齿轮高速干切滚刀寿命预估模型与优化方法

由于齿轮高速干式滚切工艺切削速度高且缺少切削油的冷却润滑,为满足高速干切滚刀的抗磨损、耐高温等性能要求,高速干切滚刀基体材料和涂层的制备工艺均较为复杂,且价格昂贵,因而需要优化高速干切工艺以延长高速干切滚刀使用寿命,进而降低工件制造成本,提高效益。结合生产实践和理论分析,研究了齿轮高速干切滚刀的失效形式和失效原理,提出了以单个刀齿切削长度为高速干切滚刀寿命评价指标并建立相应计算模型的方法,基于此开展了高速干切滚刀寿命试验,建立了高速干切滚刀寿命多元线性回归模型,采用MATLAB求解得到该试验条件下的高速干切滚刀寿命经验公式。最后基于此提出了通过优化滚切工艺参数以及采用新型窜刀方式等来延长高速干切滚刀寿命的方法。     

圆柱齿轮滚切多刃断续切削空间成形模型及应用

滚切加工作为当前圆柱齿轮制造应用最为广泛的工艺具有高效但成形过程复杂的特点。基于展成原理,由规则分布在滚刀基本蜗杆螺旋面上的一系列切削刃相继从圆柱齿坯上切除材料,最终包络形成渐开线齿面。研究其成形原理可以为提升该工艺性能提供有效指导。针对齿轮滚切工艺过程多刃切削成形特征,建立圆柱齿轮滚切的空间成形模型。基于滚刀几何结构参数的理论约束关系,建立滚刀切削刃序列的参数方程;根据滚刀和工件的几何参数以及切削参数确定滚切过程中滚刀与工件的空间位置和运动关系,并基于空间运动学方法推导求得滚刀刀刃序列形成的空间成形曲面参数模型;采用离散数值方法获得滚切过程中的切屑几何形态及切屑厚度,并根据切屑几何计算各刀刃去除材料时的瞬时主切削力。该模型可以为滚切工艺参数优化、滚刀几何设计等研究提供支撑。     

高速干切滚齿工艺系统切削热全过程传递模型

高速干切滚齿工艺消除了切削油/液的使用,是一种绿色高效的齿轮制造工艺。切削热伴随着高速干切滚齿工艺全过程且区别于传统湿式滚切工艺,是造成干切滚刀磨损和机床热变形的重要因素,直接影响制造成本和加工精度。根据干切滚刀周期性断续传热特性,综合考虑切削热在切屑、工件、干切滚刀、冷却介质以及滚齿机床加工空间的传递规律,提出将高速干切滚齿工艺系统切削热的发生与传递全过程划分为三个阶段的研究思想,从关系模型和热传递方程两个层面建立了高速干切滚齿工艺系统切削热全过程传热模型,包括切削接触界面热传递、切削区域热传递和机床加工空间热传递三个阶段的模型,然后基于工艺仿真试验对所建模型进行了应用研究,揭示了高速干切滚齿工艺系统的切削热在工件、干切滚刀、切屑中的动态变化规律,最后通过试验验证了模型的有效性。     

A 3D chip geometry driven predictive method for heat-loading performance of hob tooth in high-speed dry hobbing

High-speed dry hobbing is an emerging green technique for gear hobbing owing to its high productivity and environmental friendliness. However, severe friction occurs and heat instantaneously accumulates in the cutting region due to the adoption of high cutting speed and the lack of metalworking fluids, which causes serious hob wear. This investigation is concerned with the thermal performance and heat-loading quantitative method of hob cutter in high-speed dry hobbing. According to the multiple-edge and intermittent cutting behavior, the temporal dynamic characteristics of hob cutter are analyzed. Based on the complex 3D chip geometry produced in high-speed dry hobbing, the calculation method for heat-production (the amount of generated cutting heat) of hob tooth is proposed. Considering the coupling effects of heat conduction, heat convection, and heat radiation, the prediction model for heat-loading quantity (the bearing capacity of cutting heat) of hob tooth is developed. With the help of the developed method, the interrelation between the thermal performance of hob cutter and material removal volume, cutting conditions, coating material, respectively, are investigated. The predictive method developed in this work provides a methodology for process parameter optimization and hob cutter manufacturing of high-speed dry hobbing.     

STUDY ON THE CUTTING TEMPERATURE IN GEAR HOBBING

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An adaptive parameter optimization model and system for sustainable gear dry hobbing in batch production

Gear hobbing technology is one of the most widely used forming processes of gear teeth. And the development of dry hobbing technology provides a solution for realizing productive, economical, and ecological gear production. Since there is no cutting oil for cooling and lubrication in dry hobbing process, the hob tool life, thermal deformation errors of machine tool, and quality of workpiece are sensitive to the cutting parameters, especially the cutting speed and tip chip thickness. Considering this situation, a dry hobbing parameters optimization model with the hobbing efficiency as our objective, and the hobbing cost per piece, gear quality, tact time as constraints was established, in which the cutting speed and tip chip thickness were considered as optimal variables and the material of workpiece, coating of hob, and feed rate were considered comprehensively. An iterative test method is proposed to solve this model. And for the application in automated production line, an online adaptive application system was also developed based on SINUMERIK 840D NC system. The parameters of five different kinds of material gear were optimized by applying this model and system, and the result showed the model and the system were practical.

