中国煤炭清洁高效可持续开发利用战略研究

为全面提高煤炭可持续发展能力,实现煤炭开发利用与社会、经济、资源、环境协调发展,2011年中国工程院组织开展"中国煤炭清洁高效可持续开发利用战略研究"重大咨询项目,从煤炭资源、开采、提质、输运、燃烧、发电、多联产、转化、节能、减排的全产业链进行研究。研究论述了煤炭的战略地位与作用,总结分析了煤炭大规模开发利用带来的安全、生态、温室气体排放等一系列严峻问题,提出了我国煤炭清洁高效可持续开发利用战略的思路和目标。明确了我国煤炭"科学开发、全面提质、先进发电、转化升级、输配优化、节能减排、科技创新"的战略举措,为我国研究制订煤炭和能源相关规划和政策提供了科学支撑。     

中国煤炭清洁高效可持续开发利用的战略思考

为全面提高煤炭可持续发展能力,实现煤炭开发利用与社会、经济、资源、环境协调发展,2011年中国工程院组织开展“中国煤炭清洁高效可持续开发利用战略研究”重大咨询项目,从煤炭资源、开采、提质、输运、燃烧、发电、多联产、转化、节能、减排的全产业链进行研究。研究论述了煤炭的战略地位与作用,总结分析了煤炭大规模开发利用带来的安全、生态、温室气体排放等一系列严峻问题,提出了我国煤炭清洁高效可持续开发利用战略的思路和目标。明确了我国煤炭“科学开发、全面提质、先进发电、转化升级、输配优化、节能减排、科技创新”的战略举措,为我国研究制订煤炭和能源相关规划和政策提供了科学支撑。     

自动化技术在电厂节能减排中的应用与研究

我国发电厂主要以电力发电为主,会消耗很多煤炭能源,造成环境污染。因此,在电厂运行过程中要加强节能减排。主要对电厂节能减排中自动化技术进行了介绍,并详细分析了自动化技术在电厂节能减排中的实际应用,加强自动化技术对电厂的节能减排具有重要意义。     

热泵技术及其在火电厂节能中的应用

当前,我国经济的快速发展,离不开能源的大量消耗,这与日益枯竭能源资源和日趋严重的能源浪费不相适应。基于此,国家提出了节能减排方针政策,特别是在以煤炭消耗为主的火电厂运行。本文着重介绍了一种节能减排措施——在热泵技术的基础上,分析其在火电厂节能中的实践应用,并提出了热泵技术在火电厂节能中潜在应用建议。     

浅谈燃煤锅炉节能减排技术

我国现阶段燃煤锅炉对煤炭的粗放型利用造成资源能源的巨大浪费,本文对煤炭燃烧增效、富氧燃烧、布袋除尘三项节能减排技术的原理进行分析,使其得到广泛的应用,有效节约能源和减少排污。     

能源计量的现状分析与未来展望

煤炭、石油、天然气和电力等能源是支撑我国经济社会发展的主要动力。当前,我国能源发展面临着一系列的挑战,只有高度重视能源计量器具的使用,才能最优化地利用能源。从"十一五"战略开始,到现在的"十二五"发展阶段,国家投入了大量的资金应用于企业的节能减排。文章以笔者公司为例,论述了这二十多年来对气体、液体能源流量计量技术的研究开发和应用为我国能源计量带来了新的发展。     

三个统一促进能源计量中心持续发展

正"十二五"以来,节约能源、减少排放以期达到保护资源环境,形成可持续发展的模式成为国家的主导方针。特别是国务院于2012年印发的《节能减排"十二五"规划》,其中明确指出"开展重点用能单位能源消耗在线监测体系建设试点和城市能源计量示范建设",在实施过程中,要"突出抓好重点用能单位能源利用状况报告、能源计量管理、能源限额标准执行情况等监督检查"。城市能源计量中心的工作任务,就是要做到使节能减排工作的效果有数据可依,节能减排的过程可计量、可报告、可核查。     

