油溶性清防蜡剂CL—92

针对胜利油田纯梁油区高含蜡（10％－25％）高凝点原油的特点,开发了由有机溶剂,表面活性剂,蜡晶改进剂,加重剂等组成的油溶性清防蜡剂,牌号为CL－92。室内性能测定结果如下：溶蜡速度6．48g/mL.min(50℃）,防蜡率68．9％和73．9％（加量0．1％,两口井原油样）;20－40降粘度＞90％－70％,CL－92可用于油井的清蜡,防蜡及原油集输管线的清防蜡,纯梁油田在含蜡15％以下的20口油井定期批量加药,在含蜡高于20％的5口油井连续加药,在梁北20号计量站集输管线连续加药进行清防蜡,均取得了良好的效果。讨论了清防蜡机理。     

油基清防蜡剂FLO的研究与应用

FLO油基清防蜡剂主要由1^#、2^#活性剂、降粘剂和有机溶剂组成。室内实验表明，溶蜡速率大于0．02g／min，静态防蜡率大于50％，降粘率大于30％，动态防蜡率大于60％。现场试验表明，采用定期加药方式，可减少洗井次数，提高油井产油量。     

水溶性防蜡剂FLW的合成与应用

FLW水基防蜡剂主要由1~#、2~#活性剂(用量分别为12.5％)、1％降粘剂和10％助溶剂组成。室内实验表明,防蜡剂加量为100×10~(-6)时,静态防蜡率大于60％,降粘率大于30％,动态防蜡率大于70％。现场试验表明,采用连续加药方式,可减少洗井次数,提高油井产油量。     

顺北原油防蜡剂的研制及防蜡机理*

为防止顺北原油管道集输中结蜡,根据顺北原油析出蜡的碳链分布设计合成了以甲基丙烯酸十八酯、醋酸乙烯酯、对苯二乙烯为单体的超支化聚合物防蜡剂,考察了合成条件对防蜡剂防蜡性能的影响,采用冷指法评价了该防蜡剂的防蜡效果并分析了该防蜡剂的防蜡机理。研究结果表明,顺北原油的含蜡量为6.57%,析蜡点为23℃,在环境温度下极易结蜡。优化得到防蜡剂最佳合成条件为:甲基丙烯酸十八酯和醋酸乙烯酯摩尔比为5∶1,对苯二乙烯加量为单体总质量的0.02%,引发剂加量为单体总量的0.7%,聚合温度70℃,聚合时间为6 h。当防蜡剂加量为500 mg/L时防蜡率达到70%以上,表现出良好的防蜡效果。当加入防蜡剂600 mg/L后,原油凝点降低8℃,析蜡点降低13.4℃,防蜡剂与石蜡形成了共晶,破坏了石蜡的晶体结构,抑制了石蜡的继续增长,从而达到防蜡的效果。图19表1参10。     

化学防蜡、降凝、降粘复合工艺在胜利高凝高粘油田的应用

胜利油田太平、英雄滩、邵家等油田原油属于高含蜡、高胶质、高沥青质原油,原油粘度大、凝点高。针对该油田原油特性研制了FJN-6防蜡降凝剂,优选了SJN-1降粘剂。介绍了FJN-6防蜡降凝剂及SJN-1降粘剂的配方设计、性能指标,简要分析了防蜡、降凝、降粘机理。经室内试验表明：FJN-6防蜡降凝剂可以降低原油凝点11℃,防蜡率达72.3%。SJN-1型降粘剂降粘率达98%以上。现场采用在井筒中实施防蜡、降凝工艺,在输油中实施化学降粘工艺的复合工艺,很好地解决了该油田原油开采及输送的难题。     

基于差示扫描量热法的防蜡剂筛选

为了快速筛选评价出适合于J油田井筒的防蜡剂配方,利用差示扫描量热法（DSC）测定原油析蜡过程具有油样少、测试快、精度高的特点,对J油田B26井油样加剂前后析蜡参数进行分析。规范SY/T 0545-2012中采用的5℃/min降温速率并不适合文中所研究的油样,通过对比不同降温速率下的析蜡量与由SY/T 7550-2012所获得的含蜡量得出该油样最适宜的降温速率为13℃/min,以优选出的降温速率对B26井油样分别加入三种防蜡剂前后进行DSC析蜡参数测试。结果表明:DSC法可做为一种防蜡剂的快速筛选评价方法,筛选出的防蜡剂OGD6002效果最好,防蜡率达到66.3%。     

