粉煤灰对砂浆流变性和强度的影响研究

本文通过正交试验研究水胶比、砂胶比和粉煤灰掺量对砂浆流变性和抗压强度的影响。实验结果表明:水胶比和砂胶比是影响砂浆流动性的主要因素;通过正交试验得出水胶比为0.55、砂胶比为2.65、粉煤灰掺量为25%,流动性和保水性均符合砂浆使用要求,砂浆抗压强度明显高于其他组砂浆抗压强度。     

基于正交试验的粉煤灰石膏基自流平砂浆性能研究

为了解决水泥基自流平砂浆因干燥收缩而产生起砂和裂纹等现象,以盐石膏和粉煤灰作自流平砂浆基材,通过正交试验研究水胶比、砂胶比、减水剂掺量、保水剂掺量以及粉煤灰取代率对石膏基自流平砂浆流动性、凝结时间和表面硬度的影响,对这些指标进行极差分析,得到最佳配合比,测试了粉煤灰石膏基自流平砂浆的性能.结果表明:减水剂掺量和水胶比是影响粉煤灰自流平砂浆流动性的主要因素,水胶比对凝结时间和表面硬度影响最大.通过正交试验得出水胶比为0.28,砂胶比为0.52,减水剂掺量为0.4％,保水剂掺量为0.15％,粉煤灰取代率为30％,其性能指标均超过了JC/T1023-2007《石膏基自流平砂浆》标准要求.     

原料组成结构对MAPC砂浆性能的影响

通过测试MAPC砂浆的流动性和强度、观察MAPC硬化体的截面形貌,研究了胶砂比、碱酸比和水胶比对MAPC砂浆物理力学性能的影响.结果如下:MAPC砂浆的胶砂比对其物理力学性能有明显影响.在一定范围内,胶砂比的降低会大幅降低MAPC浆体的流动度;胶砂比取1/2.25时,MAPC砂浆的强度最高.MAPC砂浆的碱酸比对其物理力学性能有一定的影响.在一定范围内,随着m(M)/m(P)值的增大,流动度会轻微降低.m(M)/m(P)值取为2.00时,MAPC砂浆试件的抗压抗折强度最高.水胶比对MAPC砂浆试件的物理力学性能有明显影响.在一定范围内,水胶比的不断增大可以大幅增大MAPC砂浆的流动度,但是超过一定范围后,会出现明显的泌水现象,使其几乎丧失流动度;水胶比对MAPC砂浆硬化体的抗折强度的影响与普通硅酸盐一致,水胶比越大,其强度越低.     

基于冲填砂浆结石技术的混合砂浆性能正交性试验研究

为了研究水胶比、粉煤灰掺量和沙漠砂取代率对冲填砂浆结石技术的混合砂浆性能的影响,采用粉煤灰部分取代胶凝材料,沙漠砂代替中砂,拌制砂浆,并进行正交性试验.通过层次分析和综合平衡分析得到各因素、各水平的影响权重和最佳配比方案.结果表明:沙漠砂取代率和粉煤灰掺量是影响砂浆稠度的主要因素,粉煤灰掺量是影响分层度和28 d抗压强度的主要因素,而影响90 d抗压强度主要因素的是水胶比.对于一般工程项目,由各因素、各水平的权重之和得到的最优试验组合为:水胶比为0.975,粉煤灰掺量为20％,沙漠砂取代率为20％.最优配比均能满足砂浆强度M10砂浆的配制要求,且经济合理.     

高韧性水泥基复合材料抗压强度正交试验研究

利用正交试验设计原理,对9组不同配合比的高韧性水泥基复合材料进行了抗压试验,研究了粉煤灰掺量、水胶比、砂胶比和减水剂掺量这四种因素对高韧性水泥基复合材料抗压强度的影响,并定量分析了各个因素影响的显著性.试验结果表明:各因素对抗压强度影响的主次顺序为水胶比＞粉煤灰掺量＞减水剂掺量＞砂胶比,其中水胶比对强度的影响远大于其他因素,而砂胶比的影响并不明显;抗压强度随水胶比的增大而减小,随砂胶比的增大而缓慢增加;当粉煤灰掺量或减水剂掺量增大时,抗压强度先增大后减小,粉煤灰和减水剂存在最佳掺量.     