     

齿轮加工过程中滚齿力矩的试验研究

对齿轮加工过程中产生的切削力矩进行了研究,讨论了滚齿力矩的变化规律、滚削力矩与滚削用量之间的前系。为合理地选择滚削用量和滚刀的几何参烽、延长滚刀的使用寿命、预测滚齿加工过程等提供了参考依据。     

Reproducing wear mechanisms in gear hobbing—Evaluation of a single insert milling test

Gear hobbing is a widely used method in industrial gear manufacturing. The most common type of hob is made of homogenous HSS and protected by a PVD coating. In order to increase the reliability and tool life of these milling tools, further developments of the tool surfaces and cutting edges are necessary.A single tooth milling test, using a HSS insert in a conventional milling machine, has been developed with the aim to reproduce the wear mechanisms seen on real HSS gear hobbing teeth. The benefits of such a test, compared to actual gear hobbing tests, are primarily accessibility and reduced costs for both design and production of test specimens (inserts).The main goal of this study was to verify that the wear mechanisms in the developed test correspond with the wear mechanisms obtained in real gear hobbing. Once this was verified, the influence of surfaces roughness on the performance of TiAlN coated HSS inserts was evaluated by using the tool as delivered or after polishing the tool surfaces. Parameters considered were tool wear, cutting forces and the quality of machined surfaces. The polished inserts, yielded less adhered work material and reduced flank wear but no significant difference in cutting forces as compared to the unpolished inserts.     

高速干切滚齿工艺切屑形变规律及其对刀具的损伤行为

针对高速干切滚齿过程中切屑的形变规律及切屑挤压行为,基于DEFORM-3D建立了高速干切滚齿工艺仿真实验模型,通过对不同工艺参数下高速干切滚齿工艺实验仿真,实现了高速干切滚齿过程中齿轮材料去除过程的可视化,获得了高速干切滚齿过程中切屑的形变规律以及干切滚刀的磨损状态。结合实际高速干切滚齿加工实验,对比切屑形貌及干切滚刀损伤情况,进一步验证了切屑在生成及流动过程中的形变规律以及切屑对干切滚刀的挤压损伤行为。研究结果可为高速干切滚齿工艺参数优化以及高速干切滚刀的寿命延长和性能控制提供参考。     

面向切屑形成过程的瞬时滚削力模型研究

建立滚齿加工的时变滚削力模型是优化滚齿加工工艺参数、减少滚削力波动、提高加工精度的前提,面向滚齿切屑形成过程建立时变滚削力模型是提高建模精度的最直接的物理方法。针对干切滚齿的切屑形成过程,建立滚刀前刀面运动模型,利用MATLAB生成刀齿运动轨迹的动态链接库。基于SolidWorks进行三维布尔运算,提取未变形切屑几何特征,开发切屑几何模型动态链接库。通过C#调用MATLAB和SolidWorks动态链接库,实现三维运动仿真,进而构建多齿瞬时滚削力模型。通过YK3216CNC滚齿机进行样件加工,结合HNC-SSTT软件进行全行程电流检测,间接测量瞬时滚削力。仿真加工的瞬时滚削力与实测滚削力变化趋势基本一致,表明该模型合理、有效。     

Specific cutting force, tool wear and chip morphology characteristics during dry drilling of austempered ductile iron (ADI)

Dry machining is being recognized as ecological machining due to its less environmental impact and manufacturing cost. However, the choice of dry machining is mainly influenced by the workpiece material properties, machining operation and cutting conditions. The recent emergence of austempered ductile iron (ADI) can be considered a significant economic advantage to the increasing industrial demand for cost- and weight-efficient materials. However, due to its microstructure-induced inherent properties, ADI is considered hard-to-machine material. Thus, the dry drilling of ADI is investigated in this paper. The ADI material used in the present study is produced using an innovative process route for near net shape casting production. Drilling experiments are conducted on a DMU80P Deckel Maho five-axis machining centre using PVD-coated carbide tools under dry cutting environment. The dry drilling of ADI under different cutting conditions is evaluated in terms of specific cutting force and tool wear analysis. The influence of cutting conditions on chip morphology and surface roughness is also investigated. The experimental results revealed that the combination of the low feed rate and higher cutting speed leads to the higher mechanical and thermal loads on the tool's cutting edge, resulting in higher specific cutting force values. This behaviour is further supported by the chip morphology analysis, which revealed the formation of segmented chips at higher cutting speed with segment spacing increase with an increase in feed rate. Depending upon the cutting parameters, different modes of tool failures including crater wear, flank wear, chipping, breakage and built-up edge were observed. Surface roughness analysis revealed the influence of tool wear and chip morphology on the machined surface finish.     

