集成化PCR生物芯片技术的研究

集成化PCR生物芯片是利用微电子机械系统技术将PCR与样品制备、杂交分析等过程集成到单一芯片上的微装置。着重介绍PCR-DNA微阵列杂交生物芯片的最新发展及PCR-样品制备集成的生物芯片，最后预测了集成化PCR生物芯片的发展方向。     

基于MEMS技术的样品预处理生物芯片

基于微电子机械系统(MEMS)技术的样品预处理生物芯片是一种微型化的生物样品预处理器，它具有体积小、试剂消耗少、处理速度快、可实现集成自动化等优点，成为微全分析系统(μ-TAS)研究的热点和难点。综述了基于MEMS技术的3类具有不同功能的样品预处理生物芯片，介绍了样品预处理芯片的原理、结构、分类及应用，并探讨了其发展趋势。     

生物芯片荧光检测光学系统综述

对生物芯片上生物反应信息的检测是生物芯片技术的重要组成部分。对以荧光物质作为示踪物的微阵列生物芯片和悬浮式生物芯片检测系统中的光学部分进行了综合分析。     

高通量数字化毛细管微阵列芯片

针对数字PCR体系样品的分割方式,开发了一款数字PCR体系样品分割芯片,用于微量生物样品检测。利用微机电系统(MEMS)制备阵列化的硅基片,采用硅片高效低损伤超精密磨削减薄工艺对硅基片进行减薄,结合化学改性方法,成功制备了表面疏水孔壁亲水的毛细管微阵列芯片。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对芯片结构进行表征,SEM结果显示,芯片结构为通孔微阵列。通过接触角表征芯片表面的疏水性,对比化学处理前后芯片表面的接触角,结果表明化学处理后芯片表面疏水,接触角为118°。通过能谱(EDS)表征芯片孔壁的亲水性,结果表明,芯片孔壁只有Si,O两种元素,形成亲水基团,因此,芯片孔壁亲水。通过测量显微镜和荧光显微镜表征芯片的样品分割性能,结果表明芯片将样品分割为均一的独立单元。通过激光共聚焦扫描仪表征,直观地反应了芯片的整体样品分割效果,通过计算芯片的样品填孔率为93.8%。本文成功制备了表面疏水孔壁亲水的毛细管微阵列芯片,该芯片具有优异的样品分割性能,在生物医学领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

CCD微阵列生物芯片扫描仪的研制

报导了CCD微阵列生物芯片扫描仪的光学系统 ,给出了光学系统的参考标准构型 ,并依据此构型研制出多分辨率CCD生物芯片扫描仪。实验采用不同浓度系列Cy3NHSester的DMS0溶液样点与微池溶液测定CCD生物芯片扫描仪的检测性能。初步实验数据表明 ,此扫描仪光路合理 ,精度满足生物芯片检测要求。     

生物微机电系统与生物芯片技术进展

评述生物微机电系统和生物芯片的最新进展；能够在液体中操纵单个细胞的微型机器人和生物分子电机驱动的内米器件代表了当前生物微机电系统的最新成就。使用纳粒子探头的扫描DNA检测技术和把生物分子亲和识别信息转换为纳米机械变形的检测技术是2种全新的生物芯片检测技术；蛋白质芯片在后基因组时期将发挥重要作用；带有扩散阱阵列的纳米流体分离器件、集成纳升DNA顺和细胞电穿孔芯片则分别反映了生物芯片在分离新模式、微分析系统集成和细胞控制方面的研究现状。单元尺寸趋向纳米量级及系统集成度不断提高是总的发展趋势。     

生物芯片与新药开发

生物芯片包括DNA芯片、尽白质芯片、细胞芯片和组织芯片等,由于该技术在有限的空间和实验室条件下获得大量的生物信息,使研究工作效率成千倍或万倍提高,因此受到科技界的重视.目前生物芯片除用于新药开发外,还用于分子生物学、疾病的诊断,治疗、预防、司法鉴定,环境污染和食品卫生监督等诸多领域.     

