降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和水分利用效率(WUE)无显著变化,干旱胁迫下金花茶光合速率降低的主要原因是由非气孔因素所致。(3)与CK相比,T1处理下叶片初始荧光(F0)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和丙二醛(MDA)含量均无显著变化,而T2处理下F0、MDA含量显著升高,Fm、Fv/Fm显著降低;T1处理下金花茶的PSⅡ反应中心还未受到伤害,而T2处理下其光合机构发生了不可逆的破坏。(4)叶片叶绿素总量(Chl)、叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量、Chl a/Chl b、Car/Chl、叶片相对含水量(RWC)均随干旱胁迫的增强而降低,脯氨酸(Pro)含量随干旱胁迫的加剧呈现出先升高后降低的趋势。研究表明,金花茶对干旱胁迫极为敏感,水分稍有亏缺,便会明显抑制其光合作用;金花茶不耐干旱的生理特性可能是限制其种群扩散的一个重要原因。     

披针叶茴香叶绿素荧光参数对不同光环境的响应

以天目山披针叶茴香(Illicium lanceolatum)4年生栽培幼苗为对象,经不同光环境(自然全光照,50%光照和20%光照)处理后,采用雅欣理1611植物效率仪测试,并进行光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学分析(JIP-test),以探讨其光适应机制,为高莽草酸含量植株高效栽培技术提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)随着遮光程度增加,披针叶茴香叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)和总叶绿素含量(Chl(a+b))呈上升趋势,均与全光照存在显著差异;Chl a/Chl b值分别降低了22.92%和31.56%,均与全光照差异极显著。(2)随遮光程度增强,PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)降低,50%和20%光照处理的Fv/Fm值分别比全光照下降了1.34%和2.79%,且20%光照处理与全光照差异显著。(3)随遮光程度增强,50%光照和20%光照处理叶片单位面积光合机构含有的反应中心数目(RC/CSo)分别比全光照减少了2.94%和13.63%,单位反应中心以热能形式耗散的能量(DIo/RC)分别增加了2.2%和62.9%。研究表明,50%光照处理下披针叶茴香叶片用于光合电子传递的能量占吸收光能的比例变化不显著,而在20%光照处理则显著降低,即50%遮光环境有利于披针叶茴香提高光能利用效率,促进其生长和增加生物量积累。     

水分胁迫对牛心朴子叶片光合色素及叶绿素荧光的影响

研究了水分胁迫对牛心朴子叶片光合色素及叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响。结果表明,在长期的水分胁迫中,牛心朴子叶片的叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量没有下降或下降不明显。直到处理末期才显著下降;叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fo、Fm、Fv、Fv／Fm变化不大,在处理末期各处理Fo降低,轻度、重度水分胁迫的Fm、Fv、Fv／Fm升高。说明K期水分胁迫后牛心朴子的光合功能受到影响,但牛心朴子仍表现出较强的适应干旱的能力。     

外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下枸杞光合功能的改善

研究了外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下枸杞扦插苗叶片光合功能的影响。结果表明,外源甜菜碱能使盐胁迫下的枸杞叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fo、Fm、Fv、Fv／Fm、Fm／Fo和Fv／Fo增高,使光合色素叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量明显增加,叶绿素a与b的比值(Chla／Chlb)升高,类胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比值(Car／Chl)降低,说明外源甜菜碱有利于植物对光能的捕获、吸收、传递和转换,提高叶片的光合活性,降低盐胁迫对植物的抑制作用。     

叶面喷施亚精胺对盐碱胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及其叶绿素合成前体含量的影响

以盐碱敏感型番茄品种‘中杂9号’幼苗为试验材料,研究叶面喷施0.25mmol·L-1亚精胺(Spd)对75mmol·L-1盐碱溶液胁迫下番茄幼苗生长、净光合速率及叶绿素合成前体物质含量的影响,探讨Spd在缓解番茄盐碱胁迫伤害的生理机制。结果显示:(1)盐碱胁迫下番茄叶片叶绿素合成前体物质原卟啉Ⅸ(ProtoⅨ)、镁-原卟啉Ⅸ(Mg-protoⅨ)、原叶绿素酸(Pchl)含量均显著降低,而δ-氨基酮戊酸(ALA)、胆色素原(PBG)、尿卟啉原Ⅲ(UroⅢ)显著积累,UroⅢ到ProtoⅨ的转化受阻,引起叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)和总叶绿素(Chl)含量显著降低,以及幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、叶面积、叶片相对含水量、地上和地下部干鲜重的生长指标均显著降低。(2)盐碱胁迫下,叶面喷施Spd可显著促进番茄幼苗的生长,抑制叶片内ALA、PBG、UroⅢ的积累,并提高ProtoⅨ、Mg-protoⅨ、Pchl、Chl a、Chl b、Chl含量和相应Pn值。研究表明,盐碱胁迫显著抑制番茄幼苗的生长,叶面喷施Spd可通过缓解UroⅢ到ProtoⅨ的转化受阻程度,促进盐碱胁迫下番茄叶片的叶绿素合成,提高叶绿素含量和净光合速率,减轻盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长的伤害。     

