求解车辆路径问题的人工蜂群算法

采用人工蜂群算法对车辆路径问题进行求解,给出食物源的自然数编码方法,并采用邻域倒位方法生成候选食物源。应用算法求解了多个车辆路径问题的实例,并将结果与其它一些启发式算法进行了比较和分析。计算结果表明,人工蜂群算法可以有效求解车辆路径问题,同时也为算法求解其它一些组合优化问题提供了有益思路。     

A hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm for the vehicle routing problem

This paper introduces a new hybrid algorithmic nature inspired approach based on particle swarm optimization, for successfully solving one of the most popular supply chain management problems, the vehicle routing problem. The vehicle routing problem is considered one of the most well studied problems in operations research. The proposed algorithm for the solution of the vehicle routing problem, the hybrid particle swarm optimization (HybPSO), combines a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, the multiple phase neighborhood search–greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (MPNS–GRASP) algorithm, the expanding neighborhood search (ENS) strategy and a path relinking (PR) strategy. The algorithm is suitable for solving very large-scale vehicle routing problems as well as other, more difficult combinatorial optimization problems, within short computational time. It is tested on a set of benchmark instances and produced very satisfactory results. The algorithm is ranked in the fifth place among the 39 most known and effective algorithms in the literature and in the first place among all nature inspired methods that have ever been used for this set of instances.     

带有引线端预处理的区域布线算法

提出一种带有引线端优化处理的多层区域布线算法，能处理端点障碍在区域内任意分布的大量布线问题，首先将多端线网划分为二端子线网，并在此基础上根据二端子线网之间的相对位置关系进行分类；然后对每个类型的二端子线网，采用双向迷宫和朝向目标的深度优先搜索策略依次布线；最后通过拆线-重布策略来解决布线冲突．在进行布线搜索之前，对引线端映射到网格点上这一过程引入了一种有效的优化预处理机制，采用二分图中多目标约束寻找最佳匹配的思想和策略来解决引线端优化映射问题．测试并比较了有／无这种优化处理的2种情况，实验结果表明，该算法有效地改善了网格映射的精度和准确性，可缩短线长和提高布通率．     

求解多车型校车路径问题的带参数选择机制的GRASP算法

考虑到校车路径安排过程中不同车型容量和成本的差异,建立了多车型校车路径问题(SBRP)模型,并提出了一种带参数选择机制的贪婪随机自适应(GRASP)算法进行求解。在初始解构造阶段,设计一组阈值参数控制受限候选列表(RCL)的大小,使用轮盘赌法选择阈值参数。完成初始解构造后,使用可变邻域搜索(VNS)进行邻域解改进,并记录所选择的参数和解的目标值。算法迭代过程中,先设置相同阈值参数的选择概率,每隔若干次迭代后,评估每个阈值参数的性能并修改其选择概率,使得算法能够得到更好的平均解。使用基准测试案例进行了测试,比较了基本GRASP算法与设计的GRASP算法的性能,并与现有求解多车型校车路径问题的算法进行对比,实验结果表明所设计的算法是有效的。     

基于模拟退火遗传算法的时延控制选播路由算法研究*

考虑到选播的QoS路由问题,提出了一种基于模拟退火遗传算法的时延控制选播路由算法。该算法利用模拟退火的思想弥补了遗传算法局部收敛较弱和较慢的缺陷,并根据给定的条件找到一条较好的路径。网络仿真模拟实验结果表明,该算法具有良好的收敛性和求解效果,可以找到满足时延要求的低费用的路由路径。     

一种带约束的多目标服务质量路由算法

多约束服务质量(QoS)路由是要求在多个约束条件下计算满足所有独立限制条件的可行路径．将这种NPC问题转化为一种带约束条件的多目标优化问题，根据多目标遗传算法的智能优化原理，提出一种多目标QoS路由算法来产生一组最优非劣路由．理论分析和实验结果表明，使用带约束的多目标遗传算法是解决多约束QoS路由的有效途径，能对提高网络性能起到重要作用．     

基于免疫遗传算法的多约束QoS组播路由选择方法

以具有精英保留的免疫遗传算法（IGAE）为基础,提出了一种新的用来求解带宽、时延、时延抖动受限,费用最小的QoS组播路由选择问题的方法。首先采用预处理机制,将网络结构中不满足带宽约束的链路去掉,利用Dijkstra第k最短路径算法建立编码空间的备选路径集;然后采用基于路径的树结构编码来随机产生初始群体,使种群中的每个个体都代表组播路由问题的一个候选解;最后利用IGAE算法对种群进行优化,最终求得满足QoS要求的组播路由。仿真实验结果表明,该算法具有较好的性能,能以较快的速度搜索到满足QoS要求的费用最小的组播树。     

Transient chaotic neural network-based disjoint multipath routing for mobile ad-hoc networks