生物传感器及其在食品安全检测中的应用

生物传感器技术是一种全新的微量分析技术,目前已经广泛应用于生物、医学及食品等领域,通过生物传感器进行检测可以实现高通量、高精确度、快速筛查及定量分析.本文概述了生物传感器技术的基本原理及其在食品安全检测中的应用,并对国内外食品安全检测中常用的两种类型的商品化的生物传感器-基于微阵列芯片点样技术的晶芯芯片检测系统及基于表面等离子共振技术的Biacore检测芯片系列产品进行了介绍,旨在为今后更广泛地发挥生物传感器技术在食品检测中的作用提供参考.     

生物芯片

基于模拟计算机芯片的设想,将具有生物选择性的生物分子如核酸探针,抗体,肽段等大规模,有序地,集成制作成面积不大的生物芯片,已证明,它可用于核酸测序,基因突变和变异的探测,表达分析和基因多态性研究等,生物芯片的出现,将采集到大量生物信息,从而显著加速新药开发,肿瘤病因研究,传染病诊断,遗传病诊检,动植物品种改良以及加速对人体生理,病理,药理和毒理过程的了解,生物芯片的推广应用将导致生物信息学高潮的到     

高灵敏度获取SPR生物传感器的信息

获得高灵敏度的生物信息是SPR生物传感器扩展其应用的重要保证。它涉及生物传感芯片、光路、信号采集以及信号处理,其中生物传感芯片、信号获取和数据处理是实现高灵敏度获取的3个主要因素。本文通过对空间相位调制微阵列检测系统和微阵列光强检测系统的分析,得到了信号获取系统可以达到的灵敏度;同时,还分析了信号获取系统的传感单元对灵敏度的影响,提出了合理选择和设计信号获取系统的措施。研究结果表明,相位检测的灵敏度和分辨率要明显高于光强检测,光强检测的灵敏度能达到10^-4RIU,相位检测的灵敏度可达到10^-6RIU。     

Glycoprotein analysis using protein microarrays and mass spectrometry

Protein glycosylation plays an important role in a multitude of biological processes such as cell–cell recognition, growth, differentiation, and cell death. It has been shown that specific glycosylation changes are key in disease progression and can have diagnostic value for a variety of disease types such as cancer and inflammation. The complexity of carbohydrate structures and their derivatives makes their study a real challenge. Improving the isolation, separation, and characterization of carbohydrates and their glycoproteins is a subject of increasing scientific interest. With the development of new stationary phases and molecules that have affinity properties for glycoproteins, the isolation and separation of these compounds have advanced significantly. In addition to detection with mass spectrometry, the microarray platform has become an essential tool to characterize glycan structure and to study glycosylation‐related biological interactions, by using probes as a means to interrogate the spotted or captured glycosylated molecules on the arrays. Furthermore, the high‐throughput and reproducible nature of microarray platforms have been highlighted by its extensive applications in the field of biomarker validation, where a large number of samples must be analyzed multiple times. This review covers a brief survey of the other experimental methodologies that are currently being developed and used to study glycosylation and emphasizes methodologies that involve the use of microarray platforms. This review describes recent advances in several options of microarray platforms used in glycoprotein analysis, including glycoprotein arrays, glycan arrays, lectin arrays, and antibody/lectin arrays. The translational use of these arrays in applications related to characterization of cells and biomarker discovery is also included. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 29:830–844, 2010     

Shotgun lipidomics: electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis and quantitation of cellular lipidomes directly from crude extracts of biological samples

Lipidomics, after genomics and proteomics, is a newly and rapidly expanding research field that studies cellular lipidomes and the organizational hierarchy of lipid and protein constituents mediating life processes. Lipidomics is greatly facilitated by recent advances in, and novel applications of, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). In this review, we will focus on the advances in ESI/MS, which have facilitated the development of shotgun lipidomics and the utility of intrasource separation as an enabling strategy for utilization of 2D mass spectrometry in shotgun lipidomics of biological samples. The principles and experimental details of the intrasource separation approach will be extensively discussed. Other ESI/MS approaches towards the quantitative analyses of global cellular lipidomes directly from crude lipid extracts of biological samples will also be reviewed and compared. Multiple examples of lipidomic analyses from crude lipid extracts employing these approaches will be given to show the power of ESI/MS techniques in lipidomics. Currently, modern society is plagued by the sequelae of lipid-related diseases. It is our hope that the integration of these advances in multiple disciplines will catalyze the development of lipidomics, and such development will lead to improvements in diagnostics and therapeutics, which will ultimately result in the extended longevity and an improved quality of life for humankind.     

