线粒体肌病和线粒体脑肌病组织化学及电镜的研究

本文报告了2例线粒体肌病、3例线粒体脑肌病(MALES1例、MER-RF2例)。所有病例的速冻连续切片的GT染色均见有RRF。在HE—NADH—TR、ATP酶、PAS、、磷酸化酶及SND染色中均见有RRF样增强纤维。细胞色素C氧化酶染色中有2例的切片出现阴性染色肌纤维、考虑为复合体Ⅳ活性低下,余3例染色正常。电镜下观察到除有大量形态异常的线粒体外,并在这些线粒体内见有结晶状、板层状及同心圆样的包涵体。     

16例线粒体肌病和线粒体脑肌病电镜观察分析

目的探讨线粒体肌病与脑肌病患者肌肉的超微结构特征,分析该病的病因和可能的发病机制。方法对16例线粒体肌病与脑肌病患者的肌活检组织进行光镜和电镜超微病理观察。结果电镜观察16例,在肌原纤维间和肌膜下可见弥漫的线粒体数目增多,13例表现为形态异常,可见巨大线粒体,嵴结构不清,排列紊乱,呈同心圆样,均可见线粒体内类结晶状包涵体,有的同时伴有糖原颗粒的异常增多、脂滴沉积及溶酶体异常,有的线粒体只能靠双层膜结构及残存的嵴被识别。3例仅线粒体数量增多,未见其他异常。结论电镜观察肌膜下和肌原纤维间线粒体异常增多且形态异常,特别是线粒体内类结晶状包涵体,对本病的诊断有重要价值。     

线粒体肌病与其它神经肌病破碎红纤维的对比研究

为了探讨破碎红纤维（ＲＲＦｓ）对线粒体肌病的诊断价值，对线粒体肌病、多发性肌炎／皮肌炎（ＰＭ／ＤＭ）和脊髓性肌萎缩（ＳＭＡ）３组病人ＲＲＦｓ的形态特点和出现频率进行了对比研究，同时对３组病人线粒体的超微结构改变进行了对比观察。结果发现总ＲＲＦｓ出现频率线粒体肌病组３．０％～１５．２％，ＰＭ／ＤＭ组５．２％～１１．１％，ＳＭＡ组４．５％～４９％。线粒体肌病组以典型ＲＲＦｓ为主，ＰＭ／ＤＭ组以均匀红染纤维为主，ＳＭＡ组以红边纤维为主。线粒体的超微结构观察发现线粒体肌病组线粒体形态改变、嵴排列异常及嵴内包涵体多见，受累线粒体较多。ＰＭ／ＤＭ组和ＳＭＡ组线粒体主要改变是数量增多，形态变小，而外形改变和嵴排列异常少见。未见嵴内包涵体。本研究结果提示ＲＲＦｓ及出现频率不能作为诊断线粒体肌病的形态学标准，典型ＲＲＦｓ对线粒体肌病的诊断较有价值。电镜观察线粒体超微结构改变的不同特点有助于线粒体肌病的鉴别诊断     

线粒体脑肌病的临床与病理

目的探讨线粒体脑肌病的临床与肌肉病理特点。方法对16例肌活检证实的线粒体脑肌病病例的临床表现、肌肉组织化学及超微结构进行分析。结果16例患者破碎红纤维(RRF)的平均比例为5.9%,11例有中央核增多,13例的SDH/CCO双染示12例有蓝纤维,且与RRF的分布一致。超微结构观察有4例找到典型晶格状包涵体。结论SDH/CCO双染有蓝纤维为线粒体肌病的诊断提供了依据,借此可与其他肌病鉴别。     

青年脑出血与线粒体脑肌病的关系

目的 研究青年脑出血与线粒体脑肌病(MEM)的关系。方法 对4例与线粒体脑肌病有关的青年脑出血患者的肌活检标本进行电镜观察、Gomori组化染色、血乳酸测定及肌电图检测。结果 4例青年脑出血患者的肌活检标本均可见不整红边纤维(RRF)，血乳酸值增高，线粒体形态异常。结论 提示部分青年脑出血患者发病与MEM有关。     

