山泉水人工养殖金鳟鱼卵及鱼皮营养成分的测定与分析

为了开发利用金鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）鱼卵和鱼皮,对养殖的金鳟鱼卵和鱼皮营养成分进行测定。结果表明：鱼卵和鱼皮均含有18 种氨基酸,鱼卵中必需氨基酸（essential amino acids,EAA）含量/氨基酸总量（amount of amino acid,TAA）为43.0%,EAA/非必需氨基酸（non-essential amino acids,NEAA）含量为75.5%,鱼皮中EAA/TAA为20.7%,EAA/NEAA为26.0%,但鲜味氨基酸（delicious amino acid,DAA）含量/TAA较高（50.1%）,且DAA以甘氨酸（Gly）含量（180.0 mg/g）最高;鱼卵和鱼皮中分别含有22 种和18 种脂肪酸,鱼卵和鱼皮的不饱和脂肪酸总量分别为83.11%和66.96%,且多不饱和脂肪酸总量分别为58.51%和29.55%,鱼卵中二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸总量为16.53%,高于鱼皮（2.90%）;鱼卵中P含量最高,Mn含量最低,分别为10 520.00、1.79 mg/kg;鱼皮中Ca含量最高,Mn含量最低,分别为9 199.03、0.50 mg/kg;鱼卵中Mg、P、Cu、Zn、Mn和Se含量显著高于鱼皮,而K、Ca和Fe含量明显低于鱼皮。本研究说明鱼卵属优质蛋白源,鱼皮含有丰富的胶原蛋白,且鱼卵和鱼皮中均含有丰富的矿物质和不饱和脂肪酸,具有较大的潜在开发利用价值。     

喙核桃与核桃营养成分的比较分析

采用国标方法对喙核桃和核桃中矿质元素、氨基酸等营养成分总量及组分进行了测定,旨在为珍稀种质资源喙核桃的开发利用提供依据。结果表明,核桃磷和镁含量显著(P0.05)高于喙核桃,钙含量显著低于喙核桃,锌和钾含量差异不显著。核桃和喙核桃均含有常见的16种氨基酸,且核桃的氨基酸总量(∑TAA)、必需氨基酸(∑EAA)、半必需氨基酸(∑HEAA)、非必需氨基酸(∑NEAA)以及鲜味氨基酸总量(∑DAA)均显著(P0.05)高于喙核桃;核桃与喙核桃的∑ EAA/∑ TAA、∑ DAA/∑ TAA、∑ EAA/ ∑NEAA比值无显著差异(P0.05);喙核桃的的支/芳值显著(P0.05)高于核桃;赖氨酸为喙核桃和核桃的第一限制性氨基酸;喙核桃氨基酸指数明显低于核桃。37种脂肪酸组分中,喙核桃检测出9种,核桃检测出8种,其脂肪酸组分基本相似。综合考量,喙核桃的氨基酸和脂肪酸种类丰富,组成和核桃相似,即可补钙又富含优质的蛋白质,具有较好的经济价值和开发前景。     

黑虎掌菌营养成分的测定与评价

目的：对野生黑虎掌菌的营养成分和营养品质价值进行系统分析。方法：依据各营养成分测定国家标准对黑虎掌菌(干制品)的营养成分进行测定与评价。结果：黑虎掌菌中粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗脂肪、灰分、水分含量分别为：15.74%、4.72%、2.57%、9.56%、7.83%。其中Mg、Mn、Fe、Zn矿质元素含量为751.55、33.76、318.07、116.77mg/kg。样品中必需氨基酸总量(EAA)为3339.85mg/100g、非必需氨基酸总量(NEAA)为6548.98mg/100g、氨基酸总量(TAA)为9888.83mg/100g。氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)、氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为7.62、3.92、48.46。EAA/TAA为33.77%,EAA/NEAA为51.00%,鲜味氨基酸总量占氨基酸总含量为36.68%。黑虎掌菌多糖重均分子质量(Mw)为765747D和11194D。结论：黑虎掌菌蛋白质含量较高,脂肪含量较低,碳水化合物和矿质元素含量丰富,营养较为均衡,是一种具有良好经济价值和开发前景的食用菌。     

