莱州湾中国明对虾增殖放流策略研究

为了解增殖放流中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)生长、分布、摄食和食物竞争等状况, 2011 年 5 月至 2012 年 4 月在莱州湾进行了 9 次底拖网调查, 其中仅 4 个航次的调查捕获了中国明对虾。体重瞬时增长系数的计 算结果表明, 7 月份是莱州湾放流中国明对虾的快速生长期, 7 月底至 8 月初达到生长拐点, 以后生长减慢。其活动 和分布规律表明, 中国明对虾放流后经过一段时间的生长和适应后才开始溯河, 8 月初移出河道向深水扩展, 集中 分布在莱州湾西部, 8 月中旬主要集中在莱州湾的西部和湾口, 9 月初至 10 月中旬主要分布在莱州湾湾口和湾外。 中国明对虾成虾的摄食范围较广, 是偏重摄食底栖动物饵料的杂食性种类, 摄食生态位宽度与三疣梭子蟹接近; 与 三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)及莱州湾渔业资源群落中的8种重要种类都存在中等程度或严重的食物竞争, 食 物竞争主要源自对双壳类饵料的竞食。本研究为探讨中国明对虾增殖放流的适应性管理策略提供了科学依据。 关     

莱州湾4种大型甲壳类的空间与营养生态位

根据2010—2019年夏季莱州湾底拖网调查数据,研究了4种大型甲壳类(中国明对虾、三疣梭子蟹、日本蟳和口虾蛄)的优势度、种间联结、空间生态位特征,并应用碳氮稳定同位素数据分析了4种大型甲壳类的营养级、营养生态位与摄食来源。结果显示,口虾蛄、日本蟳是目前莱州湾夏季甲壳类最主要的优势种,放流种类中国明对虾、三疣梭子蟹为群落的重要种;4种大型甲壳类的种间联结性不强,显著正联结主要出现于中国明对虾与其他三者之间;日本蟳空间生态位宽度最高(2.45),口虾蛄(2.13)次之,中国明对虾(1.92)和三疣梭子蟹(1.93)较低;生态位重叠较高主要发生于中国明对虾与其他3种之间;4种大型甲壳类营养级相近(3.02～3.28),中国明对虾生态位总面积最大,三疣梭子蟹与日本蟳、口虾蛄的生态位总面积相近,三疣梭子蟹和日本蟳的营养生态位重叠较高;摄食来源分析表明,中国明对虾摄食双壳类比例更高,其他3种摄食来源同质化程度较高。目前莱州湾三疣梭子蟹和中国明对虾的优势度低于口虾蛄和日本蟳,表明增殖放流虽然扩大了三疣梭子蟹和中国明对虾的种群规模,但尚未较大程度改变甲壳类群落结构。综合4种甲壳类的群落地位、种间联结性、空间生态位宽度与重叠、营养级与营养生态位以及摄食来源的研究结果,中国明对虾与其他三者竞争相对较小,而三疣梭子蟹与日本蟳、口虾蛄竞争较大。为最大程度发挥增殖效益,建议在确定放流地点和放流数量时,应着重考虑相近生态位物种对放流物种的竞争和限制。     

基于饵料及敌害生物的莱州湾中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)与三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)增殖基础分析

根据2011年及2013年6个航次的调查,结合历史资料,统计分析了莱州湾中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)、三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)及二者敌害生物单位捕捞努力量渔获量(Catch per unit fishing effort,CPUE)的长期变化,研究了目前二者的饵料生物密度以及饵料生物与敌害生物的数量分布。结果显示,目前中国对虾、三疣梭子蟹以及二者敌害生物的CPUE均呈历史低位水平。放流期间,莱州湾浮游植物饵料等级为Ⅴ级(很丰富),底栖动物饵料等级为Ⅳ级(丰富);中国对虾的饵料生物密度分别以莱州湾东北部(5月)和中东部(6月)最高,敌害生物密度分别以中西部(5月)和东南部(6月)最高;三疣梭子蟹的饵料生物密度均以莱州湾西南部和东北部最高,敌害生物密度分别以中西部(5月)和西北部(6月)最高。     

基于饵料及敌害生物的莱州湾中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)与三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)增殖基础分析

根据2011年及2013年6个航次的调查,结合历史资料,统计分析了莱州湾中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)、三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)及二者敌害生物单位捕捞努力量渔获量(Catch per unit fishing effort,CPUE)的长期变化,研究了目前二者的饵料生物密度以及饵料生物与敌害生物的数量分布.结果显示,目前中国对虾、三疣梭子蟹以及二者敌害生物的CPUE均呈历史低位水平.放流期间,莱州湾浮游植物饵料等级为Ⅴ级(很丰富),底栖动物饵料等级为Ⅳ级(丰富);中国对虾的饵料生物密度分别以莱州湾东北部(5月)和中东部(6月)最高,敌害生物密度分别以中西部(5月)和东南部(6月)最高;三疣梭子蟹的饵料生物密度均以莱州湾西南部和东北部最高,敌害生物密度分别以中西部(5月)和西北部(6月)最高.     