长10原油析蜡特性分析及化学防蜡剂筛选

安塞油田高52井区开采长10层原油,井筒和集输系统易结蜡。实验原油含蜡13.184%,含胶质1.267%,含沥青质0.029%(丙酮/苯吸附法测定),凝点18℃。用DSC方法测定了原油样由～70℃降温至-20℃的比热曲线,求得该原油析蜡点为41℃,第一、第二析蜡峰温分别为34℃、18℃;取原油结晶热为230J/g,由比热曲线得到单位温降析蜡量曲线,求得41～-20℃区间的总析蜡量为14.26%,其中41～18℃析蜡量为3.62%,约占含蜡量的25%。认为只要有效控制41～21℃区间析蜡,该原油即可安全输送。用冷指法在油温差10℃条件下测定5种防蜡剂控制该原油结蜡的效果,加量为100mg/kg,其中EP-3/35(链节结构与石蜡分子相同的支链聚合物)和多效剂9M(含表面活性剂的复配防蜡剂)效果很好,防蜡率分别为60.0%和59.8%。图3表1参2     

输油管线用防蜡剂室内实验

大庆油田某联合站由于近年来原油产量递减,外输油量小于额定输油量,出现输送过程中原油温度降低幅度较大,输油压力上升等问题,最高输油压力达到4 MPa左右,初步判断是管线内壁结蜡导致的结果。防蜡剂有效投加量在750 mg/L以下时,防蜡和降黏效果随加药量的增加而提高;当加药量大于750 mg/L小于1500 mg/L时,防蜡和降黏效果基本维持不变。因此确定最佳的加药量为750 mg/L,此时的防蜡率为39％,降黏率为30％。     

固体防蜡剂SN-2的室内研究及应用

针对川中油田原油含蜡量高和部分井因严重结蜡而致使热洗频繁、油井原油产量低、检泵周期短等特点，根据川中油田机抽井的实际井温，对中温的固体防蜡剂SN-2进行了室内研究及现场应用。结果表明，固体防蜡剂SN-2在井下释放速度较慢，能满足长时间下井要求，最佳加量为单井出液量的0．015％-0．02％，同时对原油具有一定的降黏作用，在川中油田机抽井的应用取得了良好的效果。     

清防蜡剂对潍北高蜡高凝原油的降凝机理探讨

针对胜利油田潍北86-斜2区块原油含蜡量高,凝点高的特点,通过对用实验室合成的丙烯酸二十二酯/马兰酸酐/醋酸乙烯酯三元共聚物复配出效果较好的油基清防蜡剂配方,当药剂加量1 000 mg/L时,其防蜡率可达41.46%,溶蜡速率为0.082 9 g·min-1,48℃降粘率为71.80%,凝点降低幅度为7℃。并用该配方对处理前后的石蜡进行红外特征吸收峰、X射线衍射峰以及蜡晶微观形态变化的研究,结果表明,石蜡经药剂处理后红外吸收峰面积比值均增大,X射线衍射峰的强度减弱。在冷却过程中,通过偏光显微镜发现加剂后原油中的蜡晶由片状、针状等形状不规则的单体形成准球状的絮凝体。并且发现在高于析蜡温度时,降凝剂首先析出并起晶核作用使小蜡晶增多;在蜡晶增长阶段,吸附-共晶机理在起主要作用。     

保护层分析方法研究及其在风险分析中的应用

在结蜡油井中使用固体化学防蜡剂,可有效抑制油井管、杆、泵等处结蜡,延长有杆泵的检泵周期,降低抽油机能耗。用动态结蜡率测试仪及流变仪分别测试防蜡率及析蜡点的变化,评价防蜡剂在室内的应用效果。通过室内理论计算检泵周期、溶解速度、防蜡率之间的关系,预测了防蜡剂在井底的有效性。用抽油机系统效率测试仪,测试抽油机电机运行的电能参数及安装在抽油机悬绳器上的传感器的油井载荷,对比结蜡井措施前后的数据,评价防蜡效果。测试表明,结蜡井使用化学固体防蜡剂可使油井载负荷平均下降9.73kN,系统效率提高6.92%,综合节电率22.23%。     