单纯型线粒体肌病的临床和病理特点

目的探讨单纯型线粒体肌病的临床和病理特点。方法对9例单纯型线粒体肌病患者的临床和病理资料进行回顾性分析,并对其中6例进行随访研究。结果9例单纯型线粒体肌病为选择性骨骼肌受累,主要表现为波动性肌肉无力,以四肢近端为主,不累及眼外肌。大多患者肌酸磷酸激酶轻～中度增高(539～2913U／L)。肌电图检查6例为肌源性损害,3例为神经源性损害。肌活检发现8例有典型的不整红边纤维(RRF),其百分比为5％～60％;另1例有非典型RRF,但电镜观察发现线粒体形态异常和嵴内包涵体。细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)染色4例酶活性部分缺失,2例完全缺失。病理观察发现RRF的比例与临床肌无力程度呈一定的平行关系,RRF比例越高、临床肌无力越重。6例随访结果显示,经维生素B族、维生素E、辅酶Q。肌苷等药物治疗后,5例症状改善,1例死亡,死因不明。结论单纯型线粒体肌病为选择性累及躯干和四肢近端肌群的一个亚型,病理特点为典型的RRF和COX缺失,RRF与病情相关;其病程发展相对缓慢,预后相对良好。     

多种形态类结晶包涵体并存的线粒体肌病1例报告

线粒体肌病是一组由于线粒体遗传基因缺陷而导致的以线粒体功能障碍为主要特征的肌病，目前认为，肌纤维内线粒体类结晶包涵体的存在对诊断该病具有重要意义。本文报告1例线粒体肌病患者，发现超微病理表现丰富,特别是线粒体内类结晶包涵体形态、数目之异常，不同于以往国内、外报告的特征，现报告如下。     

线粒体肌病及脑肌病的PGA标记法免疫电镜研究

检测线粒体肌病及脑肌病时线粒体嵴上的酶复合体Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ含量，以探讨其发病机理。用９例线粒体肌病及脑肌病患者和３例正常人的肌肉组织进行蛋白Ａ胶体金法（ＰＧＡ）标记后，在电镜下定量分析比较。结果表明：患者肌肉组织中线粒体内与ＰＧＡ结合的酶复合体Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ金粒子均有程度不同的减少，尤其是在ＣＣＯ染色呈阴性的患者肌肉组织中与酶复合体Ⅳ结合的金粒子减少更为显著。作者认为：线粒体肌病及线粒体脑肌病时患者肌肉组织线粒体内酶复合体Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ活性均降低，尤其是在ＣＣＯ染色呈阴性者中酶复合体Ⅳ活性减少更为明显。线粒体内酶复合体活性降低对本病的发生至为重要。     

线粒体胃肠肌病二例的临床与病理研究

目的 报道2例以胃肠道功能异常和肌无力为主要表现的线粒体病，探讨本病的诊断规律。方法 2例男性患者分别为13岁和6岁，在6岁和4岁5个月时起反复出现胃肠道症状和持续性肌无力，无眼外肌瘫痪和中枢神经系统损害的表现，头颅CT和MRI检查无异常，对2例患者进行肌肉活检和线粒体基因检查。结果 肌肉活检证实2例患者的骨骼肌存在大量典型的不整红边纤维和琥珀酸脱氢酶深染的肌纤维，肌纤维内糖原和脂肪滴增多。电镜检查显示肌纤维内出现大量巨大线粒体，部分线粒体内出现环状排列的嵴或类结晶包涵体，肌纤维内糖原和脂肪滴增多。基因检查示2例患者分别存在线粒体基因3243点突变和3271点突变。结论 胃肠道功能异常和肌无力可以作为主要临床症状组合出现在线粒体病中，由于2例患者的临床表现不同于以前报道的线粒体脑肌病，应诊断为线粒体胃肠肌病，可能属于线粒体病一个新的临床病理亚型。在寻找儿童慢性胃肠功能异常的病因时应考虑到本病的可能。     

线粒体脑肌病的临床、病理与神经电生理

目的探讨线粒体脑肌病的临床、肌肉病理及神经电生理特点，以便早期诊断。方法对6例确诊的线粒体脑肌病患者的临床表现、肌肉组织光镜和超微结构改变以及神经电生理改变进行了回顾性分析。结果本组患者的临床特征主要以运动不耐受，阵挛、抽搐发作，精神障碍，共济失调为主。6例患者中4例发现破碎红纤维（RRF），其平均比例为5．3％；超微结构观察有线粒体异常及糖原颗粒沉积，其中有2例发现有典型晶格状包涵体。以癫痫发作为主要临床表现的患者脑电图明显异常；肌电图以神经源性改变4例，占本组病例的4／6；听觉诱发电位（BAEP）、体感诱发电位（SEP）异常3例，占3／6。结论线粒体脑肌病的临床表现复杂多样，诊断主要依赖于临床特征分析和肌肉活检；电镜超微结构改变为线粒体病的主要诊断依据；神经电生理改变对病理损伤累及范围和程度方面有一定的参考价值。     

