6种杀菌剂防治草莓灰霉病的田间药效评价

探索了啶酰菌胺、唑醚·氟酰胺、嘧菌环胺、啶氧菌酯、腐霉利、嘧霉胺6种杀菌剂对草莓灰霉病的防治效果及对草莓的安全性,为药剂的推广应用提供依据。试验参照《农药田间药效试验准则》要求,进行了防治草莓灰霉病的田间试验,比较不同药剂对草莓灰霉病的防治效果。田间试验结果显示:啶酰菌胺、唑醚·氟酰胺、嘧菌环胺、啶氧菌酯4种杀菌剂对草莓灰霉病的防治效果达90%,腐霉利、嘧霉胺防治效果为74%~78%。啶酰菌胺、唑醚·氟酰胺、嘧菌环胺、啶氧菌酯4种杀菌剂防效优良,差异不显著。腐霉利、嘧霉胺防治效果较好,但防效不及上述4种杀菌剂。     

7种药剂对蓝莓灰霉病的田间药效试验

[目的]明确腐霉利、异菌脲、啶酰菌胺、嘧霉胺、百菌清、多抗霉素、啶菌唑等杀菌剂对蓝莓灰霉病的防治效果。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法测定了7种杀菌剂对蓝莓Vaccinium spp灰霉病菌的抑制作用,通过田间喷雾测定了这7种杀菌剂对蓝莓灰霉病的田间药效。[结果] 50%啶酰菌胺WG、25%啶菌唑EC、50%腐霉利WP对蓝莓灰霉病病菌抑制作用较强,其中50%啶酰菌胺WG的抑制作用最强,EC50值为0.8633 mg/L。田间药效试验结果表明,50%啶酰菌胺WG、25%啶菌唑EC、50%腐霉利WP其对蓝莓叶灰霉病的防治效果在61.09%上,对果灰霉病的防治效果在66.63%以上。[结论] 50%啶酰菌胺WG、25%啶菌唑EC、50%腐霉利WP对蓝莓灰霉病有较好的防治效果,且对蓝莓安全,生产上建议选用以上药剂进行推广应用。     

创制杀菌剂啶菌恶唑的生物活性及应用研究(Ⅲ)--番茄叶霉病

啶菌恶唑(SYP—Z048)对番茄叶霉病有较高的杀菌活性，离体活性EC50值为0.29μg／ml，盆栽试验结果EC90为90．66μg／ml；田间小区试验结果表明：25％啶菌恶唑乳油使用剂量为200～400ga．i．／hm^2，施药2～3次，能有效控制番茄叶霉病的发生与危害，防效与腈菌唑相当，优于多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵及代森锰锌。     

创制杀菌剂啶菌恶唑生物活性及应用研究(Ⅰ)--番茄灰霉病

啶菌恶唑(试验代号:SYP-Z048)是一种结构新颖、作用方式独特的新型杀菌剂,具有保护、治疗效果及良好的内吸传导性。对子囊菌、担子菌和半知菌引起的多种植物病害具有良好的防治作用。啶菌恶唑对番茄灰霉病具有很高的离体杀菌活性和优异的田间防治效果。室内离体试验啶菌恶唑对番茄灰霉病(Botrytiscinerea )的EC50值为0.206 /ml;1998～2002年多点的田间小区试验结果表明:啶菌恶唑在处理剂量200～400 g a.i./hm2、施药2～3次、间隔期6～8d的条件下对番茄灰霉病有良好的防治效果,防效优于目前生产上推广使用的多菌灵、腐霉利、菌核净、嘧霉胺等常规杀菌剂。     

13种杀菌剂对生姜腐霉茎基腐病菌的毒力测定

[目的]通过13种杀菌剂的室内毒力测定,筛选出对生姜茎基腐病有显著抑菌效果的杀菌剂.[结果]供试杀菌剂对生姜腐霉菌——群结腐霉(Pythium myriotylum)菌丝生长的抑制作用存在明显差异,98％(噁)霉灵可湿性粉剂和60％吡唑醚菌酯·代森联水分散性粒剂对生姜腐霉菌——群结腐霉的菌丝生长有显著抑制效果,其抑制中质量浓度EC50值分别为1.9518、2.8952mg/L.25％啶菌(噁)唑(SYP-Z048)乳油、25％吡唑醚菌酯乳油和20％溴硝醇可湿性粉剂的抑制效果也较好,其EC50值分别为4.2275、4.7926、11.6324mg/L.[结论](噁)霉灵、吡唑醚菌酯·代森联、啶菌(噁)唑抑菌效果显著,可作为防治该病的首选药剂.     

