高强钢板在汽车上的应用及冲压成形性能研究现状

随着强度的提高,高强度钢板塑性变差、成形难度增加。对典型高强度钢板,如DP钢、TRIP钢和BH钢等在汽车上的应用情况进行介绍,并对高强度钢板冲压生产时成形性差、回弹严重,以及冲模受力恶劣等常见问题进行了分析,最后对高强度钢板冲压成形性能研究现状和回弹影响因素进行了总结。结果表明,高强度钢板成形性随材料、模具和工艺参数变化而波动,所以须综合研究三者的影响规律,从而提高高强度钢板的成形性能。     

DP600高强钢板冲压成形性能数字图像相关实验研究

联合数字图像相关方法和不同宽度试样的杯突实验研究了DP600高强度钢的成形性能。基于试样冲压成形过程中的全场应变分布、冲压至破裂所用时间和极限应变随试样宽度的变化、经过和远离裂纹的截线长度变化等数据结果,分析了DP600钢冲压变形过程中的应变分布、演化规律,及其与试样缩颈和破裂之间的关联。结果表明:加载应变路径影响DP600钢的成形性能;DP600钢在冲压至破坏过程中先后经历了均匀变形、分散性失稳和集中性失稳过程。本研究为DP600高强度钢的冲压加工设计和应用提供了理论依据。     

组织特征对980MPa级先进超高强钢成形性能和拉伸行为的影响

以CP980钢、DP980钢、QP980钢为研究对象，采用单轴拉伸试验并结合数字图像相关技术，研究了组织特征对980 MPa级先进超高强钢单轴拉伸行为以及全局、局部成形性的影响。结果表明：QP980钢由马氏体、铁素体、残余奥氏体组织组成，在均匀变形阶段奥氏体相变产生的相变诱导塑性效应使该钢具有最优的全局成形性，但是新生马氏体相与其他相的硬度差较大，导致其局部成形性最差并形成准解理断裂；DP980钢由铁素体和马氏体组织组成，其强化机制以马氏体硬相强化和铁素体位错强化为主，全局成形性居中，同时因铁素体和马氏体之间具有一定的协调变形能力，其局部成形性较好，断裂形式主要为韧性断裂；CP980钢为铁素体、贝氏体、马氏体的多相组织，各相硬度差小，协调变形能力较强，局部成形性最好，断裂形式为韧性断裂。     

QP980钢在车身轻量化开发中的应用

QP钢作为一种第三代先进高强钢种,具有高强度、高塑性的特点,在车身轻量化方面有着广泛的应用前景。通过单拉试验及光学显微镜观察,获取QP980钢的基本力学性能及金相组织结构,发现其在基本力学性能方面优于现有的高强钢。在某车型车身开发过程中,通过对载荷传递路径的分析,选取使用QP980材料的零件,通过零件的优化设计达到车身轻量化的目的。通过有限元分析获取QP980钢使用前后整车100%正面碰撞性能,在性能不下降的情况下验证了QP980材料的零件在车身上使用的可行性,并通过实车碰撞试验做了进一步的验证。     

热冲压成形钢的研究进展

对普通热冲压成形钢,高淬透性、高抗氧化性热冲压成形钢,高强韧性热冲压成形钢,超高强度热冲压成形钢,高抗氢脆敏感性热冲压成形钢,纳米粒子强化超高强度热冲压成形钢等热冲压成形钢近年来的发展概况进行了综述,分析了热冲压成形钢零件轻量化与功能性的关系,强度与氢脆之间的关系,以及组织细化对其强韧性的影响机理,并对热冲压成形钢今后的发展方向提出了建议。     

TRIP600钢板成形汽车前纵梁冲压工艺研究

TRIP高强度钢板具有高强度、高应变率变形时的高动态吸能特性,符合现代汽车用钢材料的发展趋势。基于有限元法对TRIP600的汽车前纵梁冲压成形过程进行数值模拟,通过调整坯料外形,改善了成形质量;采用多元非线性回归模型分别拟合成形工艺参数(压边力、摩擦因数和拉深筋阻力)与破裂目标函数及回弹目标函数间的非线性关系,并基于NSGA-II多目标遗传算法,进行了成形工艺参数的优化,进一步提高了成形质量。     

塑性加工技术新进展

综述了塑性加工技术的当前进展。分别介绍了薄坯铸轧、高强度钢板冷冲压、镁合金板材热态成形、内高压成形、单点数控增量成形、薄板热冲压-淬火、多点三明治成形及多尺度数值模拟等塑性加工新技术的特点及应用情况,如通过边凝固边轧制目前可得到约1~3mm厚的铸轧坯,可大幅度降低后续轧板的变形量与能耗,新研发的强度超过1000MPa的高强度钢的延伸率已可达60%。指出了塑性加工领域未来的发展趋势。     

