电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定镍铬合金烤瓷牙中有害元素

目的探讨电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定镍铬合金烤瓷牙中Pb、Cd、As、Hg 4种有害元素含量的方法。方法用超声振荡室温王水-H_2O_2湿法消解,基体匹配及氦碰撞模式去除干扰,采用数学校正方程校正ArCl对As的质谱干扰,在选定的测试条件下对样品中Pb、Cd、As、Hg 4种元素进行测定。结果 Pb、Cd、As、Hg 4种元素的检出限在2 ng/L～40 ng/L,全过程中样品均重复测定3次,RSD均5%;加标回收率在80%～130%。结论本实验初步得出ICP-MS可以用于镍铬合金烤瓷牙中Pb、Cd、As、Hg等有害元素的测定,且该方法快速、灵敏度高,精密度及准确度均符合要求。     

贵州金丝桃中11种微量元素含量测定与分析

目的:对贵州金丝桃中Pb,Cd,Hg,As,Cu,Mn,Se等11种微量元素含量分析。方法:采用硝酸作为消解体系以微波消解按照一定消解程序进行消解,检测方法参照2015版中国药典用ICP-MS内标法测中药金丝桃中的Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cu含量,同时以外标法测Mn,Zn,Se,Cr,Sn,Ba,Ag。结果:各元素线性关系均良好(r0.997),平均回收率为86.8%～107.8%%,各元素精密度试验RSD值均小于4.64%,样品各元素重复性的RSD值小于5.42%,测得Pb、Cd、Hg、As含量均低于5 mg/kg;测得Mn,Zn,Se,Cr,Sn,Ba,Ag中Mn、Ba、Cu含量较高:分别为73.57、14.74、11.64 mg/kg,其他元素含量均低于1 mg/kg,同时检测中发现金丝桃中无Cr。结论:本研究采用ICP-MS法检测贵州金丝桃中微量元素,揭示了贵州金丝桃中微量元素分布与含量情况,为贵州金丝桃质量标准研究及其进一步的安全性研究提供一定的基础。     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法/原子荧光法测定食品中有害元素平台研究

目的应用微波消解食品试样,建立用石墨炉原子吸收法(GFAAS)测定铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铝(Al),原子荧光法(AFS)测定汞(Hg)和砷(As)的测定平台。方法通过对样品微波消解条件的控制,使所得样液能同时用于GFAAS法测定Pb、Cd、Cr和Al,AFS法测定Hg和As。结果 Pb、Cd、Cr、Al、Hg、As的浓度为0μg/L~100μg/L时,线性关系良好,相关系数(r)为0.999 3~0.999 9,检出限分别为0.280μg/L、0.005μg/L、0.002μg/L、2.93μg/L、0.013μg/L、0.042μg/L。用菠菜标准物质(GBW10015)进行验证,Pb、Cd、Cr、Al、Hg、As的加标回收率为92.9%~109.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为3.87%、3.62%、4.15%、1.90%、5.74%、4.56%。结论该方法一次试样消解能分别测定食品中主要有害元素,方法简便、灵敏、准确,可满足基层食品安全风险监测工作中对有害元素检测的要求。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定虾蛄中15种元素

目的 建立虾蛄中Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Al、Cr、Ni、Cu、Se、V、Mn、Li、Sb、Ba、Sn 15种元素的微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定方法。方法 采用微波消解技术对样品进行处理,选用52Cr、60Ni、75As、111Cd、202Hg、208Pb作为内标元素,对基体效应、仪器信号漂移进行了补偿,并对仪器的工作条件进行了优化,对各种干扰条件进行了校正和消除,使用ICP-MS同时测定15种元素。结果 在优化的实验条件下,该方法的检出限为0. 002 mg/kg～0. 02 mg/kg,线性相关系数均≥0. 999 0,对样品进行了加标回收实验,回收率为96. 0%～105. 2%,相对标准偏差≤2. 60%。对国家标准物质扇贝GBW10024进行了分析,测定值在标准参考值范围内。结论 该方法简单快速、结果准确可靠,适用于虾蛄中多种微量元素的同时测定。     

