颈神经后支综合征——解剖与临床研究

目的：从解剖和临床两方面探讨颈神经后支综合征的机制及诊治方法。方法：对17具成人固定尸体中C1～8颈神经后支进行解剖学研究;对24例颈神经后支综合征的患者进行了临床观察和分析。结果：（1）颈神经后支自椎间孔处发出后,穿过由项部肌群附着于颈椎关节突关节囊的交叉纤维、上下关节突关节和内侧椎板组成的骨纤维管,然后发出关节突关节支、肌支、皮支和交通支,穿行于颈后肌群及其腱性纤维组织间。（2）临床发现保守治疗有一定疗效,对保守治疗效果欠佳的患者行颈神经后支松解术可获得满意的疗效。结论：颈神经后支综合征的病因是以颈后肌群为主的腱性交叉纤维压迫颈神经后支所致。对经保守治疗无效的患者行颈神经后支松解术,有可能是解除颈神经后支卡压的切实有效方法。     

患者康复护理干预对颈神经后支源性颈肩痛术后患者的影响

目的分析颈神经后支源性颈肩痛的病理特点,探讨颈神经后支阻滞术后,康复护理干预的作用和影响.方法将121例颈神经后支源性颈肩痛患者,随机分为对照组(60例)予以神经阻滞术治疗,观察组(61例)实施术后康复护理干预.结果121例平均随访9个月,对照组总有效率为81.67%,观察组总有效率为91.8%.经统计学处理,组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.01).结论术后采取相应的康复护理手段,调整颈椎关节突结构紊乱和功能障碍,能有效地缓解或减轻关节、肌肉、韧带以及骨纤维管等因素对颈神经后支的刺激和卡压,是提高治疗效果的重要措施.     

患者康复护理干预对颈神经后支源性颈肩痛术后患者的影响

目的分析颈神经后支源性颈肩痛的病理特点,探讨颈神经后支阻滞术后,康复护理干预的作用和影响。方法将121例颈神经后支源性颈肩痛患者,随机分为对照组(60例)予以神经阻滞术治疗,观察组(61例)实施术后康复护理干预。结果121例平均随访9个月,对照组总有效率为81.67%,观察组总有效率为91.8%。经统计学处理,组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论术后采取相应的康复护理手段,调整颈椎关节突结构紊乱和功能障碍,能有效地缓解或减轻关节、肌肉、韧带以及骨纤维管等因素对颈神经后支的刺激和卡压,是提高治疗效果的重要措施。     

腰骶部脊神经后支行经特点及骨纤维管道解剖测量

目的:探讨腰骶背神经后支的行径特点,并测量神经行径的骨纤维管道的位置。方法:解剖8具16侧成人尸体标本,观察测量神经走行经过的骨纤维管道位置。结果:腰神经后外侧支在行径中经过下位椎体横突背面的骨纤维管道,该点至后正中线的距离从L1至L5椎体依次为24.9±1.2,25.7±1.4,30.2±1.7,32.5±1.3,32.2±1.5 mm;所汇成的臀上皮神经分2~3束跨髂嵴入臀,最内侧的入臀点骨纤维管道至后正中线距离为68.4±11.8mm。后内侧支恒定地向后下沿下位椎体横突基部的骨纤维管。臀中皮神经主要由L5~S3的后外侧支组成,经过骶髂长韧带深面的纤维管道,管道内上口至髂后上棘的距离平均为32.4±6.2 mm;外下口至髂后上棘的距离平均为36.8±5.6 mm;髂后上棘至骶骨外侧角的距离平均为67.2±9.3 mm。结论:腰骶神经后支行经的几个骨纤维管道位置基本恒定。这些骨纤维管道是神经卡压的解剖基础,在疼痛诊断和治疗上有重要意义。     

针刀松解术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的机理探讨（附156例临床报告）

本文报告由作者亲自操作，应用针刀松解术治疗的156例腰突症，优65％，优良率为91%，有效率为97％，取得了较高的疗效。目的：通过临床研究，探讨针刀松解椎间管（孔）外口、腰椎棘间韧带、横突间韧带、横突间肌和脊神经后支卡压处等的治疗机理。结果：通过对椎间管精细解剖和生物力学的研究，作者认为，椎间管（孔）外口的针刀松解术，可以将固定在此处的神经根外膜松解，增加神经根的蠕变率，这是缓解或解除神经根受突出间盘压迫的关键；针刀松解棘间韧带、横突间韧带、横突间肌，可以解除椎间韧带的异常紧张度和损伤所致的挛缩改变；针刀松解脊神经后支卡压可以消除竖脊肌的痉挛，后两者结合可更有效的从整体上解除脊柱周围肌肉、韧带对脊柱、间盘和椎间管的压力，也就是横向松解，纵向减压。通过以上针刀松解术的治疗，可以使脊柱和受累的神经根，从整体到局部恢复其生物力学平衡状态。这样，受累神经根的血循环（尤其是微循环）和神经根内外的生化环境将迅速改善，神经根水肿消退，致痛物质将锐减等等，从而消除一切症状，达到了治疗目的。这便是针刀松解术治疗腰突症的治疗机理。结论：事实证明，手术切除间盘与针刀松解术治疗腰突症。虽然施术方法和部位有所不同，但都可以取得较好的疗效，可以说是殊途同归。且针刀松解术较手术疗法要简便、安全得多，又无切口及疤痕粘连之虞，所以针刀松解术是治疗腰突症比较有效的方法，是腰突症治疗学上的一大突破，值得推广应用。     