Due to mobility of wireless hosts, routing in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is a challenging task. Multipath routing is employed to provide reliable communication, load balancing, and improving quality of service of MANETs. Multiple paths are selected to be node-disjoint or link-disjoint to improve transmission reliability. However, selecting an optimal disjoint multipath set is an NP-complete problem. Neural networks are powerful tools for a wide variety of combinatorial optimization problems. In this study, a transient chaotic neural network (TCNN) is presented as multipath routing algorithm in MANETs. Each node in the network can be equipped with a neural network, and all the network nodes can be trained and used to obtain optimal or sub-optimal high reliable disjoint paths. This algorithm can find both node-disjoint and link-disjoint paths with no extra overhead. The simulation results show that the proposed method can find the high reliable disjoint path set in MANETs. In this paper, the performance of the proposed algorithm is compared to the shortest path algorithm, disjoint path set selection protocol algorithm, and Hopfield neural network (HNN)-based model. Experimental results show that the disjoint path set reliability of the proposed algorithm is up to 4.5 times more than the shortest path reliability. Also, the proposed algorithm has better performance in both reliability and the number of paths and shows up to 56% improvement in path set reliability and up to 20% improvement in the number of paths in the path set. The proposed TCNN-based algorithm also selects more reliable paths as compared to HNN-based algorithm in less number of iterations.     

移动自组织网络中一种有效的广播技术

基于最小连通支配集（MCDS）的广播路由方法是一个很好的路由方法，它将路由过程简化到MCDS生成的较小的子网中。然而这一方法没有考虑网络中的节点的多样性和复杂性。针对实际情况中移动自组织网络中节点的复杂性问题，该文提出了一种基于极大权的最小连通支配集（MWMCDS）的有效广播途径。仿真结果表明，它能确保性能强的节点担任网关节点的角色，能更好地协调管理网络中其他的节点，从而保持MCDS的相对稳固性并为全网中的广播路由操作提供一个高效的通信基础。该算法能在保证生成权和极大的连通支配集的同时也确保它的极小性，因此是一种有效的广播路由算法。     

一种可扩展动态混合移动自组网路由协议

现有的主动式路由协议和反应式路由协议在节点数目多、节点密度高的场景下性能不够理想,可扩展性较差,而混合路由协议可扩展性相对较好.提出了一种可扩展动态混合移动自组网路由协议--SDHRP(Scalable Dynamic Hybrid Routing Protocol),该协议基于一个分布式动态最大独立集算法.与ZRP的对比实验结果表明,在保证网络吞吐量的前提下,SDHRP的路由控制开销减小了30%左右,具有较好的可扩展性.     

基于禁忌搜索的QoS路由算法

多约束的QoS路由问题是NP完全问题,该文将禁忌搜索算法引入多约束QoS路由计算中,提出了一种基于禁忌搜索的QoS路由算法QoS_TS。该算法通过设置长期记忆禁忌表和短期记忆禁忌表以及有效的评价函数,保证了算法实现过程中多样化的有效搜索。文章给出了算法实现的具体流程。实验仿真表明,该算法具有较高的搜索效率和较快的收敛性,通过该算法得到的路由不但满足QoS约束要求,同时可以均衡链路负载,减少路由拥塞。     

Stability routing with constrained path length for improved routability in dynamic MANETs

Quality of service (QoS) routing is known to be an NP-hard problem in case of two or more additive constraints, and several exact algorithms and heuristics have been proposed to address this issue. In this paper, we consider a particular two-constrained quality of service routing problem maximizing path stability with a limited path length in the quest of improving routability in dynamic multi-hop mobile wireless ad hoc networks. First, we propose a novel exact algorithm to solve the optimal weight-constrained path problem. We instantiate our algorithm to solve the most stable path not exceeding a certain number of hops, in polynomial time. This algorithm is then applied to the practical case of proactive routing in dynamic multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks. In these networks, an adequate compromise between route stability and its length in hops is essential for appropriately mitigating the impact of the network dynamics on the validity of established routes. Secondly, we set up a common framework for the comparison between three families of proactive routing: the shortest path-based routing, the most stable path-based routing and our proposed most stable constrained path routing. We show then through extensive simulations that routing based on our proposed algorithm selects appropriate stable paths yielding a very high routability with an average path length just above that of the shortest paths.     

