有机硅改性热塑性酚醛树脂制备的研究

以苯酚和甲醛为原料。采用草酸作为催化剂,通过有机硅改性合成的热塑性酚醛树脂。讨论了催化剂草酸的含量、反应时间和有机硅的含量对改性酚醛树脂性能的影响。结果表明：当草酸含量为2．0,wt%,反应时间为2．5h,有机硅含量为3．0wt％时,合成改性酚醛树脂的固化时间、流动距离和挥发度等综合性能较好,合成的酚醛树脂可用作摩擦材料粘合剂。     

高性能改性酚醛树脂胶粘剂的研究

利用钼改性酚醛树脂，对改性后树脂的综合性能进行正交分析，确定最佳工艺条件为：以盐酸为催化剂，用量为苯酚质量的0．5％，反应温度为90℃，反应时间3．5h。并对钼酚醛树脂进行了TG分析，改性后树脂固化温度在160℃左右，热分解温度为531．8℃，600℃下的热失重率为17．5％，可知钼酚醛树脂的热分解温度和耐热性比普通酚醛树脂要高。     

耐高温钼改性酚醛树脂胶粘剂的制备及耐热性研究

钼改性酚醛树脂是在传统热固性酚醛树脂的合成中,加入钼改性剂。以正交实验确定钼改性剂和催化剂的用量,探讨了反应温度、反应时间、搅拌速度等工艺条件对钼改性酚醛树脂耐热性能的影响。结果表明,当n苯酚：n甲醛：n氢氧化钠：n钼改性剂=1：1.2：0.15：0.06,反应温度80℃．反应时间为60min,其热分解温度为544℃,在900℃下的残炭率高达72.34％,最佳固化温度为145℃。     

硼改性酚醛的化学结构表征

文章用硼对酚醛树脂进行改性,通过对改性酚醛树脂做单因素试验,得到最佳制备工艺。对改性酚醛树脂的红外谱图进行了研究,证明改性元素已添加进酚醛树脂中并以B-O键的形式存在。结果表明:未改性的酚醛树脂热分解温度在200℃左右;硼改性酚醛树脂热分解温度达到500℃,提高了酚醛树脂的热稳定性。     

腰果酚、三聚氰胺改性酚醛树脂的制备

以苯酚与甲醛作为原料,采用腰果酚、三聚氰胺对酚醛树脂进行改性,研究了腰果酚含量、三聚氰胺含量、催化剂加入方式以及干燥温度等对其性能的影响,得出改性酚醛树脂的适宜生产工艺条件:n(总酚量):n(醛)=1:0.91,n(苯酚):n(甲醛):n(腰果酚):n(三聚氰胺)=1:1:0.1067:0.0541,催化剂含量3.1%,反应时间约为2.5h,真空干燥温度为100℃。     

聚乙烯醇缩甲乙醛改性酚醛树脂的热稳定性研究

以苯酚、甲醛、聚乙烯醇缩甲乙醛为原料,合成了改性酚醛树脂,通过红外光谱表征了聚乙烯醇缩甲乙醛改性酚醛树脂的结构,并通过TGA分析了聚乙烯醇缩甲乙醛改性酚醛树脂的热性能。结果表明:聚乙烯醇缩甲乙醛改性的酚醛树脂初始热分解温度为271.8℃,796℃时失重76.43%,与聚乙烯醇缩丁醛改性的酚醛树脂相比,由于缩短了酚醛树脂的碳链,热稳定性增加。     

一种改性酚醛树脂浸渍炭材料固化性能研究

石墨材料经改性酚醛树脂浸渍固化后，机械强度显著提高，并具有普通酚醛树脂所不具备的耐碱性。改性酚醛树脂的最佳浸渍温度为40-60℃，最佳固化温度为160-180℃，最佳固化压力为0．6-1．5MPa。用此改性酚醛树脂作石墨材料浸渍剂，只需2次浸渍后即可达到不透性，较其他树脂减少1-2次浸固循环次数，而且不需要添加固化剂。     

酚醛树脂基耐磨复合材料的改性及性能

采用原位改性法合成腰果酚改性酚醛树脂,并与粒径不同的碳化硅(SiC)混合物复配制备了腰果酚改性酚醛树脂基耐磨复合材料。通过红外光谱证明成功合成了腰果酚改性酚醛树脂,且树脂符合磨具磨料用液体树脂的基本要求。扫描电镜SEM图及力学性能测试结果表明,与普通酚醛树脂相比,腰果酚改性酚醛树脂粘结Si C的能力更强,且偶联剂的加入能提高树脂与碳化硅之间的相容性。在腰果酚含量为15%时,固化剂含量为10%,偶联剂含量为2.5%时,改性酚醛树脂基复合材料的拉伸、弯曲等力学性均能达到最优。通过分析耐磨测试结果发现,二硫化钼的添加能有效降低复合材料的磨损率,提高腰果酚改性酚醛树脂基耐磨复合材料的耐磨性。     

本期特约专栏主持人——张斌教授：原位生成SiO2改性硼硅酚醛树脂的合成与性能研究

在合成酚醛树脂的过程中引入有机硅预聚物和硼酸,制得硼硅酚醛树脂,并在此基础上加入正硅酸乙酯,原位水解生成SiO2,进一步改性了硼硅酚醛树脂。分别考查了有机硅预聚物、硼酸和正硅酸乙酯加入量对改性酚醛树脂粘接强度的影响。通过IR考查了改性树脂的结构,硼氧键和硅氧键成功地引入到酚醛树脂中。还通过DSC和不同条件下粘接强度的测试考查了改性树脂的固化性能,确定了其固化工艺。空气气氛中的热重分析则表明改性酚醛树脂初始分解温度为475℃,1000℃残炭率为21％,耐热性明显优于普通酚醛树脂。     

木质素改性热塑性酚醛树脂中试装置的设计

根据木质素改性热塑性酚醛树脂产品生产工艺的要求,研制设计了一套年产1 kt木质素改性热塑性酚醛树脂中试装置,经过监测,本工艺配方和装置生产的木质素改性热塑性酚醛树脂软化点89~95℃、聚合速度78~95 s、流淌度72 mm,完全达到了模塑料用木质素酚醛树脂的要求,选择经过液化降解的木质素参与合成的热塑性酚醛树脂,具有良好的分子结构和固化性能。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.