竹柏2种颜色叶片的光合特性研究

为了解竹柏(Podocarpus nagi)的光合特性,以3 a生全绿叶和花叶竹柏为材料,测定其光合色素含量和气体交换参数。结果表明,全绿叶竹柏叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、叶绿素a+b、叶绿素a/b和叶绿素a+b/类胡萝卜素均显著高于花叶竹柏;全绿叶竹柏叶片的初始量子效率、最大光合速率和暗呼吸速率均显著高于花叶,而光饱和点和光补偿点均显著低于花叶;全绿叶竹柏叶片的初始羧化效率、光合速率、CO2饱和点和光呼吸速率均高于花叶,而CO2补偿点低于花叶。2种颜色叶片的气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均随着光合有效辐射的增大而增大,且均表现为全绿叶花叶,而胞间CO2浓度则相反,表现为花叶全绿叶。因此,全绿叶竹柏利用弱光的能力强于花叶竹柏,而花叶竹柏利用强光的能力更强,在园林绿化配置中,可根据2种颜色叶片的光合特性合理配置。     

Growth,fluorescence, photosynthetic O<Subscript>2</Subscript> production and pigment content of salt adapted cultures of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arthrospira</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Spirulina</Emphasis>) <Emphasis Type="Italic">platensis</Emphasis>

The effect of salt concentration (NaCl) on growth, fluorescence, photosynthetic activities and pigment content of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis has been investigated over 15 days. It has been observed that high NaCl concentration induces an increase of the growth, photosynthetic efficiency (α), phycobilin/chlorophyll ratio and a slight decrease of dark respiration and compensation points. Moreover, high NaCl concentration enhances photosystem II (PSII) activity compared to photosystem I (PSI). Results show that the phycobilin-PSII energy transfer compared to the chlorophyll-PSII (F_695,600/F_695,440) increases. However, data obtained about the maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry are controversial. Indeed, the Fv/Fm ratio decreases in salt adapted cultures, while at the same time the trapping flux per PSII reaction center (TR₀/RC) and the probability of electron transport beyond Q_A (₀) remain unchanged at the level of the donor and the acceptor sites of PSII. This effect can be attributed to the interference of phycobilin fluorescence with Chl a when performing polyphasic transient measurements.     

Photosynthetic metabolism in the cyanophytaOscillatoria rubescens D.C.

Short term¹⁴C labelling experiments and enzymatic activities related to primary pathways of photosynthesis have been studied in the cyanophytaOscillatoria rubescens D.C. from axenic cyclostat cultures. Responses of samples from cultures with different amounts of nitrogen are presented and compared. Variations in photosynthetic pigments are used to quantify the degree of nitrogen starvation at different levels.PEPcarboxylase activity remains low and is not affected by nitrogen starvation. RuBPcarboxylase activity is lowered to nearly two thirds of its normal metabolic rate by starvation but PEPcarboxykinase and aspartate aminotransferase activities are significantly higher in this case. Malate dehydrogenase is slightly altered and malic enzyme is never active. Starved algae replaced in fresh complete media fix rapidly¹⁴C in nitrogen compounds such as amino acids. Results are discussed in regard to both physiological and ecological characteristics ofO. rubescens. PEPcarboxykinase can play a role in making efficient use of HCO ₃ ^- .Abbreviations AAT aspartate aminotransferase - APC allophycocyanin - ASM 1 algal synthetic medium, 1st modification - DW dry weight - GAPDH glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase - MDH malate dehydrogenase - PC phycocyanin - PE phycoerythrin - PEP phophoenolpyruvate - PEPC phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase - PEPCK phophoenolpyruvate carboxykinase - PGA 3-phosphoglyceric acid - RuBPC ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase     

太空诱变对金钗石斛光合特性和生长的影响

为了解太空诱变对金钗石斛(Dendrobium nobile)生长发育的影响,对太空诱变和野生金钗石斛的叶片结构、光合特性和生长指标进行了比较研究。结果表明,太空诱变后的金钗石斛叶片较厚,叶气孔密度大、气孔器长轴和短轴长度均变长。两种金钗石斛的光合速率日变化趋势相似,均为双峰型曲线,但太空诱变的净光合速率低于野生的。太空诱变和野生金钗石斛最大净光合速率分别为4.6和6.8μmol m~(–2)s~(–1),光补偿点分别为18.3和12.6μmol m~(–2)s~(–1),光饱和点分别为1180和720μmol m~(–2)s~(–1)。太空诱变和野生金钗石斛的CO_2补偿点分别为100和102μmol mol(–1),CO_2饱和点分别为2215和2090μmol mol(–1)。太空诱变的金钗石斛单茎鲜重和干重均低于野生种,但由于其分蘖数增加,每盆的总生物量反而增加;太空诱变的金钗石斛生物碱和石斛多糖含量显著高于野生种。因此,太空诱变为金钗石斛育种和品质改良提供了新途径。     

