Influence of Sc on high temperature strengthening behavior of Ti-6A1-4V alloy

Vacuum arc melting technique was used to prepare Ti-6A14V alloy containing Sc （0.3% and 0.5%, mass fraction）. The ingots were melted twice by vacuum self-consumable electrode arc furnace. Forging of ingots was started in β-phase region and finished in high （a＋β-phase region. Annealing after forging was performed in low （a＋β）-phase region for 30 min. Isothermal high temperature compression tests were conducted using thermal simulation machine under Ar atmosphere at 850℃ and 1 000 ℃, and the strain rate were 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 s^-1. Optical microscope（OM）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, energy dispersive spectrum（EDS） and transmission electron microscope（TEM） were used to study the microstructure evolution during high temperature deformation. The results show that, the peak stress value of alloys increases with increasing Sc content after deformation at 850℃, however, there is no obvious strengthening of Sc when the alloys are deformed at 1 000 ~C. Sc exists as Sc203 forms by internal oxidation during forging procedure, only minor Sc solutes in matrix. At 850 ~C, the interaction between dislocation and participated particles and twinning mechanism controls the deformation procedure accompanied recrystallization. At 1 000 ℃, the deformation of alloys containing Sc is mainly controlled by twinning, while the deformation of alloy without Sc is not only controlled by twinning, but also the interaction between dislocation and precipitated particles inside the twinning lamellar.     

Hot Deformation Behavior of ATI 718Plus Alloy with Different Microstructures

In this work, the effect of microstructure on hot deformation behavior of ATI 718Plus (hereinafter refers to 718Plus) alloy was studied by isothermal compression test. The results showed that when the strain rate was 0.01-0.1 s^-1 with deformation temperature of 980 and 1030 °C, hot deformation behavior was mainly affected by dislocation density. Dislocation density of the air-cooling alloy was larger than that of the furnace-cooling alloy, which makes its critical strain smaller and peak stress higher than that of the furnace-cooling alloy. When the strain rate was 1 s^-1, hot deformation behavior of the alloy was mainly affected by twins and γ′ phase, and high-density deformation twins in air-cooling alloys resulted in higher critical strain. γ′ phase exists in furnace-cooling alloy, which makes its peak stress higher than that of air-cooling alloy. 718Plus alloy is sensitive to cooling rate; dislocation and γ′ phase have obvious effects on its hot deformation behavior.     

2195铝锂合金的热变形行为

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上实施热压缩试验,研究2195铝锂合金在变形温度360~500 ℃,应变速率0.1~10 s^-1时的热变形行为,并通过OM和EBSD研究了热变形中微观组织的演变。基于动态材料模型理论及Zener-Holloman参数,构建了2195铝锂合金的应变量为50%时的加工图及本构方程。结果表明,流变应力随变形温度降低或者应变速率的增加而提高,高温软化机制包括动态回复与动态再结晶。利用加工图及显微组织分析确定了试验参数范围内热变形过程的最佳工艺参数为480 ℃/10 s^-1;发现失稳区形变组织和再结晶组织呈层状交替分布,且随着变形温度降低,形变组织层厚度增加;稳定区的微观组织具有明显的动态再结晶特征,形变组织基本消失。     

Optimisation of cold and warm workability of commercially pure titanium using dynamic materials model (DMM) instability maps

