亚麻籽胶对米糠油体稳定性及消化的影响

米糠油体作为天然水包油乳状液,在食品工业中具有良好的应用前景。为了进一步提高米糠油体的稳定性,本研究制备了亚麻籽胶稳定的米糠油体,探究亚麻籽胶质量分数对米糠油体稳定性及消化的影响。结果表明：亚麻籽胶质量分数为0.5%时,米糠油体平均粒径最小,zeta-电位绝对值最大,表观黏度增加,稳定性最好。体外模拟消化实验表明,米糠油体脂肪酸释放率为95%,亚麻籽胶的添加减缓了米糠油体脂肪酸的释放(89%),可以起到缓释脂肪酸的效果。本研究对于提高油体稳定性及拓宽米糠油体作为功能因子递送载体在食品加工中的应用有重要意义。     

高酸价米糠油液晶态脱酸工艺的研究

根据粗米糠油精炼和工艺方面的要求,确定温度、循环水量、油脂残留酸价、油脂中谷维素含量变化、液晶层高度、液晶层形成时间为工艺的主要影响因素。根据脂肪酸在一定pH值范围内转化为脂肪酸钠可以形成液晶相的原理,提出高酸价米糠油液晶态脱酸的新型工艺方法。     

过热蒸汽处理对米糠营养性质和储藏稳定性的影响

采用120~160℃的过热蒸汽(SS)处理米糠1~5 min,以脂肪酶活性为指标,选取钝化脂肪酶效果好的米糠样品,以原米糠为对照,考察SS处理对米糠的营养性质(总酚含量、总抗氧化性、酚酸组成变化、α-生育酚含量、γ-谷维素含量)和储藏稳定性(脂肪酸值、过氧化值、羰基值)的影响。结果表明:经120,130,140,150,160℃的SS分别处理4,4,3,3 min和2 min后米糠脂肪酶活性不再发生显著变化,此时的米糠称为最佳钝酶点米糠,其脂肪酶活性分别降至30.99%~13.41%。与原米糠相比,最佳钝酶点米糠的总酚含量、总抗氧化性、总酚酸含量显著提高,且主要贡献为阿魏酸和对羟基苯甲酸的显著增加;α-生育酚和γ-谷维素含量无显著降低。SS处理显著提高了米糠的稳定性,在第25周时,最佳钝酶点米糠的脂肪酸值、过氧化值、羰基值分别只有BR的36.0%~21.9%、50.0%~44.3%、30.3%~22.1%,有效延长了米糠储藏期。综合考虑米糠营养性质和储藏稳定性,在130℃,4 min处理条件下获得的米糠最佳。     

挤压稳定化对不同贮藏时间米糠制备米糠毛油品质的影响

以不同贮藏时间的米糠为原料,研究米糠挤压稳定化处理对米糠毛油品质的影响。结果表明:相比米糠未稳定化制备的米糠毛油,米糠挤压稳定化处理增加米糠毛油的酸值和过氧化值;随着米糠贮藏时间的延长,米糠挤压稳定化处理与未稳定化处理制备米糠毛油酸值和过氧化值相差幅度增加;米糠挤压稳定化处理对米糠毛油的脂肪酸组成影响较小,仅亚麻酸含量显著下降,米糠挤压稳定化处理对米糠毛油碘值和皂化值没有显著影响;米糠挤压稳定化处理显著降低米糠毛油磷脂、水分及挥发物含量,随着米糠贮藏时间的延长,米糠挤压稳定化处理与未稳定化处理制备米糠毛油磷脂含量相差幅度增大;此外,米糠挤压稳定化处理可显著提高米糠毛油谷维素含量。     

滴定法滴定稻米油酸值的影响分析

研究了谷维素含量、指示剂种类、游离脂肪酸含量、油脂色泽对稻米油滴定酸值的影响规律。结果表明,当以酚酞为指示剂时,随着谷维素含量的增加,新鲜精炼稻米油和一级精炼大豆油的滴定酸值升高;但是当采用溴百里酚蓝为指示剂时,谷维素含量对两种油脂的滴定酸值无明显影响。游离脂肪酸含量以及油脂色泽对滴定酸值无显著影响。     

酸沉除镉制备米糠蛋白乳液稳定性的研究

采用粒径分布、微观结构、Zeta电位和分层系数研究米糠蛋白质量分数和预热处理对盐酸、酒石酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸酸沉除镉制备米糠蛋白乳液稳定性的影响。结果表明:当米糠蛋白质量分数为0.5%时,4种酸酸沉除镉制备米糠蛋白的乳液稳定性无显著性差异(P0.05),并且乳液稳定性均较差;当米糠蛋白质量分数为1.0%和2.0%时,酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸酸沉除镉制备米糠蛋白乳液的粒径较小,显示出较好的乳液稳定性;4种酸酸沉除镉制备的米糠蛋白经过预热处理之后,乳液粒径减小,乳液稳定性提高,并且乳液稳定性无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

