微波烧结微波介质陶瓷的研究进展

随着通信行业的发展,尤其是5G商用时代的来临,微波介质陶瓷的开发与探索成了近年来的研究热点.目前通常采用常压固相烧结的方式来制备微波介质陶瓷,但烧结温度较高、加热速度慢,且烧结时间过长,不仅会导致资源的损耗,还可能导致晶粒的异常长大.为了降低陶瓷材料的烧结温度,通常会添加烧结助剂,如B2 O3、CuO等,但加入烧结助剂会引入第二相从而影响微波介电性能.作为一种高效的烧结方法,微波烧结技术是在烧结过程中通过微波与材料粒子的相互作用或微波与基本微观结构耦合产生的热量进行加热,不仅能降低烧结温度、缩短烧结时间,还能改善材料的显微组织,因此,近年来微波烧结成为研究者关注的焦点.采用微波烧结制备的微波介质陶瓷在各个领域中都有应用,如Mg2 TiO4陶瓷用于多层电容器和微波谐振器,BaTiO3陶瓷用于多层陶瓷电容器(MLCC)和随机存取存储器(RAM),MgTiO3陶瓷用于微波滤波器、通信天线和微波频率全球定位系统,TiO2陶瓷用于电容器和低温共烧陶瓷基板等.不仅如此,采用微波烧结制备的微波介质陶瓷还表现出优异的化学稳定性和力学性能,如LiAlSiO4基陶瓷、MgO-B2 O3-SiO2基陶瓷等在多层陶瓷基板与微波集成电路中都有广泛的应用.微波烧结技术为制备优异的材料提供了可能,还可用于在各种粉末的制备,实现性能的进一步提升.本文综述了微波烧结制备微波介质陶瓷的研究进展,总结了常规烧结和微波烧结对材料性能的影响,并指出采用微波烧结制备的微波介质陶瓷目前存在的问题与发展趋势.     

微波低温烧结制备氮化铝透明陶瓷

微波烧结(Microwave Sintering)是一种新型、高效的烧结技术, 具有传统烧结技术无可比拟的优越性. 本文在不添加任何烧结助剂的前提下, 采用高纯微米级氮化铝(AlN)粉, 在1700℃/2h的微波低温烧结工艺条件下制备出透明度较高的AlN透明陶瓷. 分析结果表明, 采用微波低温烧结工艺制备的AlN透明陶瓷晶粒尺寸细小(<10μm), 晶粒发育完善且分布均匀, 晶界平直光滑且无第二相分布, 从而证明用微波烧结可以实现AlN透明陶瓷的低温烧结.     

微波介质陶瓷的中低温烧结

综述了近年来微波介质陶瓷在低温烧结方面的研究进展.为降低微波介质陶瓷的烧结温度,传统的方法是添加氧化物或低熔点玻璃作为烧结助剂、采用化学合成方法和使用超细粉体作为起始原料.另外,发展具有低烧结温度的新的微波介质陶瓷材料体系也是一种有效的方法.     

先进陶瓷微波烧结技术的研究与产业化应用

微波烧结技术因其在陶瓷材料制备领域的突出优势,被誉为"21世纪新一代烧结技术"。本文介绍了微波烧结的原理与装置结构,列举了微波烧结与传统烧结工艺相比的特点以及影响微波烧结效果的因素,指出了微波烧结技术亟待解决的问题,综述了微波烧结工艺的应用及产业化现状。     

高频回旋管微波烧结纳米陶瓷研究

在高频回旋管微波烧结系统上进行纳米陶瓷烧结研究,制备出氧化锆单元及二元纳米陶瓷样品,对不同烧结工艺制备出的样品做了密度、硬度测试,利用XRD和扫描电镜分析陶瓷样品晶粒特性,以摸索适宜的烧结工艺.探讨了高频回旋管微波烧结纳米陶瓷的可行性.     