经颈椎关节突滑膜注药治疗颈肩痛神经形态解剖学机制研究

<正>颈肩痛为临床常见病、多发病,病因错综复杂。研究[1~2]表明颈椎关节突关节病变是导致颈肩痛发生的一个重要原因,约占颈肩痛发生原因的50%左右。颈椎关节突关节滑膜含有丰富的神经末梢,是颈肩痛发生与治疗的重要感受器,其由颈神经后支支配,临床通过行颈椎关节突滑膜注射、银质针导热或颈神经后支射频治疗颈椎关节突源性颈肩痛,效果确切[3~5]。既往研究[6~8]多集中于关节突关节的神经分布上,而关于颈椎关节突滑膜感受器通路的     

颈丛深支一点法阻滞相关结构的研究

摘要 目的：对颈丛神经阻滞入路相关结构及其毗邻关系进行解剖观测，为颈丛神经阻滞入路和预防并发症的发生提供解剖学基础。方法：对50侧尸体颈部与颈丛神经阻滞入路相关结构及其毗邻关系进行了解剖观测。结果：颈丛深支穿刺进针深度：皮肤至第4颈椎横突距离（在前斜角肌与中斜角肌平第4颈椎垂直刺入皮肤）左侧21.0±0.4（18.0—24.0）mm，右侧20.5±0.5（19.0—23.5）mm。获得了与颈丛穿刺相关结构的观测结果。胸膜顶的体表投影，胸膜顶的内侧界距胸骨柄上缘中点，左侧为14.2±0.3(11.0—19.0)mm，右侧为14.5±0.5(10.0—17.0)mm。胸膜顶的外侧界与胸锁关节之间的距离，左侧为55.3±0.6(43.0—70.0)mm，右侧为57.5±0.7(51.5—80.0)mm。胸膜顶的最凸点与锁骨之间的距离，左侧为21.6±0.4(11.0—29.0)mm，右侧为26.5±0.5(11.0—39.0)mm。肺尖与颈正中线的距离，左侧为38.4±0.6(31.0—52.0)mm，右侧为38.3±0.9(31.0—50.0)mm。星状神经节多居于第7颈椎横突基部与第1肋颈之间的前方。结论：为颈丛神经阻滞入路进针深度和预防并发症的发生提供了解剖学依据。 关键词 颈丛；神经阻滞；解剖观测 中图分类号:R223,R614.4 文献标识码:A 文章编号：1001-1242(2008)-03-0248-03     

颈椎及其毗邻结构的超声检查与临床意义

目的探讨颈椎及其毗邻结构的超声检查方法与临床意义。方法对50例健康成人颈部进行超声检查,重点描述颈椎及其毗邻结构的扫查方法与声像图特点。结果 (1)颈椎棘突扫查图像:颈椎棘突呈"栅栏样"声像,寰椎有"拱桥形"的后弓与"山丘状"的后结节,枢椎棘突宽大且末端分叉,而隆椎拥有高大突出的棘突。(2)寰枕关节与寰枢外侧关节扫查图像:颈2背根神经节位于寰枢外侧关节后内侧,椎动脉在寰枢外侧关节后外侧上行,之后走行于寰枕关节下方侧块背侧。(3)颈椎小关节纵切扫查图像:后面观呈"叠瓦状"图像;侧面观呈"波浪线"图像,颈神经后内侧支走行于波谷处。(4)颈椎横突横切扫查图像:颈6横突前、后结节呈"驼峰征",颈6神经根位于两结节间的深沟内;颈7横突仅有一个巨大的后结节,颈7神经根位于后结节前方。(5)颈椎钩突与钩椎关节扫查图像:钩突外侧紧邻椎动脉,内侧为椎间盘;钩椎关节呈"裂缝样"图像。结论超声是检查颈椎及其毗邻结构的理想方法。     

内棘旁肌的肌电图检查方法

<正> Bogduk等报道,根据解剖所见,每一节段的棘间肌由脊神经后支的内侧支单一神经根支配。支配某一特定的棘间肌的是与其上1椎骨相应的神经根。故棘间肌与相邻的多裂肌内侧束由1根共同的神经根支配。所以,这些肌肉的EMG检查在腰骶神经根病损准确的神经节段定位中,可提供一个重要     

刺激(足母)路趾展肌Golgi腱器传入支不能诱发体感诱发电位

<正> 刺激胫神经传入支可产生体感诱发电位(SSEP)P_(40)的早期成分。肌梭传入支和Golgi腱器传入支均为Ⅰ类纤维。人类肌梭的传入支不能选择性地被激活,但肌肉收缩可选择性地兴奋Golgi腱器传入纤维。猫的腱器传入支投射到大脑皮质感觉区,而刺激人足部肌肉可诱发大脑皮质的反应。本文再次研究选择性激活Golgi腱器传入支诱发的皮质电活动,并与电刺激人胫神经引起的SSEPs对照。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.