CAD-based simulation of the hobbing process for the manufacturing of spur and helical gears

Targeting an accurate and realistic simulation of the gear hobbing process, we present an effective and factual approximation based on three-dimensional computer-aided design. Hobbing kinematics is directly applied in one gear gap. Each generating position formulates a spatial surface path which bounds its penetrating volume into the workpiece. The three-dimensional surface paths generated from the combination of the relative rotations and displacements of hob and work gear are used to split the subjected volume, creating concurrently the chip and the remaining work gear solid geometries. The developed software program HOB3D simulates accurately the manufacturing of spur and helical gears, exploiting the modeling and graphics capabilities of a commercial CAD software package. The resulting three-dimensional solid geometrical data, chips and gears provide the whole geometrical information needed for further research, such as prediction of the cutting forces, tool stresses and wear development as well as the optimization of the gear hobbing process.     

滚齿进给量的正确选择

介绍国外大批量加工轿车齿轮时滚齿进给量的正确选择方法 ,提出了“滚刀顶刃最大许可切屑厚度”这一滚齿参数及相关的计算公式 ,并对近期各种先进滚刀的切削数据进行了验证和分析     

Surface finishing method for tooth flank of heat-treated surface-hardened small gears using a gear-shaped tool composed of alumina-fiber-reinforced plastic

High-accuracy gears are necessary to ensure the strength and silence of compact geared motors. Heat-treated surface-hardened small gears are employed in the reducer of a compact geared motor. The heat treatment causes distortion, which deteriorates the gear accuracy. To remove this distortion, surface-hardened small gears are rehobbed with a carbide hob. The rehobbing makes a tool mark on the gear tooth surface. This tool mark leads not only to strength deterioration of the tooth surface, but also vibration and noise. Therefore, a surface finishing method that eliminates the tool mark is required. However, it is difficult to finish surface-hardened small gears. This study proposes a tooth surface finishing method for a surface-hardened small gear. The method employs a gear-shaped tool composed of alumina-fiber-reinforced plastic (ALFRP) and a surface finishing device with an oscillation/traverse system. The proposed method was used in an experiment to remove the tool mark on the gear tooth flank of a surface-hardened small gear rehobbed by the carbide hob. The effectiveness of this method was verified. In addition, the processing mechanism of the ALFRP gearshaped tool was analyzed by observing the tool and the chips.     

硬质合金滚刀的设计与制造

：结合生产实践，介绍硬质合金滚刀的设计与制造工艺，分别提出了滚刀刀体、刀片的尺寸要求及各参数的选取原则。其中，关于滚刀刀片的粘结工艺对中小工具厂家有借鉴意义。     

用球形滚刀滚切内齿轮

分析了球形滚刀滚切内齿轮的切削机理，探讨了齿槽断面的求解方法，用此方法在个人计算机上能高效率地绘制齿形创成图。分析表明，滚刀安装位置不影响滚切渐开线齿形。通过绘制齿形创成图，还可掌握各刀齿的切削负荷以及切屑的形状、厚度和长度。     

重磨偏距对滚刀齿形影响的分析与计算

以齿侧面加工的铲磨工序为基础,建立了直槽硬质合金滚刀变偏距重磨的数值仿真模型.根据计算机模拟变偏距重磨的数据可知,变偏距重磨比等偏距重磨能较大地改善滚刀重磨后的齿形精度.文中的仿真模型亦可用于零前角及正前角齿轮滚刀重磨后的齿形误差计算和齿形的修正.     

硬质合金滚刀变偏距重磨的数值仿真

以齿侧面加工的铲磨工序为基础,建立了直槽硬质合金滚刀变偏距重磨的数值仿真模型。根据计算机模拟变偏距重磨的数据可知:变偏距重磨比等偏距重磨能较大地改善滚刀重磨后的齿形精度。文中的仿真模型亦可用于零前角及正前角齿轮滚刀重磨后的齿形误差计算和齿形的修正。     

微小型齿轮的微细滚削加工研究

用自行设计的微小型硬质合金齿轮滚刀进行了模数为0.175mm的微小型齿轮滚削加工研究.首先设计了相应模数的微小型齿轮滚刀,并详细阐述该刀具的设计过程,包括刀具材料的选择、结构形式的设计、齿形设计和刀具局部强度的校核等.简述了该滚刀的制造加工工艺,在微小型数控滚齿机上进行了微小型齿轮的滚削加工试验研究.结果表明,采用范成...