米糠油几种脱酸工艺的比较

采用分光光度法评价米糠毛油和脱酸油的色泽变化,对比研究了碱炼、醇萃取、吸附剂吸附3种脱酸方法的精炼效果.结果表明:高酸值米糠毛油的色泽主要呈现在黄色和红色范围内,色泽与酸值不相关;采用醇萃取能有效脱除米糠毛油中的游离脂肪酸,且能够脱除米糠毛油中部分有色物质;高酸值米糠毛油适宜采用醇萃取脱酸,低酸值米糠毛油可以采用吸附剂吸附脱酸.     

微波处理对米糠稳定性及脂肪酸组成的影响

采用微波加热技术对米糠进行稳定化处理。考察米糠水分含量、微波处理时间和微波功率对米糠中过氧化物酶残余相对活力的影响和储藏30 d后酸值变化情况,采用正交试验优化微波工艺参数,得到最佳工艺参数。结果表明：当料层厚度为1 cm时,米糠最佳微波处理工艺参数为：水分含量28%、微波时间90 s、微波功率600 W,微波处理后米糠中的过氧化物酶残余相对活力为1.9%,小于最大允许值5%,并在37 ℃的恒温培养箱中储藏30 d后,脂肪酸值为17.5 mg KOH/g,远小于空白组中212.0 mg KOH/g的脂肪酸值。同时,对微波稳定化处理前后的米糠进行气相色谱-质谱法分析,结果表明微波稳定化处理对米糠油中主要脂肪酸的组成影响较小。微波处理后可明显提高米糠稳定性,有利于米糠油的提取。     

大麦虫幼虫脂肪油中的脂肪酸组成分析

采用水解提取-气相色谱法对大麦虫幼虫脂肪油中的脂肪酸组成进行了分析,共确认了27种脂肪酸成分,其中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)占总量的36.69%,不饱和脂肪酸(USFA)占60.29%。不饱和脂肪酸中单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)占39.74%,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)占20.51%,必需脂肪酸(EFA)包括亚油酸和亚麻酸占总脂肪酸的20.38%。大麦虫幼虫油脂无论在质上还是量上都有很高的研究和开发价值。     

西式快餐条件下煎炸油氧化稳定性及其不饱和脂肪酸氧化动力学研究

为了解煎炸油在煎炸过程中的氧化动力学规律,考察了5种常见煎炸油在西式快餐条件下的氧化稳定性,并对煎炸油中主要不饱和脂肪酸（亚麻酸、亚油酸及油酸）的氧化动力学进行研究。结果表明,煎炸过程中,棕榈油的茴香胺值、全氧化值的生成速率及碘值降低幅度最小,相比其他4种煎炸油具有更好的氧化稳定性。大豆油和菜籽油中亚麻酸的反应规律均同时符合0级和1级反应动力学模型;棕榈油、菜籽油、葵花籽油及稻米油中亚油酸的反应规律均同时符合0级和1级反应动力学模型,大豆油中亚油酸符合1级反应动力学模型;棕榈油、大豆油、菜籽油及葵花籽油中油酸的反应规律均同时符合0级和1级反应动力学模型;模型相应的决定系数R2在0.886~0.987之间,均大于0.85,模型拟合程度均较好。表明所构建煎炸油不饱和脂肪酸氧化动力学模型是可行的。     

Effect of various processing techniques and different levels of antioxidant on stability of rice bran during storage

Rice bran is a major cereal by‐product available for animal feeding in many parts of the world. It has a good balance of protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins and minerals. The greatest restriction to the use of rice bran is its instability during storage, leading to rancidity and the presence of heat‐labile antinutritional factors. Rice bran was treated to stabilize it by extrusion cooking, roasting, pelleting and adding antioxidant (125, 250 and 375 ppm). The rice bran so treated was stored for 345 days and analyzed every 15 days for free fatty acid, peroxide and iodine values. Heat treatments were effective in stabilizing rice bran by reducing the rancidity and increasing the storage life. Roasting was effective in stabilizing rice bran for only 180 days of storage. Raw and pelleted rice bran behaved similarly with regard to stability during storage for 345 days. Addition of antioxidant in rice bran was not effective for stabilizing FFA, peroxide and iodine values. There was no difference in dose rates of antioxidant of 125, 250 and 375 ppm. Extrusion cooking proved to be the most effective process for stabilizing rice bran for prolonged storage, and roasting would be the next choice. Addition of antioxidant in rice bran was not effective for stabilizing rice bran during storage. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparative studies between the optimum dietary fibre sources of some substituted cookies

To realize the line of balance between utilization of dietary fibre sources level of substitution and maximum improvement or minimum reduction of in vitro protein digestibility in high dietary fibre cookies, the optimum level of substitution by corn bran, rice bran and barley husk were studied. Analysis for amino acids composition, infrared absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were carried out. Rice bran was the best fibre source for improving lysine content. Barley husk fulfilled two criteria viz. improvement in lysine content and minimum decrease in amino acids content.     

