极化电位对超级13Cr钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的实验方法,通过应力应变(σ-ε)曲线、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)等手段分析了不同极化电位下超级13Cr钢在NaCl溶液中的力学性能、腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物和应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数(Iscc),研究了极化电位对其抗SCC性能的影响。结果显示:随极化电位的升高,超级13Cr钢在5%NaCl溶液中的Iscc增大,其抗SCC性能降低;当极化电位低于-150mV时,超级13Cr钢的应力腐蚀程度较轻,抗SCC性能较好;当极化电位高于-90mV时,其应力腐蚀程度严重,抗SCC性能较差。     

饱和CO2溶液中Cl-浓度对马氏体不锈钢应力腐蚀敏感性的影响

为了明确Cl-浓度的变化对超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响规律,利用电化学动电位测试技术对比分析了Cl-浓度对超级13Cr腐蚀电位的影响关系;采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)试验方法和应力-应变曲线(σ-ε)、扫描电镜(SEM)等分析手段,研究了饱和CO2环境下在一定慢应变速率条件下Cl-浓度的变化对超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的抗拉强度、延伸率、应力腐蚀敏感指数(ISSRT)的影响,并结合断口形貌分析了材料的断裂特征.结果 表明:在Cl-浓度≤60 g/L的饱和CO2溶液中,超级13Cr相对于空气中强韧性变化不大,属于韧性断裂模式;随着Cl-浓度的增大,材料的断裂寿命和伸长率均逐渐降低;材料断裂模式由韧性断裂逐渐转变为韧性-脆性混合断裂模式;当Cl-浓度增大到90 g/L时,断口侧面开始出现二次裂纹;当Cl-浓度≥120 g/L时,材料点蚀电位明显降低,点蚀敏感性增大,同时断口侧面出现点蚀现象,进一步促进了应力腐蚀开裂.     

超级13Cr油管钢在不同浓度Cl-介质中的腐蚀行为

采用全浸腐蚀实验方法,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、失重法、极化曲线等分析手段,对超级13Cr油管钢在不同浓度(5%,15%,25%,35%,质量分数)的NaCl溶液中的腐蚀速率、腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物及电化学特性进行了分析,研究了Cl~-浓度对其腐蚀行为的影响。结果显示:超级13Cr油管钢在Cl~-浓度低于35%的NaCl溶液中具有较好的耐腐蚀性能,Cl~-浓度对其腐蚀行为有一定程度的影响,随着Cl~-浓度的增大,材料的耐腐蚀性能降低,被腐蚀倾向增大。较高的Cl~-浓度加速了材料表面点蚀的生长,引发局部腐蚀,进而导致全面腐蚀。Cl~-浓度的增大使超级13Cr油管钢的腐蚀速率增大,但随着腐蚀程度的加重,腐蚀产物增厚及覆盖面积增大,阻碍了基体和溶液的接触,从而减缓了腐蚀速率的增速,其腐蚀产物主要是由Fe和Cr的氧化物构成。     

pH值对超级13Cr钢在NaCl溶液中腐蚀行为与腐蚀膜特性的影响

采用全浸泡腐蚀方法,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、失重法、极化曲线和交流阻抗(EIS)等分析手段,对超级13Cr油管钢在不同pH值NaCl溶液中的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物及其腐蚀膜层的电性能进行了分析,研究了超级13Cr油管钢在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为与腐蚀膜层电性能,结果表明:超级13Cr油管钢在酸性的NaCl溶液中具有较好的抗腐蚀性能,其表面腐蚀膜层具有钝化特性,随着溶液pH值的降低,其腐蚀膜层的钝化性能增强,发生点蚀的倾向性减小,而发生全面腐蚀的倾向性增大,其腐蚀产物为Fe和Cr的氧化物组成。当溶液pH值大于4.5时,腐蚀速率随着溶液pH值的减小而增大;当溶液pH值小于4.5时,腐蚀速率随着溶液pH值的减小而减小。     

7020铝合金在Cl-环境下的应力腐蚀与局部腐蚀性能及其相关性分析

为进一步加深对铝合金在Cl-环境下腐蚀行为的认识,通过浸泡试验、金相分析、极化曲线测试、慢应变速率拉伸测试、扫描电镜、透射电镜观察等,研究腐蚀环境对7020铝合金的局部腐蚀和应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为的影响,并对二者的相关性进行分析.结果 表明:7020铝合金在50℃下的3.5 ％NaCl溶液中浸泡24h,合金局部腐蚀敏感性很小;在3.5 ％NaCl+0.5 ％H2O2溶液中浸泡24h,合金局部腐蚀敏感性增大.在50℃条件下,与3.5％NaCl溶液比较,合金在3.5 ％NaCl+0.5 ％H2O2溶液中的应力腐蚀敏感性较小.由于外部环境差异,7020铝合金在Cl-浓度不变情况下,其局部腐蚀与应力腐蚀并没有特定相关性.     

