射流场中单个气泡破裂的CFD模拟与PIV实验研究

气泡的破裂行为能够直接改变相界面积与流场分布,进而对于多相反应器中的传递与反应过程产生重要影响。由于在湍流与气泡破裂机理以及数值模拟方法上仍存在诸多不足,目前针对湍流环境中自由运动的气泡破裂过程研究仍非常欠缺。作者分别在二维与三维数值模拟条件下,利用VOF模型研究了单气泡在典型射流场中的运动、形变与破裂过程,并通过高速摄像与PIV方法同步开展了实验研究。该研究对气泡破裂过程特别是破裂前后的形态、周围流场以及与气泡间的相互作用进行了分析。结果表明,该流场条件下液相的剪切作用是气泡破裂的主要影响因素;由于二维模拟可以使用精度更高的网格,对于气泡形变与破裂过程中的界面变化模拟相对精确,而三维模拟对于流场整体结构的模拟更接近PIV实验结果,而在气泡的扭曲变形还原方面误差相对较大。该研究对于实际破裂过程具有较好的参考价值,有助于加深多相流体力学认识,为相关多相反应器的设计与优化提供理论支撑。     

漩流中间包物理和数值模拟

通过漩流中间包物理模型实验和数值模拟,考察了漩流室直径、高度和入口流量对漩流室内和整个中间包内流体流动的影响,得到了中间包的流动状态及浓度变化趋势和漩流室内旋转速度的分布规律,并对漩流中间包内夹杂物的运动进行了分析.结果表明,数值模拟结果和物理模拟实验结果一致.由于漩流室加入而产生的旋转运动速度与电磁离心中间包可比.研究结果可作为实际漩流中间包优化设计的基础依据.     

连铸中间包熔池流场流函数─—涡量法三维数值模拟

应用矢量流函数－涡量（φ－Ω）法，采用Ｋ－ε双方程湍流模型，对连铸中间包熔池流场进行了三维数值模拟．预测结果表明，在中间包内设置流动控制装置可以更好地控制其中的流动情况．流场预测与实测的流谱定性上基本一致，表明φ－Ω法在三维复杂湍流流场模拟方面是可行的     

不同管口浸没方式下气泡生成行为特性

对三种管口浸没方式下气泡生成行为过程进行可视化实验和三维数值模拟。对比分析了管口浸没方式、管口直径、气体流量等因素对气泡生成形态、气泡脱离直径、气泡膨胀脱离时间以及气液流场速度的影响。实验与数值模拟取得较为一致的结果。研究发现,气泡生成过程可分为单气泡生成和双气泡生成聚并两种模式,两者之间存在明显的气泡脱离形态转折点;三种管口浸没方式下,气泡脱离直径均随着管径和气体流量的增大而增大;气泡膨胀脱离时间随管径的增大而增加,而随气体流量的增加先急剧下降然后趋于平缓;在底吹和侧吹方式下,气泡长短轴比C值分别在0.75和1.1附近波动,其最终脱离形式均接近于球形;而顶吹方式下,C值在1.5附近波动,气泡脱离形态为椭球形。关键词:气液两相流;气泡;数值模拟;浸没方式;脱离直径     

不同管口浸没方式下气泡生成行为特性

对三种管口浸没方式下气泡生成行为过程进行可视化实验和三维数值模拟。对比分析了管口浸没方式、管口直径、气体流量等因素对气泡生成形态、气泡脱离直径、气泡膨胀脱离时间以及气液流场速度的影响。实验与数值模拟取得较为一致的结果。研究发现,气泡生成过程可分为单气泡生成和双气泡生成聚并两种模式,两者之间存在明显的气泡脱离形态转折点;三种管口浸没方式下,气泡脱离直径均随着管径和气体流量的增大而增大;气泡膨胀脱离时间随管径的增大而增加,而随气体流量的增加先急剧下降然后趋于平缓;在底吹和侧吹方式下,气泡长短轴比C值分别在0.75和1.1附近波动,其最终脱离形式均接近于球形;而顶吹方式下,C值在1.5附近波动,气泡脱离形态为椭球形。     

核态池沸腾换热的数值模拟

以沸腾壁为研究对象 ,以气泡或核心为边界建立了沸腾换热的数学模型 ,进行了核态池沸腾换热的直接数值模拟 ,模拟结果与现有的实验数据具有很好的一致性 ,从而验证了数值模拟的可靠性 .通过数值模拟得到了气泡影响面积系数和气泡扰动强度系数的计算方法 ,揭示了气泡等待时间和沸腾表面温度波动的非线性特征 .     

底吹气连铸中间包内气液两相流的数值模拟

以宝钢集团梅山钢厂1台连铸中间包为原型,进行底吹气中间包水模型研究. 实测结果表明,底吹气在中间包内形成"鼓泡流"形式的流动结构;"鼓泡流"的形成一方面能够破坏中间包内"层流"形式的短路流动,增强混合,另一方面能在中间包内形成"气幕挡墙",有利于夹杂物去除. 针对中间包内气-液两相"鼓泡流"特征,建立了底吹气中间包内气-液两相欧拉多流体模型,模型中考虑了气泡的存在对湍流增强的影响,考虑了相间滑移、气泡浮力及湍流分散力. 采用所建立的模型对底吹气中间包内气液两相流动和混合特性进行了模拟和分析,结果与水模型实测结果一致.     

鼓泡塔气液两相流不同曳力模型的数值模拟

采用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型对圆柱形鼓泡塔内气液两相流动进行了三维数值模拟. 通过UDF自定义程序对气相出口边界进行了速度修正,解决了模拟中自由区域内有漩涡的问题;分别使用单一气泡尺寸模型和群体平衡模型(PBM)计算气泡尺寸,并比较其对气含率分布的预测结果,分别采用Schiller-Naumann, Grace和Tomiyama曳力系数模型进行模拟. 结果表明,在全塔径均匀进气的简化条件下,单一气泡尺寸模型不适用,在合适的Hamaker数下,PBM模型中原用于颗粒计算的Abrahamson模型可计算气泡聚并速率;Tomiyama曳力模型耦合PBM模型可更好地描述塔内流动情况,并与文献值吻合良好. Schiller-Naumann模型所得平均气含率与实验值相差约40%,而Grace模型所得湍动耗散比Tomiyama的结果高14.5%,气含率分布与文献值相差16.3%.     

RH真空精炼过程数值模拟的研究现状及展望

近年来,RH真空精炼已成为重要的二次精炼工艺之一,相应的数值模拟工作受到许多研究者的关注.目前涉及到RH精炼过程的数值模拟研究主要集中于以下几个方面:RH精炼装置内气液两相流动行为的数值模拟,脱碳和脱气过程的数值模拟以及夹杂物碰撞长大行为的数值模拟.本文综述了RH精炼过程数值模拟的研究现状,并提出了应重点解决的问题.     

超临界CO2/PS微孔塑料挤出成型中成核数对气泡核自由长大的影响

以超临界CO2为发泡剂,研究了PS微孔塑料挤出成型中气泡核自由长大的机理,选用球形模型为表征气泡长大的物理模型,利用Dewitt本构方程、守恒定律和理想气体状态方程导出了气泡核自由长大阶段的数学模型。通过此数学模型着重对气泡成核数与气泡核自由长大平均半径之间的关系进行了数值模拟预测,并以实验验证了其正确性,结果表明：当其他加工条件不变时,增加气泡的成核数,气泡长大的平均半径将变小。因此,在制备微孔塑料时,我们可以通过增加气泡的成核数来改善制品的泡孔结构。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.