“分布式能源”专栏征稿启事

分布式能源是指位于用户侧,就地生产、就地供应,发电装机规模较小,独立运行或与配电网连接,包含能量生产、储存和控制的能源综合利用系统,以热电联产、冷热电三联产和可再生能源发电利用技术为主要形式。为确保国家"十二五"节能减排战略目标,完善能源结构,提高能源综合利用效率,     

“分布式能源”专栏征稿启事

<正>分布式能源是指位于用户侧,就地生产、就地供应,发电装机规模较小,独立运行或与配电网连接,包含能量生产、储存和控制的能源综合利用系统,以热电联产、冷热电三联产和可再生能源发电利用技术为主要形式。为确保国家"十二五"节能减排战略目标,完善能源结构,提高能源综合利用效率,国家目前出台多项政策法规,以促进分布式能源在我国的大力推广。     

“分布式能源”专栏征稿启事

<正>分布式能源是指位于用户侧,就地生产、就地供应,发电装机规模较小,独立运行或与配电网连接,包含能量生产、储存和控制的能源综合利用系统,以热电联产、冷热电三联产和可再生能源发电利用技术为主要形式。为确保国家"十二五"节能减排战略目标,完善能源结构,提高能源综合利用效率,国家目前出台多项政策法规,以促进分布式能源在我国的大力推广。     

储液容器流固耦合动力响应分析计算

本文采用交替解法对地震条件下储液容器的动态响应问题进行了实例分析和计算。首先推导出流固耦合系统在地震条件下的有限元模型。然后,对在水平地震激励条件下的圆柱形储液容器,采用交替解法进行了计算,并将其与整体解法进行了比较。结果表明交替解法具有更好的计算效率。     

风险资本分阶段投资最优投资时机选择研究

分阶段投资是风险投资的基本运作方式.引入虚拟现金流变量,使风险投资前、中、后阶段的分析纳入一个统一的框架;结合有债权以及动态规划技术,建立分阶段投资时机选择的决策模型;最后利用工程数学软件Matlab6.5对已建立的决策模型进行数值模拟分析,得到了相关有益的研究结论.研究认为:①随着投资阶段的延伸,最优投资的临界状态值将越来越小;②随着风险投资家逐渐提高其短期投资回报的要求,投资临界值关于投资成本的变动会呈现先频繁后趋于平稳的过程.     

四川锦屏山电站施工辅助洞通风设计方案分析

四川锦屏山电站施工辅助隧道属特长隧道,本文根据其特殊性,重点比较了目前常用的几种隧道通风方式,最终选择一种较为合理的通风方案.     

超(超)临界锅炉用18-8系奥氏体不锈钢阶段式氧化动力学特征研究

本工作利用动态饱和蒸汽氧化实验平台,研究了两种典型组织特征的18-8奥氏体不锈钢在600 ℃饱和蒸汽环境中的氧化行为。结果表明:Super304H和TP347H合金的氧化动力学均遵循阶段式抛物线规律,且第二阶段的氧化速率均高于第一阶段,瘤状氧化物及内氧化是导致阶段式氧化动力学特征的主要原因。合金表面氧化膜呈两种典型特征:一种为疏松瘤状氧化物Fe₃O₄,与试样表面氧化膜下方内氧化物FeCr₂O₄呈双层结构,该结构特征减小了(Cr,Mn)₂O₃的比表面积,从而使氧化激活能降低、氧化速率增大;另一种为平整(Cr,Mn)₂O₃氧化膜。内氧化物沿晶界长大形成富Cr氧化物,厚度为1~2个晶粒大小,且按照晶粒取向生长。     

Probabilistic life analysis of vital components considering multistage degradation under variable working conditions