慢性进行性眼外肌瘫痪型线粒体肌病(附3个家系报告)

目的 探讨家族性慢性进行性眼外肌瘫痪（CPEO）型线粒体肌病的临床、遗传和病理特点。方法 回顾性分析CPEO型线粒体肌病3个家系21例患者的临床表现、家系调查及5例肌活检病理学资料。结果 患者临床均表现为眼睑下垂和眼球运动障碍,伴或不伴有肌无力。1家系符合常染色体显性遗传规律,另2个家系符合母系遗传规律。病理改变：光镜下为破碎红纤维（RRFs）和细胞色素C氧化酶（COX）缺失纤维;电镜为肌膜下、肌原纤维间线粒体数量增多,嵴内可见电子致密颗粒或晶格样包涵体。结论 3个家系及其亲子代问临床与病理表现相似,提示不同遗传方式所致CPEO型线粒体肌病临床表现是相同的。     

以肌无力伴水肿为主要表现的线粒体肌病1例报告并文献复习

目的：通过相关病例及文献复习探讨线粒体肌病的临床特征、辅助检查所见特点及治疗进展情况。方法：回顾贵州医科大学附属医院收治的1例线粒体肌病患者的临床资料,结合相关文献进行分析。结果：线粒体肌病以波动性的肌无力、肌肉疼痛为主要临床特征,可伴有眼外肌、心肌,甚至自主神经系统的损害,血清肌酸激酶轻至中度升高,肌肉活检病理特点为改良 Gomori T richrome染色（MGT）可见破碎红纤维,电子显微镜下线粒体数目和形态异常,并可见典型的结晶样包涵体。结论：线粒体肌病是一类以肌无力为特点伴多系统损害的遗传性疾病,以肌肉活检病理检查和相关基因检测为主要确诊依据。对于存在肌无力伴多系统损害症状的患者,应警惕此病的可能。     

Diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases: clinical and histological study of sixty patients with ragged red fibers

BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial diseases are caused by mutations in mitochondrial or nuclear genes, or both and most patients do not present with easily recognizable disorders. The characteristic morphologic change in muscle biopsy, ragged-red fibers (RRFs) provides an important clue to the diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Demographic data, presenting symptoms, neurological features, and investigative findings in 60 patients with ragged-red fibers (RRFs) on muscle biopsy, seen between January 1990 and December 2002, were analyzed. The authors applied the modified respiratory chain (RC) diagnostic criteria retrospectively to determine the number of cases fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of mitochondrial disease. RESULTS: The most common clinical syndrome associated with RRFs on muscle biopsy was progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) with or without other signs, in 38 (63%) patients. Twenty-six patients (43%) had only external ophthalmoplegia, 5 (8%) patients presented with encephalomyopathy. Specific syndromes were the presenting feature in 8 (13%), Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) in 4 and myoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red fibers (MERRF) in 4. Myopathy was the presenting feature in 5 (8%) and 4 presented with infantile myopathy. Of the 60 patients, 18 (30%) had proximal muscle weakness. Two patients with KSS and one patient with myopathy had complete heart block necessitating pace making. When the modified RC diagnostic criteria were applied, only 26 (43%) patients had one other major criterion in addition to RRFs for the diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases. The remaining 34 (57%) patients with RRFs on muscle biopsy had only some clinical features suggestive of RC disorder but did not fulfill the clinical criteria (of the modified diagnostic criteria) for the diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases. CONCLUSION: In patients with clinical features suggestive of RC disorder, demonstration of RRFs on muscle biopsy helps in confirming the diagnosis of mitochondrial disease in only a subgroup of patients.     

线粒体肌病与线粒体脑肌病的临床分析

目的探讨神经肌肉系统线粒体病的发病机制、临床与病理特征及诊断。方法对7例确诊为线粒体病患者的临床表现、病理检查、实验室与影像学资料进行了回顾性分析。结果该组患者诊断为线粒体肌病3例,线粒体脑肌病4例;其中2例患者血乳酸水平升高;7例患者肌电图均有异常发现,肌肉活检均有特征性的改变;4例线粒体脑肌病患者头部影像学均有异常改变。结论线粒体病主要累及肌肉及中枢神经系统,诊断要求多种手段结合,以临床和病理表现为主,近年来基因方面的研究及影像学诊断发展迅速,目前对本病主要采取对症治疗。     

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy showing prominent microvacuolation and necrosis of intestinal smooth muscle cells: a case diagnosed by rectal biopsy