碰撞反应池-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定大米中5种重金属元素

目的利用碰撞反应池-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)建立同时测定大米中Cr、As、Cd、Hg和Pb 5种重金属元素含量的方法。方法样品经微波消解后,利用ICP-MS碰撞反应池技术,采用标准模式(STD)和碰撞模式(KED)相结合的方式同时测定大米中Cr、As、Cd、Hg和Pb 5种重金属元素含量。结果采用5 ml HNO_3+2 ml H2O_2的消解体系,5种重金属元素回收率为99. 8%～103. 3%,5种重金属元素线性相关系数(r)≥0. 999 5;相对标准偏差为0. 09%～3. 08%; Cr、As、Cd、Hg和Pb的检出限分别为0. 026 5 ng/ml、0. 034 3 ng/ml、0. 005 52 ng/ml、0. 004 02 ng/ml、0. 021 6 ng/ml;利用该方法对标准样品进行测定,测定结果均在参考值范围。结论该方法操作简单,准确度高,精密度好,适用于大米中Cr、As、Cd、Pb和Hg 5种重金属元素的同时测定。     

ICP-MS法测定化妆品中铅、砷、镉、汞

目的 建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP—MS)测定化妆品中铅、砷、镉、汞四种元索的方法。方法 样品经微波消解后，以钇、铟、铋作为内标物质，补偿基体效应，直接用ICP—MS同时测定上述四种元素。结果 Pb、As、Cd、Hg四种元素的检出限分别在l0-55ng/L之间；线性良好，线性相关系数均r≥0．999；精密度良好RSD＜4．6％，回收率在97％-l17％之间；对标准物质GBW07605、GBW08508测定，结果满意。去斑类化妆品样品中汞含量严重超标。结论 ICP—MS法测定化妆品中的Pb、As、Cd、Hg含量，分析速度快，线性范围宽，各项分析性能指标均达到要求。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定婴幼儿米粉中5种痕量元素

目的 利用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法建立同时测定婴幼儿米粉中Pb、Cd、Hg、As和Cr 5种痕量元素含量的方法。方法 样品经微波消解后,采用标准模式(STD)和碰撞池动能甄别模式(KED)相结合的方法同时测定婴幼儿米粉中5种痕量元素的含量。结果 采用6 ml HNO3直接消解样品,5种痕量元素的回收率为97%～101%,线性相关系数(r)均为0. 999 9,相对标准偏差为1. 6%～8. 4%; Pb、Cd、Hg、As和Cr的方法检出限分别为0. 003 mg/kg、0. 001 mg/kg、0. 000 3 mg/kg、0. 001 mg/kg和0. 000 5 mg/kg;利用建立的方法对标准样品进行检测,结果均在标准值范围内。结论 该方法检出限低,准确度好,精密度高,适用于婴幼儿米粉中Pb、Cd、Hg、As和Cr 5种痕量元素的同时测定。     

ICP-MS测定食品中多种金属元素

目的：建立ICP－MS同时测定食品中多种金属元素的方法。方法：用ICP－MS对食品中Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Se、Ni、Mn、Fe等10种金属元素同时测定。结果：各元素在0．5ng/L-1.0mg/L范围内呈良好线性关系，检出限位（0．01μg/L-0.39μg/L），相对标准差为0．23％－4．59％，准确度高。结论：该方法准确、快速、灵敏，适用于食品中多种微量元素的测定。     

上海市6区食用菌中铅、镉、总汞、总砷污染状况调查与评估

目的了解上海市食用菌中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、总汞(Hg)、总砷(As)等有害元素污染状况。方法在浦东、青浦、闵行、虹口、徐汇、崇明6个区采集食用菌及其制品共952件,按照《2015年国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》测定Pb、Cd、Hg、As的含量,并根据《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2017)以及单因子污染指数法和综合因子污染指数法进行评价。结果 952件食用菌样本中Pb、Cd、Hg、As的平均含量分别为0.120 8 mg/kg、0.065 8 mg/kg、0.023 8 mg/kg、0.067 6 mg/kg。超标率从高到低依次为HgCdAsPb。其中干制食用菌超标率最高,分别为Cd 10.5%、Hg 6.6%、As 6.6%、Pb 1.7%。结论食用菌中4种有害元素含量总体处于安全水平,但干制食用菌的内梅罗污染指数相对较高,而且部分干制食用菌存在有害元素超标的情况,需要引起相关部门和消费者的注意。     

卫生检验标准方法中原子荧光光谱分析现状

自1983年世界第1台商用原子荧光光度计在北京地质仪器厂（海光公司）诞生以来，经历了几代技术革新，原子荧光分析技术目前已经相当成熟，灵敏度高、干扰少，已经成为医药、卫生、环保、地质、冶金等领域As、Sb、Bi、Hg、Sn、Se、Te、Cd、Ge、Pb、Zn等11种元素方便、行之有效的检测手段。这些元素大多是卫生检验中常规测定项目，目前As、Sb、Hg、Sn、Se、Ge、Pb、Cd、Te等元素的原子荧光光谱分析都纳入国家卫生检验标准中，本文就卫生检验中原子荧光光谱分析标准方法和现状作一综述。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.