Isolation of mutants of the cyanobacterium,Anabaena variabilis,impaired in photoautotrophy

Mutants ofAnabaena variabilis Kütz. that have a decreased ability to grow photoautotrophically have been isolated by a modification of the techniques used to isolate auxotrophic mutants of that filamentous cyanobacterium, and have been stably propagated. Three mutants have a reduced content of phycocyanin and, as determined by in situ assays of partial reaction sequences of photosynthesis, an impairment in photosystem II. Three other strains, all of which appear to have a normal complement of carotenoids when grown heterotrophically, are sensitive to light.Abbreviations Used TES N-tris(hydroxymethyl)-methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, sodium salt - HEPES N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid, sodium salt - MV methylviologen - DBMIB 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone - DAB 3,3-diaminobenzidine - P-BQ p-benzoquinone - DCMU 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea - Fecy K-ferricyanide - NTG N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine     

Growth characteristics of Rhodopseudomonas palustris cultured outdoors, in an underwater tubular photobioreactor, and investigation on photosynthetic efficiency

The underwater tubular photobioreactor is a fully controlled outdoor system to study photosynthetic bacteria. Before growing bacteria cells outdoors, two modified van Niel medium (vN-A, vN-B) were tested under artificial light. During exponential growth, the specific growth rates were 0.0416 and 0.0434 h⁻¹, respectively; vN-B was chosen for outdoor experiments. The growth behavior of Rhodopseudomonas palustris was investigated under a natural light–dark cycle (sunrise–sunset, 15L/9D) and a forced light–dark cycle (9:00–19:00, 10L/14D). Relationships between solar radiations, daily growth rates, and biomass output rates were also investigated. After determining the elemental biomass molar composition and its combustion heat, some trends of photosynthetic efficiency (PE) were obtained over daylight. The PE trends were always of the oscillatory type, with the exception of that achieved at low biomass concentration. Under a natural light/dark cycle, the maximum PE (11.2%) was attained at sunset, while under a forced light/dark cycle, the highest PE (8.5%) was achieved in the morning. Three initial biomass concentrations were investigated (0.65, 1.01, and 1.54 g l⁻¹). The stoichiometric equation for bacteria cells indicated that 87.7% of the carbon of acetic acid was converted to biomass and only 12.3% was lost as CO₂.     

遮荫处理对梅叶冬青叶片形态、光合特性和生长的影响

为了解遮荫环境对梅叶冬青(Ilex asprella)生长和光合特性的影响,采用遮荫网的方法模拟85%、56%和全光照等3种光照环境,研究了遮荫对其生长、光合参数以及生物量等的影响。结果表明,经一年遮荫处理后,梅叶冬青的叶绿素a、b和叶绿素总量都随着遮荫强度的增加而显著增高,胡萝卜素含量则显著降低。与对照相比,56%遮荫处理显著提高梅叶冬青的最大净光合速率和光饱和点,分别提高了17.6%和25.2%,但是85%遮阴处理则显著降低最大净光合速率和光饱和点,分别降低了18.2%和24.1%,两种遮荫处理均显著降低了光补偿点。叶长、叶宽、比叶面积、单片叶面积和叶片含水量均随着遮荫强度的增加而显著增加,而叶片厚度则显著减小。遮荫处理明显抑制整株生物量增长,减小根冠比,但是株高、冠幅和径向生长随遮荫处理时间不同而有所变异。因此,梅叶冬青有耐荫偏阳的特性,在林下种植时需及时调控乔冠层的透光率,一般应大于44%。     

遮荫对高山羊齿光合生理特性的影响

为揭示高山羊齿(Davallia mariesii)的光响应机制,对5种不同遮荫处理的盆栽高山羊齿的生长状态、光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数进行测定。结果表明,随着遮荫水平的增加,高山羊齿叶形不断变大、叶色不断加深。在70%遮荫下,高山羊齿生长势好,叶片硬脆有光泽,且产孢率低,孢子成熟延迟。叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素a+b随遮荫水平的提高而增加,但在90%遮荫时下降;而叶绿素a/b、光饱和点、光补偿点和暗呼吸速率的变化则与之相反,且遮荫程度较深与无遮荫间的光饱和点有极显著差异。在5种遮荫处理下,70%时叶绿素荧光参数Fm、φPo、ψO、φEo、TRO/RC、ABS/RC、ETO/RC都达到最大。因此,70%遮荫的光抑制最小,光能利用率最大,光合能力最强,最有利于高山羊齿的生长。     

The regreening of nitrogen-deficientChlorella fusca

The wildtype strain 211-15 of the green algaChlorella fusca appears orange after long incubation in nitrogen-sparse media. The cells regreen within 24 h when incubated in a nitrogen-rich medium in the light. During the regreening process the very low chlorophyll a: b ratio of 1.8 is increased to 3.3 indicating a preferential synthesis of chlorophyll a. Respiratory activity of the cells is high throughout the regreening period. Photosynthetic oxygen evolution occurs 4–6 h after the commencement of regreening. When regreening is completed under the defined conditions synchronized cell division occurs.