网箱养殖刺鲃肌肉营养成分分析及评价

采用常规生化分析方法测定湖南芷江网箱养殖刺鲃(Spinibarbus caldwelli)肌肉(鲜样)营养成分的组成和含量,并对其营养价值进行综合评价。结果表明:网箱养殖刺鲃肌肉中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分的含量分别为73.44%、24.18%、3.63%、1.28%。肌肉中共检测出17种氨基酸,氨基酸总含量(TAA)为18.08%,其中必需氨基酸(EAA)含量为6.70%,占氨基酸总量的37.06%,必需氨基酸(EAA)与非必需氨基酸(NEAA)含量的比值为58.88%,其必需氨基酸比例符合FAO/WTO的理想模式。以氨基酸评分(AAS)评价,Val和Ile为肌肉第一、二限制性氨基酸;以化学评分(CS)评价,Met+Cys和Val为肌肉第一、二限制性氨基酸。必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为58.39,鲜味氨基酸(DAA)含量为6.97%,占氨基酸总量的38.55%。肌肉中检测出饱和脂肪酸(SFA)3种、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA) 3种、多不饱和脂肪(PUFA)5种,共11种脂肪酸。SFA、MUFA、PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的20.56%、54.71%、24.72%,C20:5n-3(EPA)与C22:6n-3(DHA)之和占脂肪酸总量的1.86%。研究表明,网箱养殖刺鲃肌肉具有食用营养价值。     

鱼皮低聚肽氨基酸组成及抗氧化活性研究

以还原型谷胱甘肽和抗坏血酸为对照,采用DPPH·法和邻二氮菲-Fe~(2+)氧化法分别测定鱼皮低聚肽清除DPPH·和·OH活性能力;并利用GB/T5009.124-2003《食品中氨基酸的测定》方法测定鱼皮低聚肽的氨基酸组成,进行营养价值评价及抗氧化能力与氨基酸组成关系的初步分析。结果表明,在优选的反应体系中,鱼皮低聚肽、谷胱甘肽和抗坏血酸对·OH的IC_(50)值分别为2.482、0.357、0.100mg/mL,对DPPH·的IC_(50)值分别为0.635、0.030、0.003 mg/mL,鱼皮低聚肽必需氨基酸含量为24.43%,EAA/TAA值为24.19%,EAA/NEAA值为32%,CS均大于100,EAAI为352,含硫氨基酸含量为3.8%,除蛋氨酸外的疏水性氨基酸占氨基酸总量的26.7%,具有抗氧化活性的氨基酸总量为30.5%,与鱼皮低聚肽的抗氧化活性一致。     

德江天麻营养成分分析与评价

分析德江天麻的营养成分,测定德江粗蛋白、粗脂肪、维生素C、粗纤维、氨基酸、矿物质等营养成分,并对其进行分析与评价。结果表明:德江天麻粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量较高,粗纤维其次,维生素C的含量最低;氨基酸总量达10.034 g/100 g,必需氨基酸(Essential amino acids,EAA)/氨基酸总量(Total amino acids,TAA)为41.71%,必需氨基酸(Essential amino acids,EAA)/非必需氨基酸(Non-essential amino acids,NEAA)为71.17%,必需氨基酸种类齐全比例均衡,第一限制氨基酸为Lys,矿物质元素含量丰富,常量元素以K含量最高,微量元素中以Mn的含量最高,分别为41 234.43 mg/kg和20.5 mg/kg。德江天麻是一种粗蛋白含量高,维生素C含量低,必需氨基酸种类齐全,矿物质元素丰富,营养价值较高的植物,具有很好的开发应用前景。     

杂粮同熟化技术的应用拓展研究

介绍一种用于改善大米中营养缺乏的杂粮米复配方案,复配杂粮饭中必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量（EAA/TAA,E/T）和必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值（EAA/NEAA,E/N）更接近世界卫生组织（WHO）和联合国粮农组织（FAO）提出蛋白质中EAA/TAA应达到40%、EAA/NEAA应大于60%的参考标准,食用口感与大米接近,与精米饭中相比,必需氨基酸营养更合理。     

