两种乳杆菌协同发酵牛骨粉促钙转化的工艺研究

以牛骨为钙源,利用嗜酸乳杆菌与鼠李糖乳杆菌的共生作用发酵牛骨粉,提高骨钙转化率。采用单因素试验确定两种益生菌协同发酵牛骨粉的最适比例、发酵时间、骨粉浓度、葡萄糖添加量。采用响应面试验设计,以钙转化率为特征性指标,优化两种益生菌协同发酵牛骨粉的工艺条件。结果表明：两种益生菌具有共生作用,均能将牛骨粉中结合态的钙转变为游离态。发酵时间与骨粉浓度是影响钙转化率的主要因素。两种益生菌协同发酵牛骨粉的最适发酵条件为菌种比例4.67:1(m/m)、发酵时间69.96h、骨粉浓度4.45%、葡萄糖添加量12.26%,钙转化率达32.21%。     

两种益生菌发酵促使牛骨粉中钙转化的比较研究

选用鼠李糖乳杆菌、婴儿双歧杆菌发酵牛骨粉。采用L9(34)正交试验设计,对蔗糖添加量、接种量、骨粉浓度、发酵时间进行筛选。以游离钙转化率为特征性指标探讨发酵条件对游离钙转化率影响的变化规律,并且比较两种益生菌在体外模拟胃肠环境中的活菌数。结果表明：鼠李糖乳杆菌的最适发酵条件为蔗糖添加量11%、接种量3%、骨粉浓度5g/100ml、发酵时间72h,婴儿双歧杆菌的最适发酵条件为蔗糖添加量8%,接种量5%、骨粉浓度10g/100ml、发酵时间72h;鼠李糖乳杆菌对牛骨粉中钙的转化率达32.0%,约为婴儿双歧杆菌的3倍;发酵时间是影响游离钙转化率的重要因素;鼠李糖乳杆菌活在模拟胃、肠液中的菌率是分别婴儿双歧杆菌的10.38、16.35倍。     

大豆益生元发酵豆乳的制备及其对益生菌数量的影响

该文采用干酪乳杆菌与鼠李糖乳杆菌混种发酵大豆低聚糖,优化大豆益生元发酵豆乳制备工艺。通过单因素及正交试验,得到最佳工艺为:干酪乳杆菌与鼠李糖乳杆菌比例1∶1、果胶的添加量0.3%、豆粉与水质量体积比1∶12(g/mL)、脱脂乳粉添加量24%、大豆低聚糖添加量25%、接种量5%、发酵温度37℃、发酵时间7 h、后熟时间18 h^24 h。食用150 mL/d此条件下制备的大豆益生元发酵豆乳不仅感官品质最佳,并且对益生菌的生长具有显著的增殖作用。     

天然促生长因子促进益生菌发酵牛骨粉钙转化的工艺优化

利用益生菌发酵牛骨粉,添加8 种天然益生菌促生长因子协同发酵牛骨粉。通过单因素试验,筛选益生菌促生长因子。采用L9(34)正交试验设计,以游离钙转化率为特征性指标,优化几种天然促生长因子的最佳组合。单因素试验结果表明：玉米汁、番茄汁、豆芽汁、白菜汁、胡萝卜汁、牛奶均对益生菌有促生长作用,除玉米汁外,发酵终止时的pH 值越低、活菌数越大,钙转化率越高。白菜汁、番茄汁、豆芽汁、牛奶最适添加量均为15%,胡萝卜汁为20%,玉米汁为5%。马铃薯汁对鼠李糖乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌及两者协同发酵时均有抑制作用。正交试验结果表明：番茄汁、豆芽汁、白菜汁、胡萝卜汁4 种促生长因子协同发酵牛骨粉钙转化率的最优组合为：白菜汁18.0%、豆芽汁15.0%、番茄汁12.0%、胡萝卜汁20.0%,在该条件下钙转化率可达38.8%。     

乳酸菌发酵降解牛骨粉的研究

本实验利用两种乳酸菌发酵牛骨骨粉,在不同时间下,利用乳酸菌对不同浓度和不同粒度的骨粉进行发酵实验,发现发酵后骨粉液中离子钙含量明显提高,总结出在一定时间、一定骨粉浓度下乳酸菌发酵骨粉产生离子钙的最佳条件。研究结果显示,在本实验条件下,选用乳酸菌即保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌以2∶1比例接种发酵骨粉液的最佳生产条件是蔗糖添加量5%,乳酸菌接种量3%,骨粉粒度120目,接种骨粉浓度20%。     