The lifespan of a mechanical product is related to its working conditions; the product's performance typically shows a multistage degradation pattern throughout its life profile. The performance degradation is generally researched under constant test conditions, while the effects of different working conditions on life are seldom considered. This paper proposes a staged recursive derivation method for the multistage degradation under variable working conditions. The proposed method works by merging measured degradation data with an empirical degradation model. The measured degradation data of a new prototype are utilized to update the staged degradation model based on a Bayesian posterior probability analysis. The staged degradation model is derived stage by stage, and then the probabilistic life of the new prototype is predicted. The degradation data of a machine‐gun barrel are used as a case study to demonstrate and validate the proposed method. The results show that the probabilistic life of the test prototype can be predicted effectively in the case of relatively little measured degradation data at the product development stage. Furthermore, the proposed method appears to be especially suited to mechanical components requiring short test periods or low test costs.     

锅炉炉膛热负荷分布拟合算法研究

锅炉炉膛辐射热负荷测量及分布规律的研究可为蒸发受热面及节流孔设计提供必需的数据。提出了炉 膛热负荷测量数据的处理方法,将测得的热负荷数据转换成相对于蒸发受热面平均热负荷的分配不均系数,该系数是炉膛相对高度的函数,它的多项式回归模型不仅要使误差平方和达到最小,而且根据平均热负荷的定义,多项 式系数还要满足给定的等式约束。对于采用普通燃烧技术和空气分级燃烧技术的两类燃煤锅炉,利用该回归模型拟合炉膛辐射热负荷数据,得到不同的分布规律,并与某300 MW锅炉炉膛热负荷测量数据进行了对比;这种以最 小二乘法为基础的改进回归模型既满足了回归变量的内在联系,又对测量数据进行了最佳逼近。     

A Review on Shale Gas Development in Fuling

The Fuling Marine Shale Deposit contains vast gas resources. Due to tectonic activities, complex surface and geological conditions, significant differences make it unlike that of North America. Thus, it is not suitable to completely copy the technology and the development model from North America. Therefore we need engineering technology and a business development model fit for Fuling Shale Gas Development (FSGD). Through difficulties and characteristics analysis of the shale gas development area, we determined geological engineering design methods and integrated workflow, established a series of the core technologies, including horizontal well drilling with long laterals, staged fracturing and completion technology, developed main fluids, tools and equipment, put forward “well factory” mode in mountain region and “full cycle learning and system optimization” management methods. Break through was made in China’s first large-scale shale gas fields commercial development. By the end of 2014, production capacity reached 25 × 10⁸ m³/a, and cumulative gas production reached 12.24 × 10⁸ m³, which made a solid foundation to build production capacity of 50 × 10⁸ m³/a in 2015 and 100 × 10⁸ m³/a in 2017. Not only has FSGD established a demonstration for the other shale gas fields’ development, but also will be taken as reference to other large and extra-large construction projects of the industry.     

The History and Aesthetics of the Classical Film Still

Dealing with the film still of classical Hollywood films, this article traces the historical development of this photographic genre through an investigation of statements made by ‘stillmen’ in trade journals such as International Photographer throughout the 1930s and 1940s. In addition, the article discusses the aesthetics of the film still, which implies a specific kind of dealing with light, focus, narrative, time, temporality and the instantaneous. Finally, it investigates how these elements were taken up by some prominent contemporary art photographers and video artists.     

‘The Diversity of Expression and the Wondrous Power of the Art of Photography’ in the Albums of Richard Cockle Lucas

From 1859 to 1878 the British sculptor Richard Cockle Lucas assembled at least sixteen albums containing photographs of himself in numerous guises, ranging from Shakespearean roles to embodiments of specific emotions. Lucas utilised the practice of dressing up in front of the camera in conjunction with the album format as an ongoing means of experimenting with photography’s capacity to convey human expression, and as an extension of his concerns as a sculptor. Lucas’s albums, which also include photographs of his work in sculpture, represent the first sustained pursuit of photographic self-depiction in such a wide range of roles. Read in conjunction with Lucas’s own writings on expression in photography and sculpture, the albums reveal how Lucas viewed photographic self-portraiture as a form of ‘living sculpture’ to be enacted before the camera.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.