A 40-year-old woman who developed intestinal dysmobility was found, at rectal biopsy, to have marked microvacuolation of mucosal muscle layer cells, which corresponded to increased accumulation of abnormal mitochondria. Skeletal muscle biopsy specimens showed ragged-red fibers, vessels strongly reactive for succinic dehydrogenase, and focal deficiency of cytochrome c oxidase. Autopsy performed at the age of 50 revealed prominent accumulation of abnormal mitochondria in the intestinal smooth muscle cells with a mottled distribution of focal necrosis, multiple small cerebral infarcts with diffuse neuronal loss, and rarefaction of the perivascular white matter. Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed a point mutation at position 3243. This case, showing features of both mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy and mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), indicates that routine intestinal biopsy can detect mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with gastrointestinal involvement. The main intestinal changes were extensive accumulation of abnormal mitochondria in the leiomyocytes and scattered focal necrosis. Received: 13 July 1997 / Revised, accepted: 1 December 1997     

A study of mitochondrial electron transfer chain in myotonic dystrophy

Ragged-red fibers (RRFs) are mainly seen in mitochondrial myopathy and related to biochemical defects in electron transfer chain on some occasions. Recently, some papers reported the occurrence of RRFs in the biopsied muscle of myotonic dystrophy (MyD). To examine whether the mitochondrial function is disturbed in MyD, we have studied the biopsied muscles of 12 cases with MyD (10 males and 2 females averaging 38 years of age) morphologically and mainly biochemically. RRFs, ranging from 2--20% of the muscle fibers, were identified in 5 out of 12 cases. On electron microscopy, these fibers had aggregated abnormally enlarged mitochondria with dene bodies, concentrically whirled membranous cristae and paracrystalline inclusions. Clinically, 4 of 5 cases with RRFs had mild to moderate and only 2 of 7 without RRFs had ophthalmoplegia. Bicycle ergometer exercise test showed abnormal increase of lactate/pyruvate ratio in three cases with RRFs. Histochemically, cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activity was absent selectively in all of the RRFs. Immunohistochemical staining showed the presence of CCO protein by using monoclonal antibody which was specific to CCO subunit IV. Biochemical study with crude muscle extract of 11 cases of MyD showed decreases in NADH dehydrogenase, NADH CoQ reductase, succinate CoQ reductase (SCR), CCO, carnitine actyl transferase activities in most of cases regardless RRFs. To avoid the influence possibly derived from the various stages of muscle degeneration in the biopsied specimens, we calculated the ratio of the enzyme activities compared with succinate dehydrogenase which was located in the electron transfer chain and did not show any statistical difference regardless of RRFs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Kearns-Sayre综合征一例临床病理分析

目的探讨Kearns-Sayre综合征(KSS)的临床与病理形态学表现,旨在提高对该病的认识。方法对1例KSS患者的临床和病理特点进行分析。结果该患者表现为视物不清、双上睑下垂、慢性进行性眼外肌瘫痪、视网膜色素变性,眼底色素改变呈"椒盐状"、晕厥发作、心脏传导阻滞、小脑性共济失调、不育、脑脊液蛋白升高、脑脊液叶酸/血清叶酸比值降低。肌肉活检MGT染色发现有不整红边纤维(RRF),出现比例为11.6%。电镜观察表现为线粒体数目增多,形态异常,嵴排列紊乱等,可见线粒体内类结晶状包涵体。结论本例提示尽管KSS的临床表现多样,但对不明原因的单侧或双侧上睑下垂、眼球运动障碍伴视网膜色素变性和晕厥等症状的患者,应想到KSS的诊断,进行肌肉活检、遗传咨询和采取必要的措施,防止威胁生命的事件发生。     

Central nervous system changes in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy: light and electron microscopic study

Summary An autopsy case of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is reported. It presented with generalized muscle atrophy, stroke-like episodes, schizophrenia-like mental disorder and progressive dementia. Serum lactate and pyruvate levels were high. In the biopsied muscles, ragged-red fibers were observed by light microscopy and aggregation of abnormal mitochondria with paracrystaline formation by electron microscopy. The most characteristic neuropathological findings were infarct-like lesions widespread in the cerebral cortex. In addition, this case showed some unusual pathological features: (1) diffuse moderate fibrillary gliosis in the whole cerebral and cerebellar white matter, which might have been due to metabolic disturbances; (2) several focal lesions with demyelination and numerous spheroids in the pontocerebellar fibers; and (3) marked degeneration of the posterior columns and spinocerebellar tracts. Electron microscopic examination revealed that abnormal mitochondria were markedly aggregated in smooth muscle cells and endothelium of the cerebral and cerebellar blood vessels. These fine structural findings suggest a mitochondrial angiopathy.