金钱鱼肌肉营养成分的分析和评价

为了解金钱鱼(Scatophagu sargus)肌肉的营养价值,采用生化分析手段对生态养殖的2龄金钱鱼进行肌肉营养成分分析和品质评价。结果显示,金钱鱼的肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量分别为72.99%、18.63%、5.13%和1.29%。18种被检出的常见氨基酸中含量最高的4种氨基酸依次分别为谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、赖氨酸和亮氨酸;肌肉干样中氨基酸总量(TAA)、必需氨基酸(EAA)、半必需氨基酸(HEAA)和鲜味氨基酸(DAA)分别为68.99%、26.92%、6.13%和25.38%;EAA/TAA(39.01%)和EAA/NEAA(74.88%)接近于FAO/WHO模式中高质量蛋白质对EAA/TAA的要求(40%左右)和大大超过对EAA/NEAA的要求(60%以上);DAA/TAA为36.80%;根据氨基酸评分(AAS),第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别是缬氨酸和异亮氨酸,而根据化学评分(CS),其第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别是色氨酸和缬氨酸;其必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)、支链氨基酸与芳香族氨基酸的比值(F值)分别为61.41和2.22。肌肉干样中检出7种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、6种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和11种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA);∑SFA、∑MUFA、∑PUFA、∑n3PUFA、EPA+DHA和∑n6PUFA分别为38.27%、34.63%、27.09%、10.11%、7.30%和15.45%,∑SFA/∑UFA和∑n3PUFA/∑n6PUFA分别为0.62和0.65。研究表明,金钱鱼是一种营养价值较高、味道鲜美的优质鱼类,且有一定的保健作用。     

野生和养殖乌鳢肌肉的成分分析及营养评价

本文对野生和养殖乌鳢肌肉中的营养成分进行了分析和营养评价。结果表明:野生乌鳢肌肉中粗脂肪含量显著低于养殖乌鳢(P0.05)。野生乌鳢n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量和c22:6(DHA)含量均高于养殖乌鳢,野生和养殖乌鳢肌肉中n-3/n-6的比例分别为1.21和0.65。两种乌鳢肌肉都检测到了17种氨基酸,养殖乌鳢肌肉中氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量均高于野生乌鳢,野生和养殖乌鳢肌肉中必需氨基酸/总氨基酸(EAA/TAA)的比值分别为42.66%和42.28%,必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(EAA/NEAA)的比值分别为74.40%和73.26%,均高于FAO/WHO推荐的理想蛋白质模式,野生和养殖乌鳢肌肉的必需氨基酸评分(EAAI)分别为63.48和70.82。两种乌鳢肌肉中矿物质元素均以钾最高,养殖乌鳢微量元素含量显著高于野生乌鳢(P0.05)。因此,以低值野杂鱼饵料为食物来源的养殖乌鳢具有良好的开发前景。     

黑色粮油营养羹的营养成分测定与评价

目的：以黑粘米、黑大豆、黑芝麻为主要原料,加工成一种黑色粮油食品营养羹,通过化学方法研究黑色粮油营养羹的主要营养成分,并对其氨基酸含量及组成特性进行分析。方法：将黑粘米、黑大豆、黑芝麻经发芽、破碎、挤压膨化、微波灭菌等工序加工成营养羹,按国标规定检测其营养成分含量。结果：营养羹中成分含量分别为：水分4.92%、蛋白质24.81%、脂肪18.84%、灰分2.84%、不溶性膳食纤维2.43%、VB1 98.65μg/100g、VB2 96.89μg/100g、VE 6.98mg/100g、钙207.14mg/100g、钠86.62mg/100g、钾702.03mg/100g、镁119.13mg/100g、铁9.04mg/100g、锌2.09mg/100g、锰1.66mg/100g、铜5.88mg/kg、铅小于0.3mg/kg、砷小于0.2mg/kg。每100g蛋白质中氨基酸总量为24.57g,必需氨基酸(EAA)总量8.94g,非必需氨基酸(NEAA)总量为15.63g,EAA/TAA为36.39%,EAA/NEAA为57.20%。氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为1.02、0.65、78.77。结论：以黑色粮油开发制成的营养羹营养全面、结构合理。     

Evaluation of the potential use of discard species for fish silage and assessment of its oils for human consumption

Waste or by-products contains a substantial amount of nutrients. Fish silage is an alternative way for assessment of fish discards and waste generated in the fish processing industries. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential use of discard species (Equulites klunzingeri, marine fish and Carassius gibelio, freshwater fish) for fish silage and chemical quality of fish oil extracted from fish silages prepared with acid and fermented methods. Lipid quality of fish oils extracted from fish silages with LAB strains was evaluated in terms of thiobarbituric acid (TBA), peroxide value (PV), p-Anisidine (AV), totox values and fatty acid composition. The results showed that PV, TBA, AV and totox values of all extracted fish oils were within the acceptable limits for edible oils. Recovered fish oils from silage contained high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), serving as a source of good quality fish oil for human consumption.     

