基于螺旋理论的冗余液压驱动四足机器人运动学分析

四足机器人的各种研究大多基于四条腿弯曲方向一致展开的。对于液压驱动且具有冗余度的四足机器人,静止姿态下,其前面两条腿与后面两条腿成对称弯曲状。为了研究这种机器人单腿运动和躯体运动状态,文中建立了基于螺旋理论的液压驱动四足机器人运动学模型,包括给出了单腿串联运动学逆解和躯体并联运动学正解。然后根据机器人行走过程设计出后面两条腿的髋关节与膝关节摆幅角度,通过建立的运动学模型,得到前面两条腿的关节变量及躯体姿态。最后通过MATLAB数值仿真和ADAMS虚拟样机实验,对机器人在一种行走方案下的躯体运动姿态进行仿真对比,验证了所建运动学模型的可靠性。     

Gait Analysis of Quadruped Robot Using the Equivalent Mechanism Concept Based on Metamorphosis

The previous research regarding the gait planning of quadruped robot focuses on the sequence for lifting o and placing the feet, but neglects the influence of body height. However, body height a ects gait performance significantly, such as in terms of the stride length and stability margin. We herein study the performance of a quadruped robot using the equivalent mechanism concept based on metamorphosis. Assuming the constraints between standing feet and the ground with hinges, the ground, standing legs and robot body are considered as a parallel mechanism, and each swing leg is regarded as a typical serial manipulator. The equivalent mechanism varies while the robot moves on the ground. One gait cycle is divided into several periods, including step forward stages and switching stages. There exists a specific equivalent mechanism corresponding to each gait period. The robot's locomotion can be regarded as the motion of these series of equivalent mechanisms. The kinematics model and simplified model of the equivalent mechanism is established. A new definition of the multilegged robot stability margin, based on friction coe cient, is presented to evaluate the robot stability. The stable workspaces of the equivalent mechanism in the step forward stage of trotting gait under di erent friction coe cients are analyzed. The stride length of the robots is presented by analyzing the relationship between the stable workspaces of the equivalent mechanisms of two adjacent step forward stages in one gait cycle. The simulation results show that the stride length is larger with increasing friction coe cient. We herein propose a new method based on metamorphosis, and an equivalent mechanism to analyze the stability margin and stable workspace of the multilegged robot.     

四足机器人爬行步态的正运动学分析

讨论了四足机器人TITAN—Ⅷ爬行步态的自然约束条件,推导了机器人冗余驱动变量和独立驱动变量之间的位置和速度关系,求解了机器人机体位置和速度的运动学正解。分析表明,只要机器人机体面保持与脚底接触面平行,机器人就能够实现在不平地面上的全方位爬行,而且该正运动学的求解需要解一个一元十六次高阶代数方程。逆运动学分析以及试验都验证了正运动学的求解结果。     

用于抗洪打桩的四足机器人结构设计

为解决抗洪抢险打桩中机构进入现场的问题,建立了一种四足机器人的结构设计方案。对四足机器人的结构进行了分析,建立了机架、腿、关节以及足的4部分组成结构,该机器人单腿采用三关节三自由度结构,机架与胯部、胯部与上臂、上臂与下臂分别采用3个转动副连接,并在结构设计的基础上对JQR100四足机器人进行了驱动方式设计以及逆运动学分析,为步态规划和运动学分析打下了基础。研究结果表明,JQR100四足机器人足底能够达到一定范围空间内的任意位置,机器人能够满足抗洪抢险进入现场和进行自由运动的要求。     

Kinematic analysis and optimal design of 3-PPR planar parallel manipulator

This paper proposes a 3-PPR planar parallel manipulator, which consists of three active prismatic joints, three passive prismatic joints, and three passive rotational joints. The analysis of the kinematics and the optimal design of the manipulator are also discussed. The proposed manipulator has the advantages of the closed type of direct kinematics and a void-free workspace with a convex type of borderline. For the kinematic analysis of the proposed manipulator, the direct kinematics, the inverse kinematics, and the inverse Jacobian of the manipulator are derived. After the rotational limits and the workspaces of the manipulator are investigated, the workspace of the manipulator is simulated. In addition, for the optimal design of the manipulator, the performance indices of the manipulator are investigated, and then an optimal design procedure is carried out using Min-Max theory. Finally, one example using the optimal design is presented.     

仿人机器人SJTU-HR1及其运动分析

SJTU-HR1是由并联关节的组成的34个自由度新型仿人形机器人,根据人体生理结构设计了其各个关节。把各个并联机构关节作为一个模块,定义了关节的输出角度和输入角度,建立仿人形机器人整体坐标系,建立手臂和腿末端的位置正反解模型。为仿人机器人运动规划,动作设计以及控制系统建立奠定基础。     