The deformation characteristics of commercially pure titanium under compression in the temperature range from 303 K to 573 K (30–300 °C) and at strain rates 0.07 s⁻¹, 0.11 s⁻¹, 8.5 s⁻¹ and 32 s⁻¹ have been studied with the view to characterising the flow instabilities occurring in the microstructure and to optimising the cold and warm workability using dynamic material model (DMM) instability maps. Conventional industrial machines such as hydraulic press, friction screw press and eccentric press are used to achieve the above strain rates. In the regime of investigated temperature and strain rate this material exhibits adiabatic shear deformation, dynamic strain ageing and flow localisation. The DMM stability criteria are used to identify the stable regime for ‘safe’ processing of the materials. DMM stability criteria predict a narrow triangular region in the temperature range from 548 K to 573 K (275–300 °C) and strain rate range from 10⁻² s⁻¹ to 10⁻¹ s⁻¹ as a stable region for deformation, which is the “optimal” domain for mechanical working of commercially pure titanium. Further, the DMM stability parameters obtained using the data generated from the tests conducted in constant true strain rate machine are also used to optimise the optimal domain to study the influence of machines on arriving at optimal domains using DMM methodology. It has been observed that the predictions of the DMM instability maps generated using the data obtained from conventional machines and constant strain rate servo-hydraulic machine are identical. The validity of this approach has also been demonstrated with forging and rolling trials at industrial scale.     

Characterization of the Hot Deformation Behavior of Cu–Cr–Zr Alloy by Processing Maps

Hot deformation behavior of the Cu–Cr–Zr alloy was investigated using hot compressive tests in the temperature range of 650–850 °C and strain rate range of 0.001–10 s-1. The constitutive equation of the alloy based on the hyperbolic-sine equation was established to characterize the flow stress as a function of strain rate and deformation temperature. The critical conditions for the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization were determined based on the alloy strain hardening rate curves. Based on the dynamic material model, the processing maps at the strains of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5were obtained. When the true strain was 0.5, greater power dissipation efficiency was observed at 800–850 °C and under0.001–0.1 s-1, with the peak efficiency of 47%. The evolution of DRX microstructure strongly depends on the deformation temperature and the strain rate. Based on the processing maps and microstructure evolution, the optimal hot working conditions for the Cu–Cr–Zr alloy are in the temperature range of 800–850 °C and the strain rate range of 0.001–0.1 s-1.     

Effect of hot plastic deformation on microstructure and mechanical property of Mg-Mn-Ce magnesium alloy

Hot plastic deformation was conducted using a new solid die on a Mg-Mn-Ce magnesium alloy. The results of microstructural examination through OM and TEM show that the grain size is greatly refined from 45 μ to 1.1 μm with uniform distribution due to the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization. The grain refinement and high angle grain boundary formation improve the mechanical properties through tensile testing with the strain rate of 1.0× 10^-4 S^-1 at room temperature and Vickers microhardness testing. The maximum values of tensile strength, elongation and Vickers microhardness are increased to 256.37 MPa, 17.69% and HV57.60, which are 21.36%, 133.80% and 20.50% more than those of the as-received Mg-Mn-Ce magnesium alloy, respectively. The SEM morphologies of tensile fractured surface indicate that the density and size of ductile dimples rise with accumulative strain increasing. The mechanism of microstructural evolution and the relationship between microstructure and mechanical property of Mg-Mn-Ce magnesium alloy processed by this solid die were also analyzed.     

Mechanisms for grain size hardening and softening in Zn

An analysis of the rate-controlling mechanisms corresponding to effect of grain size d=10⁻⁹ to 10⁻³ m on the flow stress of Zn at 300K and s⁻¹ was performed. Three grain size regimes were indicated: Regime I, d≈10⁻⁶–10⁻³ m, Regime II, d≈10⁻⁶–10⁻⁸ m and Regime III, d<10⁻⁸ m. Grain size hardening occurred in Regimes I and II and grain size softening in Regime III. The intersection of pyramidal forest dislocations by basal dislocations was concluded to be the rate-controlling mechanism in both Regimes I and II, the major effect of the grain size being on the forest and gliding dislocation densities. The absence of twinning and a dislocation cell structure distinguished Regime II from I. The grain size softening observed in Regime III is in better accord with grain boundary shear than with grain boundary diffusion creep.     