6种鱼类鱼汤中脂肪酸组成和挥发性风味物质比较

目的 探究不同鱼类鱼汤中挥发性风味物质的差异。方法 采用气相色谱和气相色谱质谱联用,对鳙鱼、鲫鱼、鳊鱼、黄鱼、三文鱼、鳕鱼六种鱼类鱼肉脂肪中的脂肪酸与鱼汤中的挥发性风味物质进行了测定与对比。结果 在6种鱼鱼肉中共检测出20种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸7种,单不饱和脂肪酸5种,多不饱和脂肪酸8种。在鱼汤中共检测出挥发性风味物质72种,其中醛类16种,烃类27种,酯类6种,醇类10种,酮类5种,其他类8种。结论 鳙鱼、鲫鱼、鳊鱼与三文鱼中主要包括棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸,相比于这四种鱼,鳕鱼和黄鱼中的ω-3PUFA类脂肪酸含量较高,而亚油酸含量较少。鱼汤的挥发性风味物质中均以醛类、醇类、烃类为主,淡水鱼的挥发性风味物质中醇类含量显著高于海水鱼,且淡水鱼挥发性风味物质总量也显著高于海水鱼。     

Milk and cheese from cows fed calcium salts of palm and fish oil alone or in combination with soybean products

Twenty cows were used in a randomized block design experiment for 6 wk to determine the influence of feeding partial ruminally inert Ca salts of palm and fish oil (Ca-PFO), alone or in combination with extruded full-fat soybeans or soybean oil, on milk fatty acid (FA) methyl esters composition and consumer acceptability of milk and Cheddar cheese. Cows were fed either a diet containing 44% forage and 56% concentrate (control) or a diet supplemented with 2.7% Ca-PFO (FO), 5% extruded full-fat soybeans + 2.7% Ca-PFO (FOESM), or 0.75% soybean oil + 2.7% Ca-PFO (FOSO). Total dietary FA content in the control, FO, FOESM, and FOSO diets were 4.61, 6.28, 6.77, and 6.62 g/100 g, respectively. There was no difference in nutrient intake, milk yield, or milk composition among treatments. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) C_18:2cis-9, trans-11 isomer, C_18:1trans-11 (VA), and total n-3 FA in milk from cows on the control, FO, FOESM, and FOSO treatments were 0.56, 1.20, 1.36, and 1.74; 3.29, 4.66, 6.34, and 7.81; 0.62, 0.69, 0.69, and 0.67 g/100 g of FA, respectively. Concentrations of CLA, VA, and total n-3 FA in cheese were similar to milk. A trained sensory panel detected no difference in flavors of milk and cheese, except for acid flavor below a slightly perceptible level in cheese from all treatments. Results suggest that feeding Ca-PFO alone or in combination with extruded full-fat soybeans or soybean oil enhanced the CLA, VA, total unsaturated and n-3 FA in milk and cheese without negatively affecting cow performance and consumer acceptability characteristics of milk and cheese.     

Amino acid composition of Brazilian surubim fish (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans) fed diets with different levels and sources of fat

Surubim (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans) is a river fish from the Brazilian São Francisco basin which presents a great potential for commercialization. The amino acid composition of carcasses of surubim fed isoproteic diets with variable levels and sources of fat were determined. The increase of soybean oil at levels of 4%, 8% and 12% in the rations promoted a corresponding increase in nitrogen fixation in the fish carcass, reflected by higher amino acid contents. However, the application of 12% added amounts of pig lard, corn oil, linseed oil or soybean oil, as different sources of fat, did not promote much variation in the fish amino acid fixation. The determination of the essential amino acid composition in the fish carcasses and the A/E ratios of individual amino acids provided a pattern of amino acid requirements of surubim fish.     

Effects of storage time and chemical preservatives on the total volatile basic nitrogen content in chilean mackerel (Trachurus murphy) prior to fish meal production

Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) as a measure of protein degradation and total microbial counts or stored raw mackerel (Trachurus murphy), which had been treated with chemical preservatives, were compared with the TVB-N and microbial counts of untreated fish. In unpreserved fish, decomposition of fish protein was rapid. Treatment of mackerel with acetic (1000-5000 μg kg^?1), which was the most effective of the parameters studied, approximately halved the rate of increase in TVB-N compared with the untreated samples. Changes in the total microbial counts presented a similar trend.     