神光-Ⅲ精密光学模块侧装机械手运动学分析

为顺利将激光聚变试验所需的光学模块安装至主机试验装置中,设计了一种八自由度侧装机器人。通过D-H法建立机器人各杆件的参考坐标系并获得D-H参数,推导出该侧装机器人运动学正解。提出采用关节变量虚化法构建出一个虚拟六自由度机器人,并利用解析法求解虚拟六自由度机器人运动学逆解。基于关节占用空间最小的原则,结合麦夸特算法利用1stOpt软件对关节3和关节4的位置进行求解,进而求解八自由度侧装机器人运动学逆解,并通过实例验证逆解算法的正确性。对运动学分析求解可以用于机械臂末端执行器的精确定位和运动规划,为实现八自由度侧装机器人的轨迹规划及实时控制等提供理论参考。     

Kinematics of a star-triangle planar parallel manipulator

This paper addresses kinematics of a 3 degree-of-freedom (DOF) planar parallel manipulator called Star-Triangle manipulator. The manipulator has good accuracy and a relatively large singularity-free workspace. First, position analysis of the manipulator is implemented indicating that both the inverse and forward position problems of the manipulator have only one solution. Then, velocity and singularity analyses of the manipulator are carried out and its isotropic configurations are identified using two Jacobian matrices. Based on the isotropic conditions, the workspace of manipulator is determined geometrically and it is shown that all points in the workspace are free of singularities. At last, kinematic accuracy of the manipulator is investigated on the workspace through a kinematic conditioning index (KCI).     

Optimal design of a 3-leg 6-DOF parallel manipulator for a specific workspace

Researchers seldom study optimum design of a six-degree-of-freedom(DOF) parallel manipulator with three legs based upon the given workspace. An optimal design method of a novel three-leg six-DOF parallel manipulator(TLPM) is presented. The mechanical structure of this robot is introduced, with this structure the kinematic constrain equations is decoupled. Analytical solutions of the forward kinematics are worked out, one configuration of this robot, including position and orientation of the end-effector are graphically displayed. Then, on the basis of several extreme positions of the kinematic performances, the task workspace is given. An algorithm of optimal designing is introduced to find the smallest dimensional parameters of the proposed robot. Examples illustrate the design results, and a design stability index is introduced, which ensures that the robot remains a safe distance from the boundary of sits actual workspace. Finally, one prototype of the robot is developed based on this method. This method can easily find appropriate kinematic parameters that can size a robot having the smallest workspace enclosing a predefined task workspace. It improves the design efficiency, ensures that the robot has a small mechanical size possesses a large given workspace volume, and meets the lightweight design requirements.     

平面结构冗余并联机构的误差敏感度分析

针对一种含闭环支链的平面结构冗余并联机构进行误差敏感度分析。分析了该机构的逆运动学和正运动学。基于矩阵法建立了机构的误差模型，并通过反解、正解结合的方法对该误差模型进行了验证。基于误差模型，得到了评价机构误差敏感度的指标，绘制了各指标在工作空间内的等值线图。基于误差敏感度指标，定义了低误差敏感性工作空间，绘制了低误差敏感性工作空间在工作空间中的分布图。与平面3-RRR并联机构进行了误差敏感度对比分析。结果表明，该机构的低误差敏感性工作空间占比较大，同时可以通过调节其冗余支链不断扩大低误差敏感性工作空间，使机构在大范围空间中保持低误差敏感性。     

Kinematics and optimization of 2-DOF parallel manipulator with revolute actuators and a passive leg

In this paper, a 2-DOF planar parallel manipulator with two revolute actuators and one passive constraining leg. The kinematic analysis of the mechanism is analytically performed: the inverse and forward kinematics problems are solved in closed forms, the workspace is derived systematically, and the three kinds of singular configurations are found. The optimal design to determine the geometric parameters and the operating limits of the actuated legs is performed considering the kinematic manipulability and workspace size. These results of the paper show the effectiveness of the presented manipulator.     

Gait Analysis of a Radial Symmetrical Hexapod Robot Based on Parallel Mechanisms

Most gait studies of multi-legged robots in past neglected the dexterity of robot body and the relationship between stride length and body height.This paper investigates the performance of a radial symmetrical hexapod robot based on the dexterity of parallel mechanism.Assuming the constraints between the supporting feet and the ground with hinges,the supporting legs and the hexapod body are taken as a parallel mechanism,and each swing leg is regarded as a serial manipulator.The hexapod robot can be considered as a series of hybrid serial-parallel mechanisms while walking on the ground.Locomotion performance can be got by analyzing these equivalent mechanisms.The kinematics of the whole robotic system is established,and the influence of foothold position on the workspace of robot body is analyzed.A new method to calculate the stride length of multi-legged robots is proposed by analyzing the relationship between the workspaces of two adjacent equivalent parallel mechanisms in one gait cycle.Referring to service region and service sphere,weight service sphere and weight service region are put forward to evaluate the dexterity of robot body.The dexterity of single point in workspace and the dexterity distribution in vertical and horizontal projection plane are demonstrated.Simulation shows when the foothold offset goes up to 174 mm,the dexterity of robot body achieves its maximum value 0.164 4 in mixed gait.The proposed methods based on parallel mechanisms can be used to calculate the stride length and the dexterity of multi-legged robot,and provide new approach to determine the stride length,body height,footholds in gait planning of multi-legged robot.     