偏高岭土和粉煤灰对碱-矿渣复合胶凝材料的凝结时间及早期力学性能的影响

研究了水胶比为0.4,水玻璃模数为1.4及Na2O含量为10％(质量分数)时,单掺偏高岭土与复掺偏高岭土和粉煤灰对碱-矿渣复合胶凝材料的凝结时间和早期力学性能的影响.结果 表明,两种复合方式对碱-矿渣复合胶凝材料均有缓凝作用,但复掺时的缓凝效果更明显.单掺时,碱-矿渣复合胶凝材料的早期抗折、抗压强度和折压比基本不随偏高岭土掺量的变化而变化,但其28 d粘接强度随偏高岭土掺量的增加而增大.复掺时,碱-矿渣复合胶凝材料早期抗压强度随粉煤灰掺量的增加而减小;与单掺时相比,该复合胶凝材料72 h抗折强度和折压比分别提高了40％和64％.除此之外,复掺时该复合胶凝材料28 d粘接强度比单掺时提高了45％,但粉煤灰掺量的影响较小.     

高强机制砂混凝土工作性及力学性能的试验研究

通过偏高岭土和硅灰分别与粉煤灰双掺,使用机制砂混凝土调节剂,在机制砂级配不良,胶材用量仅为500 kg/m3,水胶比高达0.33的情况下配制出C80高强机制砂混凝土,并研究了调节剂、细集料类型、偏高岭土掺量、硅灰掺量对机制砂混凝土工作性及力学性能的影响.试验结果表明,适量调节剂可改善机制砂混凝土的工作性,并提高其抗压强度;机制砂对混凝土的工作性有不利影响,但对其劈裂抗拉强度和抗折强度均有所提高;偏高岭土和硅灰对机制砂混凝土的工作性及力学性能影响显著,随着其掺量的增加,机制砂混凝土的包裹性、和易性提高,而坍落度、扩展度、流动性减小,抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度和抗折强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势.     

湿拌砂浆的工作性能影响因素正交试验研究

本文通过正交试验研究了砂的细度模数、胶砂比、重钙粉掺量对砂浆稠度、28 d抗压强度、14 d拉伸粘结强度、保水率的影响。根据极差分析得出影响各性能的最佳因素水平，并综合砂浆性能、成本，获得最优组合为BbAbCa，即胶砂比为1∶4，细度模数2.6的砂，重钙粉掺量为20%。试验还得出，在水胶比不变的情况下，胶砂比极大地影响了砂浆的稠度，胶砂比越低稠度越小；重钙粉掺量主要影响砂浆强度，因其在胶凝体系中主要起填充作用。保水率和14 d拉伸粘结强度具有较强的相关性，表现为保水率越大，14 d拉伸粘结强度越大。     

超高性能混凝土的制备

采用超低水胶比和高强度水泥常温养护制备超高性能混凝土,以水胶比、钢纤维的体积掺量为变化参数分析了其对超高性能混凝土抗压强度、抗折强度及拉伸性能的影响.研究结果表明:在最大密实度的情况下,混凝土的抗压强度随水胶比的增大而降低.本文钢纤维体积掺量2％,水胶比在0.12～0.22范围内,28d抗压强度随水胶比的增大先升高后降低,水胶比为0.18时,UHPC的抗压强度最大,达152.8 MPa;钢纤维体积掺量在1.7％ ～2.9％时,随掺量的增加,抗压强度、抗折强度均呈增大的趋势,在2.9％ ～3.5％时,抗压强度和抗折强度有下降的趋势,体积掺量为2.9％时,28 d抗压强度和抗折强度达到最大值,分别为153.5 MPa和37.1 MPa.综合经济性、施工性能、力学性能来看,2％为钢纤维最佳体积掺量.在最佳掺量下,拉伸应力达到峰值8.94 MPa时,拉伸应变达0.012％.     

高掺量聚丙烯纤维自密实混凝土制备及其性能研究

为了有效提高高掺量聚丙烯纤维自密实混凝土的工作性能,将调整水胶比和砂率进行配制聚丙烯纤维体积掺量为0.5％的自密实混凝土并对其材料性能进行试验研究.研究表明:高掺量聚丙烯纤维的掺入对自密实混凝土的流动性有较大影响,适当调整水胶比和砂率可配制满足工作性能要求的高掺量聚丙烯纤维自密实混凝土;水胶比的增大提高了高掺量聚丙烯纤维自密实混凝土的扩展度,同时也提高了其离析的风险,降低了其抗压强度;砂率的增大对高掺量聚丙烯纤维自密实混凝土的抗压强度基本没有影响,但可提高其拌合物的粘聚性.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.