ZAO纳米粉体的制备及其在红外隐身中的应用研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了铝掺杂氧化锌(ZAO)纳米粉体.使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究了Al2O3掺杂对ZnO物相结构和晶粒度的影响,结果表明,Al离子的掺杂并没改变ZnO的晶体结构,Al抖对Zn2 的替位掺杂使晶格发生畸变,衍射角偏离,随Al离子掺杂浓度的增加,晶体的平均粒径减小.对ZAO纳米粉体样品的红外吸收特性分析表明:随Al离子掺杂浓度的增加,红外吸收出现蓝移.理论分析得出适当调节ZAO栽流子浓度可以制备低红外发射率材料.     

AlN-SiC固溶体的制备及介电性能

以碳化硅和铝粉为原料,均匀混合后在不同气氛中于2000℃下保温0.5h制得粉体.用X射线衍射分析(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其进行表征.同时在8.2～12.4 GHz频率范围内测试其介电性能.结果表明:在N2气氛中,当铝的含量较少时,未出现AlN物相,当铝含量超过10at%时,AlN相开始出现,并且AlN的含量随着铝含量的增加而增加.掺杂铝样品与未掺杂铝样品相比,其介电常数实部ε'和介电损耗tanδ皆降低,且随着铝含量的增加而逐步降低,主要是因为AlN具有较低的介电常数实部和损耗.     

纳米氧化锌掺铝薄膜的微观结构研究

采用溶胶-凝胶(sol-gel)法在玻璃衬底上制备了纳米ZnO掺铝薄膜,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)对薄膜的微观结构进行了系统的研究。结果表明,所有在玻璃衬底上生长的ZnO薄膜均具有c轴择优取向。掺杂量为2%(原子分数)时,Al在ZnO薄膜中达到最高水平。过量Al掺杂明显减弱薄膜的c轴择优取向。随着Al掺杂量的增加,ZnO晶粒进一步细化。其原因是未进入ZnO晶格的Al以非晶Al2O3的形式在ZnO晶界上形成了对晶界运动的钉扎,从而阻碍了ZnO晶粒进一步长大。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备ZnO:Al(ZAO)薄膜的红外发射率研究

用溶胶-凝胶法在石英玻璃基底上制备了ZnO:Al(ZAO)薄膜,研究了热处理温度和Al掺杂含量对薄膜红外发射率的影响.通过XRD和SEM分析了薄膜的微观结构和表面形貌,用光谱辐射计测量了薄膜在8～14μm波段的光谱发射率.结果表明,制备的ZAO薄膜都具有ZnO六角形纤锌矿结构,没有生成杂质相.热处理温度是影响薄膜在8～14μm波段平均红外发射率(ε)的主要因素.随热处理温度的升高和Al掺杂含量的增加,薄膜的ε值有降低的趋势.     

等离子喷涂ZnO/Al_2O_3涂层微波介电特性研究

采用等离子喷涂工艺,以氧化锌(ZnO)作为吸收剂,氧化铝(Al2O3)为填料,聚乙烯醇(PVA)为粘结剂制备成ZnO/Al2O3复合涂层。分析了复合涂层的相组成及微观结构,研究了氧化锌含量对复合涂层介电性能的影响。结果表明,经喷涂后的涂层中有新相ZnAl2O4生成,其含量随原料中ZnO的含量增加而增加。涂层的密度与涂层中氧化锌含量有关。介电性能测试表明,涂层中ZnO含量的增加使涂层介电常数实部(ε′)及损耗(tanδ)先增加后降低。ZnO摩尔含量为65%时,随频率的增加,涂层介电常数呈降低的趋势。     

ZAO粉体的制备及其在乙醇中的分散工艺研究

采用共沉淀法并以氨水作为沉淀剂制备ZAO粉体,研究了pH值、煅烧温度对ZAO粉体形貌、尺寸和晶体结构的影响,并研究了粉体在无水乙醇中的分散工艺。借助差热-热重分析、X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜和紫外可见分光光度计对所制ZAO粉体进行表征。结果表明:ZAO前驱体的平均粒径随着滴定终点pH值的增大而减小,pH值小于8时,形貌不规则,pH值为9和10时,呈球形状,ZAO粉体的晶粒尺寸随着pH值增加先增大后减小,Al元素的掺杂使得ZnO的晶胞收缩;采用该法制备的ZAO前驱体中的阴离子难以洗净,煅烧温度在800℃以上时杂质才分解完全,ZAO粉体的晶粒尺寸随着煅烧温度的增加而增加;ZAO粉体在无水乙醇中最佳的分散工艺为添加ZAO粉体质量分数8%(质量分数)的六偏磷酸钠超声50min。     

纳米Si/C/N复相粉体-硅溶胶涂层的介电和吸波性能研究

以硅溶胶为粘结剂,氧化铝为主要填料,纳米Si/C/N复相粉体为吸收剂,制备了一系列不同吸收剂含量的耐高温吸波涂层.结果表明,当氧化铝和硅溶胶的质量分数分别为64.7%和32.3%时,涂层具有很好的耐高温性能.随着纳米Si/C/N复相粉体含量的增加,试样的复介电常数显著提高,尤其是复介电常数的虚部;且随着频率的增大,复介电常数的实部有明显的减小趋势,呈频散效应.当纳米Si/C/N复相粉体的含量为2.92%(质量分数,下同),涂层厚度为1.6mm、1.7mm、1.8mm时,最高吸收峰随着厚度的增加向低频移动,反射率均小于-4dB.     

凝胶-燃烧法制备掺铝氧化锌(ZAO)纳米粉体

采用凝胶-燃烧法制备了掺铝氧化锌(ZAO)纳米体粉体,研究了点火温度对燃烧产物粒度及燃烧反应完全程度的影响,借助XRD、TG和FE-SEM对ZAO纳米粉体进行了分析表征。结果表明:所得ZAO纳米粉体为纤锌矿结构,在550℃点火燃烧所得ZAO粉体的颗粒小,分散性好且分布较均匀,一次晶粒粒径13.9nm,颗粒平均粒径为26.8nm,燃烧反应较完全。     

水热法制备掺铝氧化锌纳米棒阵列及其光学特性

采用水热法,在ZnO种子层上制备出不同Al掺杂量的ZnO纳米棒阵列薄膜,利用XRD、SEM、TEM、PL等检测手段对样品进行结构、形貌和发光性能分析.结果表明,纳米棒属于六方纤锌矿结构,具有垂直基底沿[002]方向生长的特征,PL谱上存在强的近紫外辐射峰.随着掺杂量的增加,纳米棒直径略有减小,近紫外辐射峰蓝移,强度先增加后减小,证明掺杂会形成非辐射中心,探讨了Al掺杂ZnO纳米棒阵列的发光机理.     

AIN-SiC固溶体的制备及介电性能

以碳化硅和铝粉为原料,均匀混合后在不同气氛中于2000℃下保温0．5h制得粉体。用X射线衍射分析（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对其进行表征。同时在8．2～12．4GHz频率范围内测试其介电性能。结果表明：在N2气氛中,当铝的含量较少时,未出现AIN物相,当铝含量超过10at%时,AIN相开始出现,并且AIN的含量随着铝含量的增加而增加。掺杂铝样品与未掺杂铝样品相比,其介电常数实部ε′和介电损耗tanδ皆降低,且随着铝含量的增加而逐步降低,主要是因为AIN具有较低的介电常数实部和损耗。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。