响应面法优化鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵蓝靛果产多酚工艺

该研究采用单因素试验、Plackett-Burman试验、最陡爬坡试验及响应面试验探究鼠李糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus rhamnosus）CICC6224发酵蓝靛果产多酚的最优发酵条件。结果表明,在单因素试验的基础上,利用Plackett-Burman法筛选出影响鼠李糖乳杆菌CICC6224发酵蓝靛果产多酚的三个重要因素,分别为发酵时间、接种量及料液比,采用响应面分析法确定鼠李糖乳杆菌CICC6224发酵蓝靛果产多酚的最优工艺条件为发酵温度35 ℃、装液量70 mL、发酵时间28 h、接种量3.4%（V/V）、料液比1∶2.5（g∶mL）,在此条件下,多酚含量最高,为1 622.54 mg/100 g。说明鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵法可做为富集果多酚的方法之一,这为微生物发酵应用果蔬益生元开发及利用奠定了基础。     

基于高活菌数的瑞士乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌混合发酵工艺优化

以瑞士乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌混合发酵培养,利用两菌株细胞代谢的差异,以静置发酵24 h后得到的活菌数目为指标,通过单因素实验和正交实验,研究了瑞士乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌高活菌数混合发酵的最适发酵条件。结果表明,瑞士乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌高活菌数混合发酵的最优条件为:发酵温度37℃,初始pH=6.8,接种量6%,瑞士乳杆菌:鼠李糖乳杆菌=1∶2,瑞士乳杆菌优先接种3 h。最终得到乳酸菌总活菌数为7.2×10~9m L~(-1)。与在相同条件下单独发酵的瑞士乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌活菌数相比,分别提高了1∶8倍和10.2倍。为乳酸菌的高活菌数发酵奠定了基础。     

低聚异麦芽糖对干酪中鼠李糖乳杆菌促生长的研究

将鼠李糖乳杆菌作为益生菌添加到契达干酪中,研究添加低聚异麦芽糖对鼠李糖乳杆菌生长的影响。以干酪组成成分、益生菌活菌数、蛋白水解以及感官评价为指标,确定低聚异麦芽糖的最适添加量,同时研究低聚异麦芽糖的添加对干酪质构是否存在影响。实验表明,添加1%的低聚异麦芽糖可以有效的促进鼠李糖乳杆菌的生长,在此条件下,鼠李糖乳杆菌在新鲜干酪中的活菌数为8.27 g-1(对数值),在干酪成熟24周后的活菌数为8.23 g-1(对数值),同时低聚异麦芽糖和鼠李糖乳杆菌的添加对干酪的蛋白水解和质构无显著性的影响。对所制成的干酪进行模拟胃肠道实验,并对其中的鼠李糖乳杆菌活菌数进行测定,最终测定出其活菌数可以保持在7.0 g-1(对数值)以上,能够起到益生作用。     

黄参粗多糖对植物乳杆菌CGMCC-15801和鼠李糖乳杆菌CGMCC-16103增殖的影响

益生菌发酵乳具有巨大的经济价值和市场前景,在发酵乳中针对性地添加益生元,可保护和促进益生菌的增长。黄参是伞形科迷果芹属植物,该实验以黄参粗多糖(crude Sphallerocarpus gracilis polysaccharides,CSGP)为研究对象,以低聚果糖和菊粉为阳性对照,测定CSGP的单糖组成,在人工胃肠液中的水解度以及对植物乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌增殖的影响。结果表明,CSGP主要由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖组成,摩尔比为16.3:15.5:5.1:8.2:37.1:17.8;CSGP在人工胃液中的水解度仅为2.0%,显著低于菊粉和低聚果糖(P<0.05);在21 d货架期内,当CSGP的添加量为3.5%时,植物乳杆菌在第14天的增殖率达到最高(410%),分别是阳性对照低聚果糖组的5.09倍,菊粉组的8.99倍;当CSGP添加量为3.0 g/100mL时,鼠李糖乳杆菌在第21天的增值率达到最高(405%),分别是阳性对照低聚果糖组的36.52倍,菊粉组的11.67倍,故推测CSGP是潜在的益生元。该实验为以CSGP为益生元的新型共生发酵乳的研发提供理论基础。     

乳酸菌发酵猪骨粉中游离钙的研究

本实验利用保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌混合菌种对猪骨粉进行发酵,以期提高发酵液中游离钙的含量。通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定发酵猪骨粉的最佳工艺条件为：保加利亚乳杆菌:嗜热链球菌为菌浓度之比2:1,蔗糖添加量为6%、乳酸菌接种量为7%、骨粉添加量为6%,此时发酵液中游离钙的含量为0.9942%,钙磷比为2.3:1。利用乳酸菌发酵猪骨粉,能显著提高发酵液中游离钙的含量。     