Simultaneous rice bran oil stabilization and extraction using sub-critical water medium

Sub-critical water technique was used for simultaneous inactivation of lipase enzyme existing in rice bran and extraction of its oil in order to obtain the stabilized edible rice bran oil. Sub-critical water treatment was carried out in the temperature range between 120 and 240 °C for 10 and/or 20 min residence time in a batch reactor. The quality of the extracted oil was evaluated with respect to its total free fatty acids concentration over a 12 week period, and compared with the oil obtained by conventional extraction methods. Without sub-critical water treatment, the concentration of total free fatty acids in the rice bran significantly increased from 5.6% to 36.0%. In contrast, no increase was observed in the total free fatty acids concentration in the samples treated by sub-critical water. Experimental evidence showed that total free fatty acids concentration increased somewhat in the oils treated by conventional methods. Considering no change was observed in total free fatty acid concentration in the treated oils by sub-critical water, it was found that sub-critical water not only could efficiently extract oil from rice bran in a short residence time but also completely stabilized the extracted oil. Oil extraction yields generally increased with increases in sub-critical water treatment temperature and residence time. The highest extraction yield of oil was 249 (mg/g dry matter) obtained at 240 °C and 10 min residence time. Oil extraction by sub-critical water could be conducted in a very short residence time (10 and/or 20 min). Also, the kinetics of free fatty acids formation in untreated rice bran was investigated and developed which successfully describes the concentration of total free fatty acids in the course of rice bran storage.     

Distribution of Phenolic Acids in Milling Fractions of Spring Wheats

The core objective of the current research was to determine the phenolic acids through High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in milling fractions of spring wheats, i.e., bran, shorts, break, and reduction flour. In wheat bran, caffeic, p-coumaric, syringic, and ferulic acid ranged from 0.93 to 1.5, 24 to 32.00, 55.30 to 94, and 137.25 to 180.30 μg/g, respectively. Maximum caffeic acid (0.33 μg/g), p-coumaric acid (12.12 μg/g), and ferulic acid content (29.12 μg/g) were found in the reduction flour of Sehar-2006. Furthermore, whole wheat flour of Shafaq-2006 revealed maximum caffeic acid (1.8 μg/g), p-coumaric acid (22.3 μg/g), and syringic acid (47.07 μg/g). Since antioxidant activity is directly related with phenolic acids, it was decreased (43.26 to 74.40%) in cookies with the decrease in phenolic acids during storage. Moreover, phenolic acids hold potential to be extracted and utilized in cereal-based products for best quality and value addition.     

稻米油在快餐煎炸中的性能研究

本文通过模拟西式快餐门店的煎炸实验,考察了稻米油在快餐煎炸中应用的可行性。通过油脂理化指标、肪酸组成分析及微量成分分析来比较稻米油与棕榈油和大豆油的差异,通过模拟西式快餐门店168℃下煎炸薯条过程中极性物质和酸价的变化,并对薯条进行感官评价,对比稻米油、大豆油与棕榈油的煎炸性能。结果显示:稻米油所含的饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸均介于棕榈油和大豆油之间,并且其含有的维生素E与大豆油接近且明显高于棕榈油;另外稻米油还含有12035.74 mg/kg植物甾醇和4359.17 mg/kg谷维素。在煎炸过程中,稻米油的酸价上升速度远远低于大豆油,接近于棕榈油;尽管其初始极性组分较高,但其极性组分在煎炸后期上升比较平稳,至煎炸终点时其极性组分低于棕榈油和大豆油;同时在煎炸过程中,棕榈油、稻米油、大豆油中的维生素E随煎炸时间的延长明显降低,至第6 d对应的含量分别10.01、8.49与2.11 mg/kg;而稻米油中谷维素和植物甾醇含量也随煎炸时间的延长而减少,但至煎炸终点时,仍有较多的保留,含量分别为1531.98和6618.45 mg/kg。另外,感官评价发现,稻米油炸制的薯条比大豆油、棕榈油更酥脆、风味更好,整体喜好度更高。总之,但稻米油具有良好煎炸性能,其煎炸性能明显优于大豆油,可用作西式快餐煎炸油。     