基于量子遗传算法的QoS多播路由算法

QoS多播路由算法的核心问题就是建立满足QoS约束的多播树,它是计算机网络中著名的受约束最小Steiner树问题,是一个NP完全问题。量子遗传算法是基于量子计算理论的新型遗传算法,基于量子遗传算法的基本原理,提出了QoS约束的多播路由算法（QoSMR-QGA）,并详细介绍了QoSMR-QGA算法的实现过程。仿真实验表明,该算法具有较好的算法收敛性和多播路由成功率。     

Probability based dynamic-alternate routing and the corresponding converter placement algorithm in all-optical WDM networks

This paper proposes a new dynamic-alternate routing algorithm and its corresponding converter placement algorithm in order to reduce the connection blocking probability for all-optical WDM networks. The main idea in the proposed dynamic-alternate routing algorithm is to try to route the traffics according to a predefined optimal probability distribution. The problem for finding the optimal probability distribution was shown as a convex optimization problem. The problem can be solved by flow deviation method or other standard optimization techniques. Simulation results show that the proposed routing algorithm yields lower connection blocking probabilities than the previous works. The proposed routing algorithm produces similar traffic pattern as the optimal traffic pattern. The similarity between the traffic pattern produced by the proposed dynamic-alternate routing algorithm and the optimal traffic pattern can be further employed for solving other network designing problems such as converter placement problem. Since the optimal traffic pattern can be easily predicted, the optimal traffic pattern which minimizes the blocked traffic intensity is utilized for finding the locations of wavelength converters. The key idea is to place the wavelength converters at the nodes where they are needed most. Simulations have been performed to study the performance of the proposed wavelength converter placement method. The simulation results have shown that the proposed placement method combined with the proposed probability based dynamic-alternate routing algorithm yields smaller connection blocking probability than the two converter placement methods with their corresponding alternate routing algorithms.     

基于免疫Memetic算法的网络组播路由优化

为了求得代价最小的网络组播路径,提出了一种基于免疫Memetic算法的优化求解方法。算法充分结合免疫全局搜索和局部搜索机制,设计了适合组播路由问题的各种免疫算子,加快了算法的收敛速度。实验结果表明,该算法在无需备选路径集的情况下,可以较快地找到最优路径,并且算法更加简单。     

无线传感器网络中基于动态规划的路由算法

针对无线传感器网络的路由设计问题,基于动态规划的思想建立标准模型,在此基础上,提出最小能耗路由算法与能量均衡路由算法。在每个阶段选择决策时,根据该阶段的剩余能量均值动态调整决策集合,从中选择最小能耗路由。实验结果证明,2种路由算法都能提高网络的稳定周期,在一定程度上节省网络能量。     

Best routes selection in international intermodal networks

This study focuses on one of the intermodal operational issues: how to select best routes for shipments through the international intermodal network. International intermodal routing is complicated by three important characteristics: (1) multiple objectives; (2) scheduled transportation modes and demanded delivery times; and (3) transportation economies of scale. In this paper, the international intermodal routing problem is formulated as a multiobjective multimodal multicommodity flow problem (MMMFP) with time windows and concave costs. The objectives of this paper are to develop a mathematical model encompassing all three essential characteristics, and to propose an algorithm that can effectively provide answers to the model. The problem is NP-hard. It follows that the proposed algorithm is a heuristic. Based on relaxation and decomposition techniques, the original problem is broken into a set of smaller and easier subproblems. The case studies show that it is important to incorporate the three characteristics into the international intermodal routing problem, and our proposed algorithm can effectively and efficiently solve the MMMFP with time windows and concave costs.     

Synchronized arc routing for snow plowing operations

This paper introduces a synchronized arc routing problem for snow plowing operations. In this problem, routes must be designed in such a way that street segments with two or more lanes in the same direction are plowed simultaneously by different synchronized vehicles. A mixed integer formulation and an adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic are proposed. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated over a large instance set, including artificial and real data. Computational results confirm the efficiency of the algorithm.     

Ad hoc网络中一种带预测的路由算法

在自组网中,由于网络节点的移动性及拓扑结构的易变性,设计稳定的路由成为最受关注的问题。根据可靠性为多路径路由选择更多的可靠路径,以满足自组网中多路径传输在路径的数量和质量方面的需求,是多路径路由技术中的一个重要研究课题。为此,基于GRID模型和预测模型提出了一种带预测的稳定不相交备用路由算法,其利用有效限制路由查询包的泛洪区域,并结合预测策略和节点不相交路径算法来选择一条最稳定的不相交备用路由,从而进一步提高该路由算法的性能。模拟结果显示,与其他3个多路径路由相比较,该算法是一个有效的自组网路由算法。     

QoS multicast routing using a quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization algorithm

QoS multicast routing in networks is a very important research issue in networks and distributed systems. It is also a challenging and hard problem for high-performance networks of the next generation. Due to its NP-completeness, many heuristic methods have been employed to solve the problem. This paper proposes the modified quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) method for QoS multicast routing. In the proposed method, QoS multicast routing is converted into an integer programming problem with QoS constraints and is solved by the QPSO algorithm combined with loop deletion operation. The QPSO-based routing method, along with the routing algorithms based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA), is tested on randomly generated network topologies for the purpose of performance evaluation. The simulation results show the efficiency of the proposed method on QoS the routing problem and its superiority to the methods based on PSO and GA.