构造变形流变场分配多尺度数值模拟研究

流变场分配(flow field partitioning)现象在自然界高应变岩石中十分常见。传统的基于固体连续变形机制理论的变形分析中,流变场分配问题往往被忽略,致使应变带中流变场如何分配一直都缺乏深入认识。Eshelby阐述了嵌入均匀介质中的椭球体内流变场的数学方法,为探讨流变场的分配奠定了理论基础。本文从固体连续变形机制入手,重点介绍基于Eshelby理论的多尺度数值模拟思路和方法,探讨流变场分配问题。模拟结果表明:嵌入基质中的椭球体内分布的流变场主要取决于椭球体与基质间的相对流变强度,椭球体的相对流变强度越低,其变形越接近于简单剪切,且有限应变积累越快。模拟还揭示,不同流变强度的椭球体内模拟拉伸线理和面理产状的总体格局反映基质流变场特征。由此得到以下结论:(1)在流变场分配现象显著的区域,局部小尺度上应变、涡度测量分析结果无法直接揭示区域流变场运动学边界条件,对这些区域的构造变形分析必须是多尺度的;(2)基于Eshelby理论的以实质变形组构为约束的多尺度数值模拟分析,能更为合理地揭示高应变岩石中流变场的分配。     

韧性剪切带的剪切作用类型和韧性减薄量

韧性剪切带组构的演化和剪切作用类型受到许多研究者的关注。运用极莫尔圆法、有限应变法、刚性颗粒法、石英光轴组构结合有限应变测量法、拖尾形态法、剪切带内变形脉体(岩墙)法、碎斑法等方法可以估算剪切带变形过程中的运动学涡度,进而判别剪切带中单剪切组分与纯剪切组分的相对含量。自然界的剪切带一般介于单剪与纯剪之间,运动学涡度Wk介于0~1之间,表明韧性剪切带在变形过程中发生了垂直于剪切带边界(Z轴)方向的韧性减薄。剪切带变形过程中的韧性减薄量可依据有限应变测量与运动学涡度估算求得,也可依据剪切带内的石香肠(布丁)构造求解,还可依据构建极莫尔圆求解。以华北克拉通北缘的楼子店变质核杂岩及其韧性剪切带,以及希腊西奈山的Chelmos剪切带为例,介绍估算韧性剪切带韧性减薄的方法,这种韧性减薄是对大规模岩石圈减薄的有益补充和完善。研究结果表明,定量估算与变质核杂岩相关的韧性剪切带的剪切作用类型是分析变质核杂岩形成机制的有效途径和方法。     

湖北青峰韧性剪切带构造岩的磁性组构研究

通过对青峰韧性剪切带中糜棱岩的磁性组构研究,同时与常规主应变分析方法所测结果比较,表明岩石磁化率各向异性椭球体与应变椭球体之间有一定的对应关系。磁性组构的特征为构造岩变形机制,以及断裂带的运动学、动力学等的研究提供了一种比较可靠、准确、方便的方法。     

韧性剪切带糜棱岩中不对称旋转碎斑系剪切指向模拟实验韧性剪切带糜棱岩中不对称旋转碎斑系剪切指向模拟实验研究现状及其问题

韧性剪切带是大陆变形过程中形成于地壳深层次的重要构造变形形迹,是重建构造变形温压环境、变形几何学、运动学及动力学的重要研究对象。剪切变形方向的确定是韧性剪切带研究的基础环节之一。尽管指示韧性剪切带剪切方向的标志很多,但是由于韧性剪切带变形过程的复杂性,实际工作中往往很难准确地限定剪切方向,甚至常常会发现同一条韧性剪切带中发育指向相反的剪切标志。在变形岩石中,不对称旋转碎斑系被认为是判断韧性剪切带剪切方向的可靠标志。根据有拖尾的旋转碎斑系判断剪切指向要比“云母鱼”、“多米诺”等组构可靠得多。总结前人的理论和模拟试验成果,可以清楚地认识到,碎斑系的演化是其形态、轴率、初始方位、基质及其界面性质、运动学涡度、剪应变强度、剪切带的厚度、碎斑短轴比等因素综合作用的结果。深刻认识不对称旋转碎斑系在韧性剪切带形成过程中的发育过程、限制条件、影响因素,将有助于准确地运用它们来判断韧性剪切变形的构造指向,以便进一步研究与该韧性剪切变形相关的大陆动力学。     

韧性剪切带糜棱岩中不对称旋转碎斑系剪切指向模拟实验研究现状及其问题

韧性剪切带是大陆变形过程中形成于地壳深层次的重要构造变形形迹,是重建构造变形温压环境、变形几何学、运动学及动力学的重要研究对象.剪切变形方向的确定是韧性剪切带研究的基础环节之一.尽管指示韧性剪切带剪切方向的标志很多,但是由于韧性剪切带变形过程的复杂性,实际工作中往往很难准确地限定剪切方向,甚至常常会发现同一条韧性剪切带中发育指向相反的剪切标志.在变形岩石中,不对称旋转碎斑系被认为是判断韧性剪切带剪切方向的可靠标志.根据有拖尾的旋转碎斑系判断剪切指向要比"云母鱼"、"多米诺"等组构可靠得多.总结前人的理论和模拟试验成果,可以清楚地认识到,碎斑系的演化是其形态、轴率、初始方位、基质及其界面性质、运动学涡度、剪应变强度、剪切带宽度/碎斑短轴等因素综合作用的结果.深刻认识不对称旋转碎斑系在韧性剪切带形成过程中的发育过程、限制条件、影响因素,将有助于准确地运用它们来判断韧性剪切变形的构造指向,以便进一步研究与该韧性剪切变形相关的大陆动力学.     