Imaging of metal-coated biological samples by scanning tunneling microscopy

A method for imaging biological samples by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is presented. There are two main difficulties in imaging biological samples by STM: (1) the low conductivity of biological material and (2) finding a method of reliably depositing the sample on a flat conducting surface. The first of these difficulties was solved by coating the samples with a thin film of platinum-carbon. The deposition problem was solved by a method similar to a procedure used to deposit biological molecules onto field ion microscope (FIM) tips. STM images of bacteriophage T7 and filamentous phage fd are shown. The substrate on which the samples were absorbed was atomically flat gold. The images do not show molecular detail due to the metal coating, but the gross dimensions and morphology are correct for each type of virus. Also, the surface density of virus particles increases and decreases in the way expected when the conditions of deposition are changed. These methods allow reliable and reproducible STM imaging of biological samples.     

Apertureless near-field scanning Raman microscopy using reflection scattering geometry

The combination of near-field scanning optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy provides chemical/structural specific information with nanometer spatial resolution, which are critically important for a wide range of applications, including the study of Si devices, nanodevices, quantum dots, single molecules of biological samples. In this paper, we describe our near-field Raman study using apertureless probes. Our system has two important features, critical to practical applications. (1) The near-field Raman enhancement was achieved by Ag coating of the metal probes, without any preparation of the sample, and (2) while all other apertureless near-field Raman systems were constructed in transmission mode, our system works in the reflection mode, making near-field Raman study a reality for any samples. We have obtained the first 1D Raman mapping of a real Si device with 1s exposure time. This is a very significant development in near-field scanning Raman microscopy as it is the first demonstration that this technique can be used for imaging purpose because of the short integration time. In addition, the metal tips used in our set-up can be utilized to make simultaneous AFM and electrical mappings such as resistance and capacitance that are critical parameters for device applications.     

Observation of biological samples using a scanning microwave microscope

We present the application of a scanning microwave microscope technique to biological samples. Since dielectric properties of most biological samples originate mainly from the water they contain, we were able to obtain microscope images of biological samples by our scanning microwave microscope technique. As a model system, we have measured the electrical properties of water in the microwave region. The high dielectric constant and the large loss tangent of water were verified. Furthermore, we have measured the properties of water with differing amounts of sodium chloride concentration ranging from de-ionized water to the saturated solution. We have observed a significant change in the resonant frequency and Q value of the resonator as a function of sodium chloride concentration. The concentration dependence of the signals shows that our scanning microwave microscope technique can be useful for investigating the local electric behavior of biological samples with a simple model of ionic conduction.     

ICP-AES技术应用的研究进展

ICP-AES分析技术以其快速、准确、灵敏等特点,广泛应用于环境、地矿、冶金、生物、食品、石油、医学检验等领域中的多元素分析,其分析技术和仪器已日益完善。本文根据ICP-AES分析技术热点领域的应用,重点总结了近年来ICP-AES在环境水体样品、地矿样品、冶金样品、生物样品及食品样品分析中的应用研究进展,并对其发展历程、方法原理、优缺点及发展前景作了简要的论述与展望。     

A non-contact mode scanning force microscope optimised to image biological samples in liquid

Given that biological samples are particularly soft in their natural state and that a liquid is the most difficult operating environment for non-contact mode scanning force microscopy, the development of a scanning force microscope that is optimised to image biological samples in vitro presents significant challenges. The performance of the instrument described here has been optimised for such an application by incorporating magnetic excitation and active-Q control of the cantilever. The application of this instrument has been validated by imaging monolayers of immobilised antibodies in liquid and achieving image qualities comparable to those achieved in air for such samples.