TRIP高强度钢板成形极限的实验研究

简要回顾了相变诱发塑性(TRIP)高强度钢板的最新研究进展，总结了预测成形极限的三种模型，对TRIP钢的成形极限进行了预测和实验研究。预测结果与实验结果的比较表明，这三种模型都没有准确地预测TRIP钢的成形极限，其中NADDRG模型预测结果与实验值最接近，Swift—Hill模型预测结果偏小，而修正的Swift—Hill模型预测结果偏大。对两种高强度钢DP和ZStE180的成形极限进行了比较分析。     

PHS3+ CN超高强度钢板热成型设备整体集成生产线的研发与应用

<正>超高强度钢板热成型设备是汽车结构件热冲压技术和装备生产线中的关键装备,是实现汽车轻量化的方式之一。PHS3+ CN超高强度钢板热成型设备整体集成生产线采用的是间接热成形工艺,整条生产线的开发,集成了液压机、工业炉、热处理、自动传送设备、冲压模具、汽车冲压工艺、系统自控等多领域的专业技术,采用现场总线工业网络控制技术联调各个关键设备,可按照生产节拍和工艺参数,实现稳定、可靠的间接热成形件批量生产。     

汽车行李箱内板拉深过程的数值模拟

行李箱内板是汽车覆盖件中的重要零件,生产中为了减轻汽车重量,可采用高强度钢板来成形。在板料成形基本理论的基础上,以高强度钢TRIP600为材料模型,采用有限元软件DYNAFORM对汽车行李箱内板拉深过程进行了模拟,获得了成形后的零件壁厚变薄率分布图、成形极限图和对称面的回弹值。结果表明,汽车行李箱内板在拉深过程中不易破裂,但容易出现起皱和回弹缺陷,形状冻结性差。该结果对提高汽车行李箱内板拉深件的成形质量具有重要的指导意义。     

HAZ Characterization and Mechanical Properties of QP980-DP980 Laser Welded Joints

The QP980-DP980 dissimilar steel joints were fabricated by fiber laser welding. The weld zone(WZ) was fully martensitic structure, and heat-affected zone(HAZ) contained newly-formed martensite and partially tempered martensite(TM) in both steels. The super-critical HAZ of the QP980 side had higher microhardness(～ 549.5 Hv) than that of the WZ due to the finer martensite. A softened zone was present in HAZ of QP980 and DP980, the dropped microhardness of softened zone of the QP980 and DP980 was Δ 21.8 Hv and Δ 40.9 Hv, respectively. Dislocation walls and slip bands were likely formed at the grain boundaries with the increase of strain, leading to the formation of low angle grain boundaries(LAGBs). Dislocation accumulation more easily occurred in the LAGBs than that of the HAGBs, which led to significant dislocation interaction and formation of cracks. The electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD) results showed the fraction of LAGBs in sub-critical HAZ of DP980 side was the highest under different deformation conditions during tensile testing, resulting in the failure of joints located at the sub-critical HAZ of DP980 side. The QP980-DP980 dissimilar steel joints presented higher elongation(～ 11.21%) and ultimate tensile strength(～ 1011.53 MPa) than that of DP980-DP980 similar steel joints, because during the tensile process of the QP980-DP980 dissimilar steel joint(～ 8.2% and 991.38 MPa), the strain concentration firstly occurred on the excellent QP980 BM. Moreover, Erichsen cupping tests showed that the dissimilar welded joints had the lowest Erichsen value(～ 5.92 mm) and the peak punch force(～ 28.4 k N) due to the presence of large amount of brittle martensite in WZ and inhomogeneous deformation.     

Necking of Q&P steel during uniaxial tensile test with the aid of DIC technique

A lot of research has been focused on the necking process during the plastic deformation of sheet metals, but the localized necking is rarely distinguished form diffused necking by experiments, due to the limit of measurement equipment and method. Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) steel is a 3rd generation advanced high strength steel (AHSS). Its good combination of high strength and ductility ensures potential application in automobile industry. Uniaxial tensile tests of QP980 steel sheet at five strain rates are performed to investigate the necking process and the effect of strain rate on necking behavior of Q&P steel. Digital image correlation (DIC) method is applied during tensile tests, and evolutions of major strain, minor strain and normal strain distributions along gauge section of the tensile specimens are obtained. The diffused and localized necking strains are determined according to SWIFT necking theory and HILL necking theory respectively. The test results indicate that with the increasing of strain rate in the investigated range, the diffused necking strain decreases from 0.152 to 0.120 and localized necking strain decreases from 0.245 to 0.137. Meanwhile, the difference of the two strains decreases form 0.096 to 0.017. Thus it can be concluded that strain rate has an influence on both necking strains during the deformation of QP980 steel sheet. Diffused and localized necking strains are determined by uniaxial tensile tests with the aid of DIC technique and the effect of strain rate on necking strains is evaluated.     