玉米浆在氨基酸发酵工业中的作用

玉米浆作为最为廉价的有机氮源,是湿磨法生产玉米淀粉时的副产物,其含有大量的氨基酸、维生素、生长因子,可促进菌体生长、提高发酵产酸、提高糖酸转化率,在氨基酸发酵中具有重要的作用。该文分析玉米浆中氨基酸、维生素、微量元素等主要成分的种类和含量,针对其在谷氨酸、苏氨酸、赖氨酸、色氨酸等氨基酸发酵代谢过程中的影响,以探讨如何更有效的利用玉米浆,发挥其最大的经济效能。     

饲粮中添加单月桂酸甘油酯对肉鸡生长性能、消化能力及鸡肉营养品质的影响

为研究饲粮中添加单月桂酸甘油酯（glycerol monolaurate,GML）对肉鸡生长性能、消化能力及鸡肉营 养品质的影响,以1 日龄三黄鸡为研究对象,在饲粮中添加150 mg/kg GML饲喂49 d后分析肉鸡生长性能、肠道结 构、营养成分表观代谢率及鸡肉中营养成分含量的变化。结果表明：与对照组相比,150 mg/kg GML饲喂可以显著 提高肉鸡22～49 d的饲料转化率;显著提高十二指肠、空肠、回肠的肠段长度,空肠的绒毛长度和十二指肠、空肠 的绒隐比（绒毛长度/隐窝深度）,并显著提高肉鸡粗蛋白、铜和钙的表观代谢率;显著提高鸡肉中C18:2、C20:4、必 需脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸的比例,以及粗蛋白、赖氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、酪氨酸、鲜味氨基酸和总氨基酸的 含量。总体来看,GML饲喂对提高肉鸡生长性能、消化能力和鸡肉营养品质具有积极的作用。     

Optimization of Growth of Lactobacillus casei ASCC 292 and Production of Organic Acids in the Presence of Fructooligosaccharide and Maltodextrin

ABSTRACT: Growth of Lactobacillus casei ASCC 292 was optimized in the presence of 2 prebiotics, namely fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and maltodextrin, and the patterns of organic acids produced was monitored. Perturbation plot, response surface, and coefficient estimates showed that inoculum size and concentration of prebiotics had significant quadratic effects on growth, with FOS showing the most prominent quadratic change. The second-order polynomial regression model estimated the optimum inoculum size and the concentrations of FOS and maltodextrin for the growth of L.casei ASCC 292 to be 1.67% w/v, 4.82% w/v, and 6.93% w/v, respectively.Validation experiments showed that the predicted optimum condition was better than the high and low levels of the factors, and at center points. Response surface methodology (RSM) was reliable in developing a model, optimizing factors, and analyzing interaction effects. Analysis of individual organic acids production by L. casei ASCC 292 showed that highest amount of lactic acid was produced, followed by propionic, acetic, formic, and butyric acid. The production of lactic acid was greatly influenced by the inoculum size, and the organism was relatively sensitive to the end-product of maltodextrin fermentation. Production of acetic acid was greatly influenced by the inoculum size and was inhibited by end-product of the maltodextrin fermentation. Increased concentration of FOS contributed to the increased production of propionic acid. The response surface of butyric and formic acid showed that the production of these acids were growth associated.     

Effectiveness of probiotics,prebiotics, and prebiotic‐like components in common functional foods

The bioactive ingredients in commonly consumed foods include, but are not limited to, prebiotics, prebiotic‐like components, probiotics, and postbiotics. The bioactive ingredients in functional foods have also been associated with beneficial effects on human health. For example, they aid in shaping of gut microflora and promotion of immunity. These functional components also contribute in preventing serious diseases such as cardiovascular malfunction and tumorigenesis. However, the specific mechanisms of these positive influences on human health are still under investigation. In this review, we aim to emphasize the major contents of probiotics, prebiotics, and prebiotic‐like components commonly found in consumable functional foods, and we present an overview of direct and indirect benefits they provide on human health. The major contributors are certain families of metabolites, specifically short‐chain fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by probiotics, and prebiotics, or prebiotic‐like components such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and vitamins that are found in functional foods. These functional ingredients in foods influence the gut microbiota by stimulating the growth of beneficial microbes and the production of beneficial metabolites that, in turn, have direct benefits to the host, while also providing protection from pathogens and maintaining a balanced gut ecosystem. The complex interactions that arise among functional food ingredients, human physiology, the gut microbiota, and their respective metabolic pathways have been found to minimize several factors that contribute to the incidence of chronic disease, such as inflammation oxidative stress.     

Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for some cereal products in Japan

ABSTRACT:  To evaluate a practical method of determining more accurately conversion factors for calculating the protein contents of foods from the total nitrogen content, 19 cereal products found in Japan were analyzed for total nitrogen, amino acid nitrogen, and amide nitrogen, and then the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were calculated. The average conversion factors were 5.75 for rice, 5.81 for wheat, and 5.95 for others. These values, corresponding to the proportion of the amino acid residue to amino acid nitrogen recovered from 20 amino acids, were lower than the currently applied factors to these foods, except for wheat flour and amaranth. The use of this factor for estimating the protein content results in a considerable difference from the estimate based on amino acid residue concentrations, due to the wide variations in amino acid composition and to the presence of a significant level of nonprotein nitrogen. The distribution of the protein nitrogen recovered from the amino acids to total nitrogen averaged 93%. Adjusted conversion factors corresponding to the proportion of the amino acid residue to total nitrogen averaged 5.26 for rice, 5.47 for wheat, and 5.54 for other cereal products. Protein contents estimated using these factors are in good agreement with the contents defined as amino acid residues.     

Utilization of galactooligosaccharides by Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis isolates

Prebiotics are non-digestible substrates that stimulate the growth of beneficial microbial populations in the intestine, especially Bifidobacterium species. Among them, fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides are commonly used in the food industry, especially as a supplement for infant formulas. Mechanistic details on the enrichment of bifidobacteria by these prebiotics are important to understand the effects of these dietary interventions. In this study the consumption of galactooligosaccharides was studied for 22 isolates of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, one of the most representative species in the infant gut microbiota. In general all isolates showed a vigorous growth on these oligosaccharides, but consumption of larger galactooligosaccharides was variable. Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC 15697 has five genes encoding β-galactosidases, and three of them were induced during bacterial growth on commercial galactooligosaccharides. Recombinant β-galactosidases from B. infantis ATCC 15697 displayed different preferences for β-galactosides such as 4′ and 6′-galactobiose, and four β-galactosidases in this strain released monosaccharides from galactooligosaccharides. Finally, we determined the amounts of short chain fatty acids produced by strain ATCC 15697 after growth on different prebiotics. We observed that biomass and product yields of substrate were higher for lactose and galactooligosaccharides, but the amount of acids produced per cell was larger after growth on human milk oligosaccharides. These results provide a molecular basis for galactooligosaccharide consumption in B. infantis, and also represent evidence for physiological differences in the metabolism of prebiotics that might have a differential impact on the host.     

Prebiotics enhance magnesium absorption and inulin-based fibers exert chronic effects on calcium utilization in a postmenopausal rodent model

Abstract: Age‐related changes in calcium metabolism play a role in the development of osteoporosis. A 4‐wk feeding study was conducted in 5‐mo‐old ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague‐Dawley rats to assess the effect of various dietary fibers on mineral metabolism and bone health parameters. There were 6 treatment groups: sham‐Control, OVX‐Control, OVX rats receiving daily estradiol (E₂) injections, and OVX rats receiving an AIN‐93M diet supplement with either an inulin‐based fiber (Synergy1® or Fruitafit HD®) or a novel fiber (polydextrose) at 5% wt. of diet. Calcium and magnesium metabolic balances were performed after early (3 d) and late exposure (4 wk) to dietary treatments. Rats receiving polydextrose had significantly higher net calcium absorption efficiency and retention than all control groups and a trend (P≤ 0.10) for higher calcium absorption when compared to inulin‐based fibers after early exposure but the advantage did not persist over long‐term exposure. The inulin‐based fibers had positive chronic effects on calcium metabolism that were related to changes in the gut, that is, production of short chain fatty acids and higher cecal wall weights. All fibers improved magnesium absorption and retention in early and late metabolic balances; effects on magnesium metabolism were more pronounced than for calcium. Practical Application: Steady growth in US middle‐aged and elderly populations has led to higher incidences of several chronic diseases including osteoporosis, a bone disease that primarily affects postmenopausal women. Recent research suggests that certain dietary fibers (prebiotics) enhance mineral absorption and may impart bone health benefits. This work examines the impact of prebiotic supplementation on mineral metabolism and bone health using a postmenopausal rat model. Study findings will aid future investigations in ascertaining the factors related to potential bone health benefits of prebiotic which will aid in developing an effective prebiotics food product/supplement that will address the bone health needs of consumers.     

Prebiotics as functional foods: A review

Prebiotics are short chain carbohydrates that are non-digestible by digestive enzymes in humans and selectively enhance the activity of some groups of beneficial bacteria. In the intestine, prebiotics are fermented by beneficial bacteria to produce short chain fatty acids. Prebiotics also render many other health benefits in the large intestine such as reduction of cancer risk and increase calcium and magnesium absorption. Prebiotics are found in several vegetables and fruits and are considered functional food components which present significant technological advantages. Their addition improves sensory characteristics such as taste and texture, and enhances the stability of foams, emulsions and mouthfeel in a large range of food applications like dairy products and bread. This contribution reviews bioactives from food sources with prebiotic properties. Additionally, food application of bioactive prebiotics, stimulation of the viability of probiotics, health benefits, epidemiological studies, and safety concerns of prebiotics are also reviewed.