桂北地区三门韧性剪切带的厘定及其构造意义

通过野外地质调查、室内显微组构分析和磁组构测量,在桂北三门地区厘定出一条大型韧性剪切带;并利用热液锆石U-Pb定年约束其变形时代.三门韧性剪切带发育密集的透入性片理、旋转碎斑系、拉伸线理、眼球构造、书斜构造、A型褶皱、波状消光、机械双晶、核幔构造和S-C组构等宏观和微观韧性变形特征.磁各向异性度（P值）显示其走向呈NNE向,倾向呈NWW向.运动学指向显示早期具有左旋逆冲剪切,晚期具有右旋正滑剪切的运动学性质.磁化率椭球体扁率（E值）显示岩石变形以压扁型应变为主,暗示运动学方向以左旋逆冲剪切为主.镁铁质糜棱岩的热液锆石U-Pb定年结果为441±2 Ma,代表三门韧性剪切带的变形时代.在磁组构、运动学和年代学研究的基础上,结合区域地质资料,认为该韧性剪切带是华南加里东期华夏陆块由SE向NW逆冲到扬子陆块受阻后反冲作用的产物.这一认识揭示了扬子陆块和华夏陆块碰撞拼合的方式和时代,为深化华南加里东构造运动的认识提供了新的资料.      

辽西台里韧性剪切带糜棱岩中眼球状构造的成因分析

台里地区位于华北克拉通北缘东段,隶属于燕山元古代沉降带东南缘—山海关古隆起,该区域内发育一条NNE向的韧性剪切带。通过野外观察和显微分析,韧性剪切带主要由初糜棱岩—糜棱岩组成,发育眼球状构造,主要有σ和δ两种类型,具有左行走滑的特征。研究发现台里地区的眼球状构造并不都是由单个长石斑晶组成,其主要成因有:一种是先期存在的长英质脉体在后期经受拉长剪切变形和石香肠化作用形成的;另一种是原岩中斑晶受拉长剪切作用形成的。对韧性剪切岩石进行有限应变测量(Fry法、剪应变、运动学涡度),明确了剪切应变类型为拉长型,以简单剪切变形为主,岩石类型为LS构造岩。结合前人研究成果,中生代以来,受到太平洋板块的俯冲影响,辽西台里地区经受了强烈的伸展变形,因此,韧性剪切带是在张扭性的构造格局中形成。     

桐柏山南坡的韧性走滑剪切构造

桐柏山南坡的韧性走滑剪切构造是大陆内部造山带在剪切体制下的典型构造之一,以多期韧性再造的叠置为特征。文中详述了它们的几何学特征、走滑剪切应变带内岩石的变形特点,并依据地质标志分析了它们的运动学方向,对它们的流变学意义及其在桐柏造山带构造演化中的作用作了初步探讨。     

舒兰韧性剪切带应变分析及石英动态重结晶颗粒分形特征与流变参数估算

舒兰北东向韧性剪切带位于佳木斯-伊通断裂带(佳-伊断裂带)中南段, 剪切带内糜棱岩具有明显左行走滑特征, 片麻理产状近NNE向.糜棱岩中长石有限应变Flinn图解判别岩石类型为L-S型构造岩, 属拉长型应变.石英C轴EBSD组构分析表明, 石英组构以中低温菱面为主, 滑移系为{0001} < 110>.剪切带内糜棱岩的剪应变为0.44, 不同方法计算所得运动学涡度值均大于0.95, 指示剪切变形以简单剪切为主.综合矿物变形温度计、石英C轴EBSD组构、石英的粒度-频数图及Kruhl温度计综合估计该韧性剪切带变形机制以位错蠕变机制为主, 变质相为低绿片岩相, 发生韧性变形和糜棱岩化温度范围在400~500 ℃之间.糜棱岩内石英动态重结晶新晶粒边界普遍具有锯齿状或港湾状结构, 利用分形方法对其重结晶新晶边界研究表明, 这些晶粒边界具有自相似性, 表现出分形特征, 分形维数值为1.195~1.220.根据石英重结晶粒径估算差应力值为24.35~27.59 MPa, 代表了舒兰韧性剪切带糜棱岩化作用过程的差异应力下限.使用不同实验方法估算、比较和分析了该剪切带古应变速率, 认为该速率应为10-12.00~10-13.18 s-1, 与区域性应变速率10-13.00~10-15.00 s-1对比, 说明舒兰韧性剪切带的应变速率与世界上大多数韧性剪切带中的糜棱岩应变速率一致, 是缓慢变形的结果, 其形成可能与早白垩世伊泽纳崎板块向欧亚大陆俯冲发生转向有关.      

华北克拉通北缘医巫闾山韧性剪切拆离带的运动学涡度与韧性减薄量

医巫闾山韧性剪切拆离带位于华北克拉通北缘,为一走向NE、倾向WNW的低角度正断层系,由下盘的韧性剪切带(糜棱岩带)、未变形中生代的花岗岩体;脆性拆离断层面及上盘未变质的沉积岩系组成。以拆离断层带下盘韧性剪切带内糜棱岩长石碎斑为标志体的三维有限应变测量显示,应变主轴X轴伸长,Y轴不变,Z轴缩短。以极莫尔圆法估算拆离带内糜棱岩的运动学涡度值介于0.61到0.96,平均为0.80(涡度值是无量纲数),表明医巫闾山韧性剪切拆离带形成机制为以简单剪切为主的一般剪切作用。结合三维有限应变测量,医巫闾山韧性剪切拆离带为一加长减薄型剪切带。以有限应变测量与运动学涡度估算为基础,初步估算了该韧性剪切拆离带的韧性减薄量沿剪切拆离方向,减薄量从10%增加到40%,且减薄量与应变强度正相关、与运动学涡度负相关。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)