Numerical modeling and experimental study of thermally induced residual stress in the direct diode laser heat treatment of dual-phase 980 steel

The direct diode laser application has been found useful in the localized heat treatment of metal parts because of its wider beam and more uniform energy distribution with respect to other lasers with Gaussian-like energy distribution. In this study, an uncoupled thermomechanical finite element model is developed to study the temperature field and thermally induced stress evolution in high-strength dual phase (DP) 980 steel during its direct diode laser heat treatment. Thermal analysis results are experimentally validated through thermocouples and then input into a mechanical model as transient temperature loading in order to acquire the thermally induced stresses and strains. The effect of martensite phase transformation on residual stress distribution in heat-treated DP980 steel is considered. An X-ray diffraction technique is used to measure the residual stress distribution at the top surface of the heat-treated coupons of DP980 steel. The numerical results show that compressive stresses are located at the laser–material interaction zone. After heat treatment, tensile stresses are retained at the heat-treated DP980 steel coupons. There is qualitative agreement between the numerically predicted and experimentally measured residual stresses. The effect of the overlapping ratio on the residual stress and hardness of the heat-treated DP980 steel is also experimentally and numerically investigated.     

Dynamic tensile characteristics of TRIP-type and DP-type steel sheets for an auto-body

This paper is concerned with the dynamic tensile characteristics of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)-type and dual phase (DP)-type steel sheets at intermediate strain rates ranging from 0.003 to 200 s⁻¹. The dynamic responses of TRIP600, TRIP800, DP600 and DP800 steel sheets are investigated with the evaluation of stress–strain curves, the strain rate sensitivity, the fracture elongation and the effect of pre-strain. The dynamic responses were acquired from dynamic tensile tests at the intermediate strain rates with a high-speed material testing machine developed. Experiments were carried out with specimens whose dimensions were carefully determined by finite element analyses and experiments to induce uniform deformation in the gauge section at the intermediate strain rates. The tensile tests provide stress–strain curves and the strain rate sensitivity. Experimental results show two important aspects for TRIP-type and DP-type steel sheets quantitatively: The flow stress increases as the strain rate increases and the fracture elongation and the formability of TRIP-type sheets are better than those of DP-type sheets at the intermediate strain rates. The pre-strain effect was also investigated for two types of metals at the intermediate strain rates. TRIP600 and DP600 steel specimens pre-stained by 5% and 10% were elongated at the strain rate of 0.003 s⁻¹ for quasi-static loading, and then tested at strain rates of 0.003, 1, 10 and 100 s⁻¹. The results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of TRIP600 and DP600 steels are noticeably influenced by the pre-strain when the strain rate is over 1 s⁻¹. The ultimate tensile strength as well as the yield stress increases due to the pre-strain.     

铁素体晶粒尺寸对铁素体—马氏体双相钢DP980动态变形行为影响

为了研究铁素体晶粒尺寸对铁素体—马氏体冷轧双相钢DP980动态变形行为的影响,通过连续退火试验,得到两组马氏体体积分数相同、而铁素体晶粒尺寸不同的试样。选取应变速度为1×10-4s-1和1×10-2s-1进行准静态拉伸试验;选取应变速度为500 s-1、1 000 s-1和1 750 s-1在分离式霍普金森拉杆(Split Hopkinson tensile bar,SHTB)上进行动态拉伸试验。使用不考虑晶粒尺寸影响的Johnson-Cook(J-C)率相关模型和考虑晶粒尺寸影响的修正的Khan-Huang-Liang(KHL)率相关模型分析双相钢的动态变形行为,并引入可决系数R2来判定试验结果与模型的吻合关系。分析结果得出修正的KHL模型与试验结果吻合较好,其可决系数R2达到了0.998 7,表明修正的KHL模型可以很好地描述DP980材料在低应变速度和高应变速度下的变形行为,能够反映铁素体晶粒尺寸对DP980动态变形行为的影响。     