基于运动相对性的六足机器人机体运动规划

将处于支撑相的六足机器人视为时变的并联机构进行运动学分析,给出了姿态给定情况下机体工作空间的确定方法及边界方程。在此基础上基于运动相对性原理,提出将机体的运动规划转化为足端轨迹规划的方法,从而简化机体运动规划中逆解的求取问题,并通过仿真与实验进行了验证。结果表明：六足机器人在支撑相内机体的工作空间为至多是支撑腿条数个空心球体的交集,利用运动相对性原理对支撑相内机体的运动规划问题进行转化简便、可行。     

3SPS+1PS髋关节并联仿生试验系统工作空间优化

为使人工髋关节试验系统具有仿生模拟人体髋关节运动特性的能力,不但要使其能模拟髋关节各种运动形式,而且其运动输出空间应完全覆盖实际人体髋关节的运动范围,这也使得对其运动空间进行深入分析成为必要。针对作为髋关节并联仿生试验系统核心运动模块的3SPS+1PS并联机构,利用四元数法建立其逆/正解运动学模型,基于动平台三点构造法构建了3SPS+1PS并联机构的量纲统一速度Jacobian矩阵,分别比较了该矩阵条件数在不同运动空间及结构参数下的取值变化情况,得到条件数平均值与机构定、动平台上球副中心连线长度比值、球副许用转角及动平台中心位置高度等参数之间关系,优化了机构结构参数,进而得到了运动性能良好的运动空间区域。髋关节并联仿生试验系统运动空间的研究对其运动路径规划、动态特性分析及控制系统设计具有重要的意义。     

基于约束的4自由度并联机床的可达工作空间分析

针对一种新型的4—DOF并联机构的结构特点，采用基于逆解计算的网格法对其工作空间求解的算法进行了详细的分析，并利用Matlab编制了相应的程序，以Matlab图的形式描绘了几种情况下的工作空间区域，并对此进行了分析。     

一种新型6-PRRS并联机器人工作空间分析

基于运动学逆解求取了并联机器人理论工作空间,在此基础上通过判断杆件间的干涉情况、虎克铰转角情况、杆件与运动平台之间的干涉关系修正了工作空间,获得了实际工作空间.通过上述方法计算得到的6-PRRS并联机器人工作空间具有较好的实用性.     

六自由度机械臂运动学分析与仿真

针对安川弧焊工业机器人手臂MOTOMAN-MA1400的构型特点,采用D-H法建立了机械臂的连杆坐标系,得到了以关节角度为变量的正运动学方程,利用Matlab进行正逆运动学计算以及机械臂末端点的轨迹规划。为了验证正逆运动学模型的正确性,直观地观察机械臂各部分运动情况,采用Pro-E建立了机械臂的三维实体模型。将角度变量值导入模型,开发了机械臂运动仿真平台。仿真结果与理论计算一致,从而验证了算法的正确性,并完成了机械臂的运动仿真,为机械臂在矿山领域的实际应用提供了理论参考。     

ADAMS在并联机构运动学分析中的应用

针对并联机构的运动学分析计算,以3-UPS/UP型并联机构为例,介绍了应用动力学仿真分析软件ADAMS对其进行运动学仿真的方法与步骤。采用三维CAD软件Inventor建立了几何模型,以Parasolid格式导入ADAMS环境,对几何模型施加约束与激励,建立了并联机构的虚拟样机模型。并对模型进行了逆向与正向运动学仿真,快速准确地求得了并联机构的运动学反解与正解,大大简化了计算过程,为并联机构的运动学分析及机构设计提供了借鉴。     

基于遗传算法的新型六自由度并联机器人运动学分析

运动学位置正解和位置逆解是对并联机器人其它性能进行分析的基础,位置正解也是并联机器人研究中的一个难点。本文采用遗传算法对一种新型六自由度并联机器人的运动学位置正解和位置逆解进行了求解,并且利用灰色关联分析对求解结果进行了分组,得到了Stewart并联机器人的5组位置正解实解。实例表明该方法简单、方便、具有通用性,是求解并联机器人运动学问题的一种新策略。     

新型四足步行机器人串并混联腿的运动学分析

针对串联四足机器人行走惯量大,自重/载重比大的问题,提出一种新型串并混联四足步行机器人,并对该机器人的串并混联腿进行运动学分析。该机器人由一个运载平台和四条结构相同的串并混联腿组成,每条腿均由髋关节、大腿、小腿顺次连接构成,其中髋关节为3-RRR并联机构。以能耗最小姿态为最优姿态,基于矢量法求解了该串并混联腿的运动学正解和反解,利用MATLAB和ADAMS软件验证了正解和反解的正确性;基于矢量法和微分变换法求出了该混联腿的速度雅克比矩阵和加速度矩阵,分析了其奇异性,并利用MATLAB软件绘制出该腿的工作空间。结果表明:该腿在髋关节连杆直径d=22mm,大腿杆件直径D=50mm,膝关节转角θ4∈[105°,155°]时,工作空间呈球冠形,最大内接圆半径R=400mm,高度为H∈[500mm,900mm]。本研究对该新型串并混联四足步行机器人的刚度分析、动态性能、机构优化设计和系统控制等的进一步研究具有重要意义。