Influence of acetic acid preservation of chilean mackerel (Trachurus murphy) on fish meal production

The influence of acetic acid preservation of Chilean mackerel (Trachurus murphy) on its suitability of processing a fish meal quality was studied on a pilot-plant scale and on the industrial level. In particular, the influence of acetic acid preservation of raw material on water-oil separation during cooking-pressing and resulting quality changes in fish meal produced was investigated. The results have shown that preservation of raw fish by acetic acid may improve water-oil separation after cooking, whereas the quality of oil and fish meal measured as acid value and available lysine, respectively, remain constant. A concentration of 1000–3000 μg kg^?1 of acetic acid in the raw material is recommended.     

气相色谱法测定鱼油中的二十碳五烯酸、 二十二碳六烯酸和二十二碳五烯酸

目的通过优化鱼油中二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十二碳五烯酸(docosapentaenoic acid,DPA)的测定条件,建立鱼油中EPA、DHA和DPA气相色谱定量检测分析方法。方法采用正己烷处理样品,经色谱柱(Agilent,Elite-WAX,30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm)分离鱼油中的EPA、DHA、DPA甲酯标准品,并进行定量检测。结果 EPA浓度在0.36~3.6 mg/m L、DHA浓度在0.37~3.7 mg/m L、DPA浓度在0.16~1.62 mg/m L的范围内与峰面积的线性良好,相关系数r0.999。在80%、100%、120%添加水平下,EPA、DHA和DPA的检出限分别为0.01%、0.03%、0.009%,EPA、DHA和DPA的回收率分别为96.2%、96.4%、95.7%。结论气相色谱法灵敏度高、准确、重现性好,适用于鱼油中EPA、DHA和DPA的含量测定。     

Differentiation of Cultured and Wild Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) Based on Fatty Acid Composition

Sturgeon species have attracted interest for aquaculture due to high value of the flesh, caviar and wild stock depletion. Lipid was extracted from sturgeon muscle using the Bligh and Dyer procedure. Fatty acids from total lipid were methylated using boron-trifluoride in methanol. Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography as weight %. The fatty acid profiles of lipids were different between cultured and wild sturgeon. Wild sturgeon had higher levels of 16:0, 16:1ω7, 18:1ω9, 22: 4ω6 and 22:5ω6. Cultured fish had higher levels of 18:2ω6, C20 and C22 monoenes, 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3. Stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) was used to develop a mathematical model to distinguish the two populations; the levels of 16:2ω6, 22:5ω6 and phytanic acid accurately identified the two fish populations.     

Feeding fish meal and extruded soybeans enhances the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk

Twelve multiparous Holstein cows averaging 65 (33 to 122) DIM were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square for 4-wk periods to determine whether feeding fish oil as fish meal would stimulate increased amounts of milk conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 C18:2; CLA) and transvaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1; TVA) when the cows were fed extruded soybeans to supply additional linoleic acid. Treatment diets were 1) control; 2) 0.5% fish oil from fish meal; 3) 2.5% soybean oil from extruded soybeans; and 4) 0.5% fish oil from fish meal and 2% soybean oil from extruded soybeans. Diets were formulated to contain 18% crude protein and were composed (dry basis) of 50% concentrate mix, 25% corn silage, and 25% alfalfa hay. Intake of DM was not affected by diet. Milk production was increased by diets 2, 3, and 4 compared with diet 1 (control). Milk fat and milk protein percentages decreased with diets 3 and 4. Milk fat yield was not affected by treatments, but yield of milk protein was increased with supplemental fish meal and extruded soybeans or their blend. When diets 2, 3, or 4 were fed, concentrations of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat increased by 0.4-, 1.4-, and 3.2-fold, and TVA concentrations in milk fat increased by 0.4-, 1.8-, and 3.5-fold compared with the control milk fat. Increases in TVA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA were 91 to 109% greater when a blend of fish meal and extruded soybeans was fed than the additive effect of fish meal and extruded soybeans. This suggested that fish oil increased the production of CLA and TVA from other dietary sources of linoleic acid such as extruded soybeans.