锻态TB6钛合金热变形行为及组织演变

在THERMECMASTER-Z型热模拟试验机上,对锻态TB6钛合金在真应变为0.92、变形温度为800℃～1150℃、应变速率为0.001s-1～1s-1的条件下进行等温恒应变速率压缩试验,分析合金在β单相区条件下的热变形特点,并观察金相组织。结果表明,应变速率对合金流动应力的影响较显著;而变形温度对合金流动应力的影响在较高应变速率时较大,在较低应变速率时较小。动态再结晶晶粒尺寸和动态再结晶体积分数,随温度的升高而增大,随应变速率的增大而减小。从晶粒细化和动态再结晶组织均匀性考虑,当真应变为0.92时,变形温度选择在950℃～1050℃之间,应变速率选择在0.01s-1为宜。     

6016铝合金热变形实验模拟热轧显微组织演变(英文)

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机研究6016铝合金单道次高温压缩变形时的显微组织演变。采用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜分析合金在不同变形条件下的组织形貌特征。结果表明:在高温压缩变形时,该合金的变形激活能为270.257kJ/mol,硬化指数为8.5254;流变应力双曲正弦的自然对数值与温度补偿Zener-Hollomon参数自然对数值成线性关系;合金低温、低应变速率时的主要变形组织为动态回复组织,而高温变形时产生局部动态再结晶组织;该铝合金高温变形时的主要软化机制为动态回复,只有在高温、高应变速率下发生部分的动态再结晶;合金平均亚晶粒尺寸随温度补偿应变速率Zener-Hollomon参数的升高而减小。     

高强合金钢50SiMnVB动态再结晶模型研究

通过热模拟压缩试验研究了50SiMnVB合金钢在应变速率为0.01~10 s^-1、温度为800~1000℃条件下的高温热变形行为。利用金相显微镜观察了合金压缩变形后的显微组织,结果表明:50SiMnVB合金钢在高温热变形过程中发生了典型的动态回复和动态再结晶行为,其中,动态再结晶以连续再结晶的形式进行,且应变速率越小、温度越高,越容易发生动态再结晶。根据试验结果,基于应变硬化率θ与流动应力σ之间的关系,确定了50SiMnVB合金钢高温热变形动态再结晶的临界应变;采用线性回归拟合建立了包括临界应变方程、峰值应变方程以及体积分数方程的50SiMnVB合金钢的高温变形动态再结晶模型,经对比分析发现,该模型能较好地预测合金钢高温热变形动态再结晶的体积分数;建立了50SiMnVB合金钢高温热变形动态再结晶晶粒尺寸模型。     

Effect of yttria concentration on low strain rate flow stress of cubic zirconia single crystals

The effects of Y₂O₃ solute concentration, strain rate, and temperature on solid-solution strengthening in single crystal yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia was investigated. Previous work was extended by studying the flow behaviour at strain rates from 1.5 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ to 8 × 10⁻⁸ s⁻¹ at 1200, 1300 and 1400°C in the harder 001 orientation. Solute hardening in this system is sensitive to strain rate down to 8 × 10⁻⁸ s⁻¹, but at 1400°C there was no difference in flow stress between a 9.4 mol% alloy and 21 mol% alloy at a strain rate of 8 × 10⁻⁸ s⁻¹. The results were explained by the solute drag model.     

镍基耐蚀合金G3后动态再结晶行为研究

为了研究镍基耐蚀合金G3的后动态再结晶软化行为,在1100～1200℃,0.1～10s-1的变形条件范围内,进行了3种方式的热压缩:变形量为15%和60%单道次热压缩,15%+15%的双道次热压缩和15%热压缩并保温。得出以下结论:在变形温度范围内,15%变形量的第1道次压缩使G3合金发生动态再结晶,使其在后续保温过程中发生由亚动态和静态再结晶共同控制的后动态再结晶软化行为;并进一步得出G3合金的后动态再结晶动力学受应变速率影响,但最终的软化率只随温度而改变;通过15%压缩和保温获得的后动态再结晶组织均匀性低于压缩60%的动态再结晶组织。     