Study on design of progressive dies for manufacture of automobile structural member using DP980 advanced high strength steel

Advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) is widely used in automobile manufacturing to reduce the weight of vehicles, thereby improving fuel efficiency. However, the high yield and tensile strength of AHSS leads to a serious springback problem in the cold sheet metal forming process. This phenomenon has delayed the implementation of AHSS in vehicle parts due to the resulting negative impact on part accuracy. In this study, parameter optimization and multi-stage die compensation were conducted with Finite element (FE) analysis to develop a progressive forming process for automobile structural members using DP980. The FE simulation used the Yoshida-Uemori model to predict the springback phenomenon accurately. The key parameters that significantly influence the springback behavior were optimized using FE simulation and the Taguchi method. The simulation results were used to determine the die and mold compensation. After the parameter optimization and multi-stage die compensation, the final part was obtained with acceptable dimensional accuracy.

     

The effect of welding parameters on fracture toughness of resistance spot-welded galvanized DP600 automotive steel sheets

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture toughness of resistance spot welded (RSW) lap joints of galvanized DP600 steels. RSW lap joints galvanized DP600 steel sheets were performed on spot welded in a pneumatic, phase-shift-controlled, and 0–9?kA effective weld current capable AC spot welding machine. Defect-free RSW lap joints were produced on galvanized DP600 steel sheets. Fracture toughness of RSW lap joints were calculated from the results of shearing tensile tests: the dependence of fracture toughness to welding current, welding time, and hardness of welding zone for galvanized DP600 steel sheets. According to the experimental data, the fracture toughness increases as welding current and welding time increase up to a certain value, then the fracture toughness starts to decrease. Also, it was seen that the fracture toughness varies with the hardness of the welding zone. This variation is related to welding current.     

THE EFFECT OF DIAMOND PRESSING AND ROLLER BURNISHING OF UNHEAT TREATED CARBON STEEL SURFACES

Diamond pressing (DP) and roller burnishing (RB) processes are surface plastic deformation methods used to improve surface quality (microhardness and surface roughness). In the present work DP and RB tools with a special holder were used to study the effect of DP and RB on the surface texture of three different carbon steels (low, medium, and high) and to compare the both methods. The results show that the RB in the case of low carbon steel is better than the DP in terms of its effect on the microhardness and surface roughness, but in the case of the medium and high carbon steel the results depicts that the DP is better than RB in terms of its effect on the microhardness, but the RB is better than DP in terms of its effect on the surface roughness. As a result of this study it was found that DP and RB have a great effect on surface texture and RB was found to be better in surface roughness, but DP has better results in surface microhardness relative to ground surfaces. Also in this paper micrographs of the processed surfaces of low, medium and high carbon steel are given and it is shown that the depth of plastic deformed surfaces by diamond pressing was about (330, 345, 390) µm and by roller burnishing about (270, 245, 230) µm for the three steels, respectively.     

基于RBF-HDMR的高强钢材料参数反求

将RBF(radial  basis  function)-HDMR(high dimensional model representation)近似模型技术应用到高强钢DP600的Johnson-Cook(JC)模型参数反求中,在落锤试验测得位移-时间曲线的基础上,建立了以计算机仿真结果与试验数据之间的误差为目标输出,待求参数为设计变量的近似模型。结合遗传算法反求出DP600钢板的JC模型参数,将反求的参数输入模型,计算得到的仿真位移曲线与试验结果对比表明,该近似模型方法具有较高的精度。     

THE EFFECT OF DIAMOND PRESSING AND ROLLER BURNISHING OF UNHEAT TREATED CARBON STEEL SURFACES

Diamond pressing (DP) and roller burnishing (RB) processes are surface plastic deformation methods used to improve surface quality (microhardness and surface roughness). In the present work DP and RB tools with a special holder were used to study the effect of DP and RB on the surface texture of three different carbon steels (low, medium, and high) and to compare the both methods. The results show that the RB in the case of low carbon steel is better than the DP in terms of its effect on the microhardness and surface roughness, but in the case of the medium and high carbon steel the results depicts that the DP is better than RB in terms of its effect on the microhardness, but the RB is better than DP in terms of its effect on the surface roughness. As a result of this study it was found that DP and RB have a great effect on surface texture and RB was found to be better in surface roughness, but DP has better results in surface microhardness relative to ground surfaces. Also in this paper micrographs of the processed surfaces of low, medium and high carbon steel are given and it is shown that the depth of plastic deformed surfaces by diamond pressing was about (330, 345, 390) µm and by roller burnishing about (270, 245, 230) µm for the three steels, respectively.