硫菌霉威防治番茄灰霉病试验

硫菌霉威是一种防治蔬菜灰霉的优秀杀菌剂，防治番茄灰霉病每亩用量65克，45克，22克，施药3次，防治效果分别为89．7％，87．1％，64．7％，对照药腐霉利，菌脲每亩65克用量的防效为73．5％和59．7％，甲基硫菌灵每亩100克用量的防效为31．7％，施药后有显著的增产作用，对苯并咪唑和二甲酰亚胺类抗性菌也非常有效。     

不同作用机制杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病菌拮抗木霉菌的毒力测定

[目的]为提高木霉的生防效果,筛选出与木霉联用的杀菌剂。[方法]对峙法、孢子悬浮液法和离体叶片法测定木霉对灰霉病菌的抑制作用。菌丝生长速率法测定10种不同作用机制的杀菌剂对2个病菌的抑制作用,并用EC50比值>1作为筛选标准。[结果]对峙条件下抑制率为69.52%;孢子悬浮液法和离体叶片法的EC50值分别为1.4×108、7.5×1010cfu/L。啶酰菌胺、氟啶胺、嘧菌酯、咯菌腈和啶菌唑对2个病菌的EC50比值>1。[结论]上述5种杀菌剂可作为木霉联用防治灰霉病的理想杀菌剂。     

啶酰菌胺和腐霉利复配对草莓灰霉病菌的联合毒力及增效作用

[目的]明确啶酰菌胺和腐霉利复配对草莓灰霉病的防效,开发新的混配药剂。[方法]采用生长速率法研究了啶酰菌胺、腐霉利以及其复配物对草莓灰霉病菌的室内毒力,以Wadley法进行了增效作用评价,并验证了复配物对草莓灰霉病的田间防效。[结果]啶酰菌胺与腐霉利复配对草莓灰霉病菌具有增效作用,其中以1∶2比例复配效果最佳,增效系数最高为10.34;其次为5∶1,增效系数为7.48。啶酰菌胺与腐霉利以1∶2复配对草莓灰霉病的田间防效最佳(86.04%),比单一使用啶酰菌胺和腐霉利的效果好。啶酰菌胺与腐霉利复配物对草莓无药害。[结论]啶酰菌胺和腐霉利以1∶2进行复配对草莓灰霉病具有增效作用,可以在田间推广使用。     

8种杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病菌多重抗药性菌株生物活性测定

[方法]采用菌丝生长抑制法,测定8种杀菌剂对3个不同多重抗药性番茄灰霉病菌株的生物活性,筛选防治番茄灰霉病高效低毒的杀菌剂,缓解和治理其多重抗药性。[结果]8种药剂中氟啶胺、咯菌腈与啶酰菌胺的抑菌效果最好,其次是氟吡菌酰胺、多氧霉素与丙烷脒抑菌效果较好,生防制剂丁子香酚与武夷菌素对多重抗药性番茄灰霉病菌也有抑菌作用。[结论]在农业生产中可以组合或轮换应用上述8种杀菌剂对多重抗药性番茄灰霉病进行防治。     

番茄灰霉病菌对咯菌腈的敏感基线及其与不同杀菌剂的交互抗性

[目的]明确番茄灰霉病菌对咯菌腈的敏感性及其与其他杀菌剂之间是否存在交互抗性。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法测定灰霉病菌对咯菌腈、多菌灵、乙霉威、腐霉利、嘧霉胺和啶酰菌胺的敏感性。[结果]咯菌腈对106株野生菌株EC50的平均值为(0.0135±0.0096)mg/L。咯菌腈与其他5种杀菌剂之间均不存在交互抗性。[结论]野生菌株对咯菌腈的敏感性的平均值,可作为番茄灰霉病菌对咯菌腈的敏感基线。咯菌腈可广泛用于番茄灰霉病的防治。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.