Research on the Hot Deformation Behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy During Compression at Elevated Temperature

The flow behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy during hot compression deformation was studied by isothermal compression test using Gleeble-1500 thermo-mechanical equipment. Compression tests were performed in the temperature range of 340-500 °C and in the strain rate range of 0.001-10 s^?1.The results indicate that the flow stress of the alloy increases with increasing strain rate at a given temperature, and decreases with increasing temperature at a given imposed strain rate. The relationship between flow stress and strain rate and temperature was derived by analyzing the experimental data. The constitutive equation of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy during hot compression deformation can be described by the Arrhenius relationship of the hyperbolic sine form. The values of A, n, and α in the analytical expression of strain rate are fitted to be 1.49 × 10¹⁰ s^?1, 7.504, and 0.0114 MPa^?1, respectively. The hot deformation activation energy of the alloy during compression is 150.25 kJ/mol. The temperature and strain rate have great influences on microstructure evolution of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy during hot compression deformation. According to microstructure evolution, the dynamic flow softening is mainly caused by dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization in this present experiment.     

Al-Mg-Si 合金的高温流变过程动态再结晶研究

采用热力模拟试验机对Al-0.83Mg-0.59Si铝合金进行热压缩实验,研究了变形温度300～500 ℃、变形速率0.001～10 s-1下材料的动态再结晶行为。实验得到Al 0.83Mg 0.59Si合金在300～500 ℃变形时,软化机制以动态再结晶为主;流变应力会随着变形温度的降低和变形速率的升高而升高,较低变形速率下,动态再结晶行为更充分,应力软化现象更明显。统计实验所得流变应力曲线数据,建立了热变形本构方程,确定了合金热变形激活能Q为480.243 kJ/mol 。基于加工硬化率曲线,建立了其动态再结晶临界应变模型。结果表明,Al-0.83Mg-0.59Si铝合金的流变应力随温度的升高和变形速率的降低而降低,动态再结晶是其主要的软化机制。临界应力与峰值应力存在线性关系：σc=0.85σp-5.061 58。引入Zener Hollomon参数来描述变形条件对临界条件的影响,得到临界应变与Z参数的关系为：εc=0.000 134Z0.051 64。     

Cu-0.5Cr-0.1Zr合金的热压缩变形行为

通过热压缩试验研究了Cu-0.5Cr-0.1Zr合金在600~750 ℃/0.001~1.0 s^-1时的热变形行为。结果表明,Cu-0.5Cr-0.1Zr合金的高温流变应力,动态再结晶临界值和动态再结晶软化效应与变形温度和应变速率密切相关。利用Arrhenius方程计算了Cu-0.5Cr-0.1Zr合金的热激活能Q和Z参数,分别为244.94 kJ/mol、Z=ε·exp(244.94×10³/RT)。采用3种方法进行了动态再结晶临界值的计算,结果证明Poliak-Jonas准则具有最高的精度,并建立了动态再结晶临界值的本构方程。利用动态再结晶的净软化效应η值,讨论了热变形过程中动态再结晶的软化行为。最后,建立了Cu-0.5Cr-0.1Zr合金的热加工图,确定最佳的热加工参数为680~750 ℃,0.001~0.03 s^-1,并详细介绍了功率耗散系数与动态再结晶晶粒尺寸之间的关系。     

Ti8LC合金热变形及其微观组织

采用GLEEBLE-1500热模拟机对Ti8LC合金在温度为850～1000 ℃、变形速率为0.001～0.1 s-1、最大变形程度为60%的条件下,进行恒应变速率高温压缩模拟试验研究,分析合金高温变形时流变应力与应变速率及变形温度之间的关系以及组织变化.结果表明:Ti8LC合金流变应力随应变速率的增大而增大,在恒应变速率条件下,真应力水平随温度的升高而降低;在给定的变形条件下,通过回归计算,建立了一种Ti8LC合金的本构方程;根据试验分析,在850～950 ℃温度时变形,主要发生动态再结晶,随着温度的升高,软化机制主要是动态回复.     