以稻米油为基油制备稻米调和油及其煎炸性能的研究

对稻米油、稻米调和油、添加0.02%迷迭香提取物的稻米调和油和添加0.06%茶多酚的稻米调和油4种煎炸油进行土豆条连续煎炸试验,对比4种煎炸油在煎炸过程中的极性组分、脂肪酸组成、维生素E、甾醇、谷维素、反式脂肪酸(TFA)、3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPD酯)和苯并芘含量变化,综合评估其煎炸性能。结果表明:稻米油、稻米调和油、添加迷迭香提取物的稻米调和油和添加茶多酚的稻米调和油的极性组分含量分别在煎炸10、14、16 h和14 h超过国家标准;稻米调和油的谷维素保留率均优于稻米油;添加迷迭香提取物有利于维生素E和谷维素的保留;添加茶多酚有利于甾醇的保留;反式脂肪酸和苯并芘的含量均未超过国家标准限值。     

超声辅助提取小米谷糠油工艺优化

本研究探讨了小米谷糠前处理方式和新鲜程度对小米谷糠油提取率的影响，采用超声波辅助技术，选取最适提取溶剂，通过单因素实验和响应面分析优化小米谷糠油提取工艺，并分析了小米谷糠油脂主要理化性质及其脂肪酸组成。结果表明:选用新鲜小米谷糠，经过温度为121 ℃红外加热15 min处理；选择无水乙醇作为最佳提取溶剂，浸提时间为2 h、料液比为1:6.5 g/mL、浸提温度为56 ℃，在此条件下小米谷糠油提取率为78.57%；各因素对小米谷糠油提取率的影响程度的顺序依次为:料液比>浸提温度>浸提时间；该条件下提取的小米谷糠油酸值、过氧化值均符合《食品安全国家标准 植物油》（GB2716-2018）米糠油的指标；小米谷糠油的脂肪酸主要成分为棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸，不饱和脂肪酸含量占总脂肪酸含量的90.58%，其中亚油酸含量高达72.31%。本研究提出的超声辅助无水乙醇提取小米谷糠油工艺路线是可行的，可为小米谷糠进一步开发利用提供重要的理论支撑。     

Antioxidant Activity of Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) Fruit Peel and Pulp Extracts in Stabilization of Soybean Oil During Storage Conditions

The antioxidation activities of Eriobotrya japonica (Lindl.) fruit peel and pulp extracts were determined using DPPH, β-carotene, and Rancimat methods. Results showed that ethanol-water extract of peel and ethanol extract of pulp had the highest antioxidant activity. Protective effects of extracts in stabilization of soybean oil were tested and compared to tert-butyl hydroquinone by measuring peroxide values, free fatty acids, thiobarbituric acid, oxidative stability, and conjugated dienes and trienes values during storage (65 days at 25°C). Results showed that the ethanol-water extract of peel at 400 ppm exhibited stronger antioxidant activity, but the highest effect was observed in tert-butyl hydroquinone.     

马铃薯煎炸过程中食用油稳定性的研究

采用马铃薯作为食材,菜籽油、胡麻油和米糠油3种常用食用油作为煎炸用油,测定不同煎炸温度、不同煎炸时间下3种食用油酸值、碘值、过氧化值,评价不同食用油煎炸过程中的稳定性。结果表明:经过5 h的连续加热,3种食用油的酸值、过氧化值含量都随加热温度和加热时间的增大有逐渐上升的趋势,碘值随着加热温度和加热时间的增大逐渐下降,3种食用油在125℃、150℃、175℃、200℃温度梯度下连续加热5 h后的酸值均低于5 mg/g。依据过氧化值含量的增加幅度和碘值的降低幅度来评判煎炸油的煎炸品质结果为:胡麻油>菜籽油>米糠油。     

Effect of Wheat Bran,Coarse Wheat Flour,and Rice Flour on the Instrumental Texture of Cookies

Abstract

The effect of replacing wheat flour with wheat bran (0–10%), coarse wheat flour (0–20%) or with rice flour (0–20%) on the quality of cookies was studied. The cookie dough was subjected to Instrumental Texture Profile Analysis in order to determine dough cohesiveness and adhesiveness. After baking spread factor, puncture force and fracture strength of the cookies was also determined. The control dough had cohesiveness and adhesiveness values of 0.279 and 13.6 N s whereas control cookies had puncture force and fracture strength of 90.84 N and 100.16 N. Wheat bran increased dough cohesiveness and adhesiveness whereas coarse wheat flour had the opposite effect. Increasing levels of rice flour decreased cohesiveness but increased adhesiveness. Wheat bran and rice flour lowered the spread factor where as coarse wheat flour increased spread factor. Coarse wheat flour and rice flour lowered the fracture strength where as wheat bran increased fracture strength. Sensory evaluation revealed that increasing levels of wheat bran lowered the overall acceptability whereas rice flour and coarse wheat flour improved sensory scores.