Synthesis of new flow improvers from canola oil and application to waxy crude oil

Several techniques are employed to mitigate the problems associated with the crystallization of paraffin during the production and/or transportation of waxy crude oil. One of these techniques is the addition of chemicals that depress the pour point of the oil and inhibit the formation of paraffin crystals. In this work, the chemicals, polyamine amide (PAA), are prepared by aminolysis and polycondensation from canola oil and polyamine as substrates. Nitrogen atoms are fixed in the main chain of the polymers to modify the polarity. The effectiveness of the PAAs on four crude oil was tested as pour point depressants as well as paraffin inhibiters. The highest pour point reduction depression was achieved as 12.6°C. Differential scanning calorimetry and paraffin crystal morphology studies were conducted on simulated crude oil to elucidate the mechanism of pour point reduction.     

Experimental Investigations of the Mitigation of Paraffin Wax Deposition in Crude Oil Using Chemical Additives

Abstract

Wax deposition from crude oil is a very expensive problem for oil producers around the world. The objective of this study is to understand the characteristics of paraffin wax deposition and to test the effectiveness of solvents in the inhibition of the crystallization and subsequent precipitation of the paraffin wax and to test the most effective concentration of the solvent used. The oil used here is from the Dakota formation from the Fourteen Mile Field in the Big Horn Basin of Wyoming. Two paraffin inhibitors were tested for this crude oil on a horizontal flow system. The inhibitors are mixtures of solvents, pour point depressants, and wax crystal modifiers. These inhibitors were tested at different concentrations and temperatures and the deposition rates were obtained for each. One inhibitor especially designed for this crude oil was relatively successful, reducing the deposition by up to 59% depending on the temperature.     

田东原油生产润滑油及石蜡探讨

田东原油是属石蜡基原油，根据原油评价，简述了田东原油的特点及溶剂精制、酮苯脱蜡、白土补充精制的润滑油加工和石蜡发汗的工艺路线，并就生产过程出现的各种问题，如何提高产品档次做出探讨。工业生产结果表明：基础油产品质量各项指标能满足中粘度指数（MVI）润滑油；田东原油是一种蜡含量较高的优质石蜡基原油，经发汗后可生产优质的52^#-60^#的半精炼石蜡。     

原油降凝剂的研制与初步应用试验

合成了两个系列的原油降凝剂 ,一个是丙烯酸高碳醇酯和马来酸酐共聚 ,然后用高级脂肪胺胺解 ;另一个是 α 烯烃和马来酸酐共聚 ,然后用高级脂肪胺胺解。添加 1 0 0× 1 0 - 6的此类降凝剂于大庆原油中 ,结合热处理 ,可降低凝固点 1 9～ 2 2℃。讨论了原油的性质、降凝剂的结构及试验条件对降凝效果的影响。加入 1 0 0×1 0 - 6试样到辽河、任丘、新疆、和大庆原油中 ,也有较好的降凝作用 ,表明这些共聚物是适合于高蜡原油的降凝剂     

AD-4微生物防蜡剂培育与应用

介绍了微生物防蜡剂的培育、室内性能检测及现场防蜡试验过程。用现场油水样中菌种驯化的菌种和实验室菌种配伍、优化、筛选,培育成AD-4微生物防蜡剂。通过室内试验验证,AD-4微生物防蜡剂对现场蜡块的乳化降解作用使蜡块凝固点降低4~8.5℃,原油培养液表面张力降低率30.3%~49.3%,黏度降低35%~50%,原油流动性得到了很大的提高。经现场12口油井试验证明,应用AD-4微生物防蜡剂后,油井电流、负荷下降,示功图显示结蜡现象明显减轻,检泵周期延长,部分井检泵周期可延长到原来的2倍,投入产出比可达1:2.8。     