Characterization of Hot Deformation Behavior of a Novel Al–Cu–Li Alloy Using Processing Maps

The isothermally compression deformation behavior of an elevated Cu/Li weight ratio Al–Cu–Li alloy was investigated under various deformation conditions.The isothermal compression tests were carried out in a temperature range from 300 to 500 °C and at a strain rate range from 0.001 to 10 s-1.The results show that the peak stress level decreases with temperature increasing and strain rate decreasing,which is represented by the Zener–Hollomon parameter Z in the hyperbolic sine equation with the hot deformation activation energy of 218.5 k J/mol.At low Z value,the dynamic recrystallized grain is well formed with clean high-angle boundaries.At high Z value,a high dislocation density with poorly developed cellularity and considerable fine dynamic precipitates are observed.Based on the experimental data and dynamic material model,the processing maps at strain of 0.3,0.5 and 0.7 were developed to demonstrate the hot workability of the alloy.The results show that the main softening mechanism at high Z value is precipitate coarsening and dynamic recovery;the dynamic recrystallization of the alloy can be easily observed as ln Z B 29.44,with peak efficiency of power dissipation of around 70%.At strains of 0.3,0.5 and 0.7,the flow instability domains are found at higher strain rates,which mainly locate at the upper part of processing maps.In addition,when the strain rate is 0.001 or 0.02 s-1,there is a particular instability domain at 300–350 °C.     

AZ31镁合金热变形流动应力预测模型

采用近等温单轴压缩实验获得了AZ3l镁合金变形温度为523 723 K,应变速率为0.01—10 s^-1条件下的流动应力,分析了变形温度和应变速率对流动应力的影响规律.结果表明,AZ31镁合金变形过程中发生了动态再结晶,523 K时形成细小组织;而723 K时动态再结晶和长大的晶粒沿径向拉长.考虑实验过程塑性变形功和摩擦功引起的温度升高,在高应变速率条件下采用温度补偿修正了流动应力.在此基础上,建立了基于双曲正弦模型的峰值流动应力和统一本构关系,该模型利用材料参数耦合应变来描述流动应力的应变敏感性,进一步获得了合金热变形过程中流动应力与变形温度、应变速率和应变的定量关系.采用该本构关系模型预测流动应力具有较高的精度,预测值与实测值相关系数为0.976,平均相对误差为5.07%,实验条件范围内预测的流动应力与实验值几乎能保持一致.     

Flow stress and softening behavior of wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B at elevated temperature

1　INTRODUCTIONThewroughtmagnesiumalloyshaveexcellentspecificstrengthandstiffness ,machinability ,dampcapacity ,dimensionalstability ,lowmeltingcostsandare ,hence ,veryattractiveinsuchapplicationsasau tomobile ,aviation ,electronicandcommunicationin dustry[16 ] .Investigationsontheflowstressandsofteningbehaviorofmagnesiumalloysathigherformingtem peratureandstrainratehavebeenanimportantsub jectinwroughtmagnesiumalloysforming[710 ] .InthispapertheflowstressandsofteningbehaviorofAZ31Bdeform…     

热变形条件对P92钢动态再结晶组织及机制的影响

采用Gleeble-1500D热力模拟压缩试验机,研究P92锻态料在温度900℃～1300℃、应变速率0.5s-1～25s-1、变形程度50%条件下的热变形行为,分析热变形参数对应力-应变曲线、动态再结晶组织演变规律和机制的影响,获得了动态再结晶分数和动态再结晶晶粒尺寸。结果表明,P92钢动态软化机制有动态回复、不连续动态再结晶和几何动态再结晶3种方式。动态再结晶分数随温度的升高而增大,且随着应变速率的增大,发生不连续动态再结晶的温度范围扩大。采用提高热变形温度和高应变速率的改进工艺,可获得P92钢优良的组织和性能。