烧结方式对共沉淀法制备ZnNb_2O_6陶瓷介电性能的影响

采用化学共沉淀法制备Zn Nb2O6超细粉体,所得的粉体经煅烧压制后通过微波和常规烧结工艺制备Zn Nb2O6陶瓷,并研究两种烧结方法对Zn Nb2O6陶瓷相对密度、物相、表面形貌、介电性能等的影响。结果表明,共沉淀法制得的Zn Nb2O6粉体晶粒细小、均匀,近似棒形,尺寸约为150nm;与常规烧结工艺相比,采用微波烧结工艺可将Zn Nb2O6陶瓷烧结温度降低约150℃,烧结时间缩短1.5 h,进而有效抑制了烧结过程中锌元素的挥发;微波烧结后的Zn Nb2O6陶瓷晶粒粒径约为6μm,排列均匀,且气孔率低;微波烧结可有效改善Zn Nb2O6陶瓷的微波介电性能,与传统烧结方式对比,微波烧结可提高εr和Q×f为4.6%和15.6%左右,τf更趋于正值方向。同时对微波烧结陶瓷介电性能进行了较为系统的理论分析。     

微波加热制备特种陶瓷材料研究进展

特种陶瓷广泛应用于航天航空、电子信息、新能源、机械、化工等新兴工业领域, 其高温制备过程仍以传统燃气窑炉和电加热炉为主; 碳排放高、能耗大, 节能减排形势严峻。当前, 我国面临实现“双碳”目标的巨大压力, 研究推广清洁高效的加热技术迫在眉睫。微波加热是利用材料自身对微波进行吸收, 将电磁能转化为热能, 能量的转移发生在分子水平上, 通过这种方式, 加热在整个材料内外同时产生, 整个材料体系中的温度梯度非常低。除体积加热外, 选择性加热、功率再分配、热剧变以及微波等离子效应等也是微波烧结的显著特征。微波加热具有节能环保、改善制品性能、减少燃烧碳排放等优点, 国内外有许多关于微波合成各种氧化物、碳化物、氮化物陶瓷粉体和微波烧结陶瓷复合材料的报道。本文首先对微波和微波混合烧结的基本理论进行综述, 然后介绍了微波加热制备陶瓷粉体与微波烧结制备陶瓷材料的最新研究进展, 最后总结了微波加热在陶瓷工程制品烧结中的一些研究成果, 体现出微波烧结的优越性, 并提出了微波烧结制备特种陶瓷的关键问题和今后的发展方向。     

先驱体转化法制备多孔陶瓷的发展现状

多孔陶瓷材料因其优异的性能在各种领域的应用越来越广泛,其制备方法也不断的发展.先驱体转化法制备多孔陶瓷是20世纪末才出现的一种新型工艺,它具有烧结温度低、成型工艺简单、所得制品强度高等优点,引起了科学技术界的广泛兴趣.根据所得多孔陶瓷的形态,先驱体转化法制备多孔陶瓷大致可分为两类:制备本征结构的多孔陶瓷,制备泡沫陶瓷.本文介绍了先驱体转化制备这两类多孔陶瓷的工艺、结构和性能的研究现状,以及其存在的急需解决的问题.     

微波热效应陶瓷材料性能研究

采用常压烧结法合成了Fe2O3-莫来石微波热效应陶瓷材料,并对材料的抗弯强度、抗热震性能及介电性能进行了研究.结果表明,随烧结温度由1250℃升高至1350℃,烧结样品中残留的刚玉相减少,微波热效应陶瓷材料的体积密度、抗弯强度显著增大,相对介电常数随Fe2O3含量增加而增大,气孔率适中.在最佳烧结温度1350℃,氧化铁含量为30％,莫来石理论含量为70％条件下,制备的微波热效应陶瓷材料的体积密度为2.185g/cm3,抗压强度为77MPa,相对介电常数适中,满足微波热效应陶瓷性能要求.     

常规烧结和微波烧结的钛酸钡陶瓷介电和铁电性比较研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备钛酸钡粉体作为原料,分别采用常规马弗炉和家用微波炉烧结成陶瓷,研究其晶体结构,比较了两种烧结方式制备的钛酸钡陶瓷的介电和铁电性。结果表明:溶胶-凝胶法制备的钛酸钡粉体为单一赝立方相;采用家用微波炉可烧结得到致密的、单一四方相的钛酸钡陶瓷;微波烧结制备的钛酸钡陶瓷在居里点处的介电峰值远低于常规烧结的钛酸钡陶瓷;微波烧结工艺可使钛酸钡陶瓷在低频下(<800 Hz)的介质损耗有一定程度的降低;微波烧结的钛酸钡陶瓷的剩余极化强度和矫顽场强较常规烧结小。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。