超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在入井流体与产出流体环境中的腐蚀行为研究

通过模拟油田超深超高压高温油气井腐蚀环境,研究超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢管材抗均匀腐蚀、点蚀、应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)及酸化液腐蚀的性能。研究结果表明:随着井深的增加,超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的均匀腐蚀速率逐渐增大,且气相的均匀腐蚀速率要大于液相的腐蚀速率,但不论在液相还是在气相腐蚀条件下,均匀腐蚀速率均远小于0.1mm/a;由于超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢有较高的Mo,Ni含量,在模拟腐蚀环境中未出现明显点蚀现象,且具有良好的抗SCC性能;循环酸化腐蚀试验后试样管体和接箍部分没有出现点蚀、缝隙腐蚀等局部腐蚀迹象。     

CO2饱和NaCl溶液中Cl-浓度对2Cr13不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

Cl-对金属及合金有强烈的点蚀作用,易引起局部腐蚀失效,造成严重的经济损失。探究其腐蚀机理有利于预防Cl-对金属的腐蚀。通过极化曲线、交流阻抗等电化学测试方法,结合扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等检测手段,研究了60℃下CO2饱和NaCl溶液中Cl-浓度对2Cr13不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响,并讨论了其腐蚀机理。结果表明:在CO2饱和NaCl溶液中,Cl-存在多种影响作用,如腐蚀催化、增大H+活度、降低CO2溶解度等;随着Cl-浓度的增大,2Cr13不锈钢的再钝化能力变差,点蚀诱发敏感性增强,腐蚀速度呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,NaCl浓度为60 g/L时,2Cr13不锈钢的腐蚀速率最大。     

超级13Cr不锈钢在磷酸盐完井液中的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性研究

超级13Cr不锈钢常应用于高温井段,为明确其在高温磷酸盐完井液中的腐蚀及断裂风险,通过慢速率应变拉伸试验(SSRT)和高温高压电化学测试等,结合扫描电镜研究了超级13Cr不锈钢在高温磷酸盐完井液环境中的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性。结果表明:超级13Cr不锈钢在高温磷酸盐完井液环境下具有一定的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性,其应力腐蚀开裂机制为阳极溶解型;随温度升高,超级13Cr不锈钢表面的钝化膜稳定性下降,点蚀敏感性增加,应力腐蚀开裂敏感性增大。     

超级13Cr和P110油管钢在NaCl溶液中电偶腐蚀行为的研究

采用电化学方法研究了超级13Cr-P110钢偶对在NaCl溶液中的电偶腐蚀行为,测试了开路电位、电偶电流和电偶电位,采用SEM、EDS和XRD分别对腐蚀形貌和产物进行了表征。结果表明,超级13Cr和P110钢在NaCl溶液中存在明显的电位差,两者偶接时超级13Cr作为阴极被保护,而P110钢作为阳极被加速腐蚀,该电偶对产生的电偶电流密度会形成严重的电偶腐蚀,随着Sc/Sa的增大,电偶电流明显增大,阳极的腐蚀程度加重,腐蚀产物为氧化物,腐蚀破坏的形式由腐蚀产物疏松转变为腐蚀膜层开裂形成的片层状脱落。     

40Cr钢在海水中抗应力腐蚀的快速评价

采用慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT),对40Cr钢在海水中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)敏感性进行评价,并结合快慢扫描极化及电化学噪声监测对其在海水中的腐蚀行为进行研究.结果表明:40Cr钢回火后含有粒状渗碳体,在海水中SCC敏感性很小,即在海水中具有较强的抗应力腐蚀能力,噪声电阻倒数1/R<,n>的变化与拉伸试样的不同阶段能...     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。