准噶尔盆地春光油田清防蜡剂试验研究

采用溶液法合成了苯乙烯-马来酸高碳醇酯-丙烯酰胺三元共聚物,通过评价清蜡、分散和防蜡性能筛选出表面活性剂AP-4、JFC和CDA,正交试验优选出了表面活性剂比例,在优选出的表面活性剂型清蜡分散体系中加入不同量的三元共聚物制备出了清防蜡剂CPB。结果表明,表面活性剂复配体系的清蜡率可以达到85%,防蜡率为25.38%;通过加入8%三元共聚物于活性剂混合体系后防蜡率大幅提高,复配试剂加量为0.8%时,原油凝固点降低7℃,防蜡率大于60%。     

PARAFFIN DEPOSITION IN OIL PRODUCTION. OIL COMPOSITION AND PARAFFIN INHIBITORS ACTIVITY

Several commercial paraffin inhibitors were evaluated with highly paraffinic crudes. Pour point depression was observed in some of the studied crudes in the presence of any product, while others showed insignificant changes in this parameter. Crudes characterization was achieved with physico-chemical analysis (pour point, cloud point and API gravity) and hydrocarbon analysis (thin layer chromatography with flame ionization detection, wax content, gel permeation chromatography and high temperature simulated distillation). A correlation between crude oil composition and paraffin inhibitors activity was found. The normal / cyclo+iso-paraffins ratio of the crudes that were not affected by the paraffin inhibitors was found higher compared to the others. The molecular weight distribution of the crudes which responded to modifiers, showed a bimodal character and a concentration of components with more than 24 carbon atoms lower than 39 % wt. On the other hand, the crudes insensitive to the action of the inhibitors displayed monomodal molecular weight distributions with larger contributions of heavy components (more than 52 % wt). Doping experiments supporting the former findings, permitted to asses the inefficiency of commercial paraffin inhibitors for crudes rich in C24+ alkanes.     

哈萨克斯坦PKKR原油特性及HS防蜡剂的研究

 采用气相色谱、核磁共振和DSC热分析等方法,分析了哈萨克斯坦PKKR原油的组成和结构。采用显微镜和接触角仪研究了HS防蜡剂对哈萨克斯坦PKKR原油的防蜡机理。结果表明,哈萨克斯坦PKKR油井结蜡严重的主要原因是原油中沥青质+胶质与蜡的质量比低、采出液含水量低、原油中溶解气量较多、原油含高碳蜡且蜡的支链度低和井口温度低于析蜡点。HS防蜡剂对PKKR原油的防蜡率大于60%（部分油井防蜡率大于90%）。HS防蜡剂通过改变原油中蜡晶的结构,抑制其形成三维网状结构;改变蜡沉积表面的水润湿性能,形成不利于蜡沉积的表面,从而达到降低结蜡的目的。     

An Evaluation of the Performance of Selected Wax Inhibitors on Paraffin Deposition of Nigerian Crude Oils

Paraffin deposition in oil production constitutes a critical and difficult to control problem, in terms of productivity and production operation costs, going from the reservoir to surface facilities. In Nigeria, operators spend millions of dollars each year to control the deposition of paraffin and to deal with other paraffin deposition related problems. Expenditures of this magnitude obviously have a significant impact on profits. The main purpose of this work is to assess the net effect of many commercial wax inhibitors on paraffin deposition from a wide range of waxy crude oil systems in Nigeria for the selection of an efficient additive. Deposition from a wide range of waxy crude oil systems from Nigerian oilfields were examined with and without chemical wax deposition inhibitors. The devices used to produce the deposits investigated were cold spot and dynamic flow wax deposition apparatus capable of producing field-like deposits with relatively small volumes of oil in minutes. Results show that most of the commercial wax inhibitors tested could decrease the deposition of wax, but none has the economical capability to solve the paraffin deposition problem for an extended period of time. One intriguing result was that the addition of xylene improved the performance of three wax inhibitors tested. It was also observed that there are subtle differences in inhibitor performance depending on deposition tendencies of crude oil.