渤海中国对虾资源增殖调查

根据2009年5～10月底的调查和统计资料,对在渤海增殖放流的中国对虾的分布、生长、资源量以及捕捞生产情况进行了调查和研究。结果显示,6月中旬放流的中国对虾多集中在水深1～2m以内和河口附近的浅水区,到7月下旬,分布水深为5～18m,密集分布区在10～15m,之后一直生活在较深水域。6月中旬,中国对虾平均体重为2.5g;7月上、中旬,平均体重为7.0g;7月下旬,平均体重为20.0g;7月底、8月初,平均体重为27.0g;8月中旬,平均体重为36.0g;9月上旬,平均体重为41.0g。8月上、中旬渤海中国对虾的资源量为1 665t;10月下旬,生产捕捞后的资源量减少为137t。8月份中国对虾的资源分布以渤海湾最高,为129.9ind/haul.h,其次为莱州湾,为7.8ind/haul.h,再次是辽东湾,为0.3ind/haul.h,渤海中部最低,为0.05ind/haul.h。2009年渤海共放流中国对虾202641万尾,据初步统计估算,截止10月中旬共捕捞中国对虾2377t,总回捕率为2.8%。     

莱州湾鱼类群落的营养结构及其变化

2011年5月~2012年4月期间对莱州湾进行了9次底拖网调查,对采集的20种鱼类4 854个胃含物样品进行了分析。结果表明,莱州湾鱼类群落包括浮游动物食性、底栖动物食性、鱼食性、杂食性和广食性5种食性类型,其中底栖动物食性鱼类是莱州湾各月份鱼类群落的重要食性类型,钩虾和双壳类等底栖动物饵料在莱州湾生态系统的食物关系中起着关键的作用。秋末和初春的莱州湾鱼类群落以底栖动物食性鱼类为主,食性类型单一;随着水温升高,鱼类群落的食性类型逐渐变得丰富。分析表明,莱州湾海域鱼类群落的营养结构有利于增殖放流品种后期的生长存活,建议跟踪调查增殖放流点周边海域的食物关系和饵料基础,同时结合多学科调查,选择最佳的增殖放流地点和时间,才能切实有效地保证增殖放流的效果。     

渤海重要底层鱼类食物重叠系数与鱼类增殖

本文从渤海鱼类增殖角度出发,用 Pianka(1973)提出的公式计算了渤海底层鱼类种间的饵料重叠系数,结果表明:渤海底层鱼类中只有17个种之间的饵料重叠系数超过0.7,即饵料严重重叠。重叠的饵料大都是小型底栖虾、蟹类和小型底栖鱼类,渤海中这些饵料生物比较丰富。摄食鱼类的种类主要为鲈鱼、真鲷、牙鲆,它们主要摄食小型中上层鱼类,这些小型鱼类资源在渤海也很丰富,因此,在渤海进行增殖,其饵料保障较好。根据鱼类种间饵料重叠和饵料生物的分布,黄盖鲽的增殖放流应在秦皇岛外海,其次为莱州湾;半滑舌鳎应在莱州湾和黄河口;真鲷、牙鲆应在莱州湾。为了增加渤海的饵料资源,进行优质鱼类放流增殖,应加强对渤海绵鳚、孔鳐、鲈鱼的捕捞。     

莱州湾“伏休”结束前三疣梭子蟹的资源状况及其分布特征

根据2010—2017年莱州湾"伏休"结束前底拖网调查资料,通过轮廓系数法对莱州湾三疣梭子蟹资源的时空分布特征进行了研究,并结合放流回捕资料对莱州湾三疣梭子蟹资源状况提出了建议。结果显示,在空间分布上,三疣梭子蟹南部资源明显优于北部;依据Rousseeuw质量指数分为3组,分别为近岸组、远岸组和深海组,分组评估合理,平均轮廓系数为0.34,组内相似度较高,聚类效果较好;从时间变化上,三疣梭子蟹资源具有明显的年际波动性,依据Rousseeuw质量指数分为3组,分别为较好组、一般组和较差组,分组评估合理,平均轮廓系数为0.15,组内相似度较低,聚类效果较差。另外,空间分组的Pearson相关性分析结果表明,三疣梭子蟹资源状况与"伏休"结束前近岸组资源密切相关;时间分组的SIMPER分析结果同样显示,三疣梭子蟹资源状况主要取决于"伏休"结束前的近岸资源。因此,"伏休"结束前三疣梭子蟹近岸资源的管理与保护对于三疣梭子蟹资源的影响至关重要,建议在实施三疣梭子蟹增殖放流时,不仅要保持增殖的规模,还应重点关注前期资源的保护与管理,从而有效增加近岸资源,进一步实现三疣梭子蟹增殖放流修复的意义。     

潍坊首次放流半滑舌鳎

近日,潍坊市首次将15万尾半滑舌鳎放流渤海莱州湾,由此拉开了2008年该市渔业资源增殖放流活动的帷幕。据了解,今年该市计划投资1300万元,增殖放流中国对虾5000万尾,梭子蟹4000万只,鲢鳙4000万尾,半滑舌鳎15万尾,底播贝类1．2亿粒。     

三疣梭子蟹摄食来源与食物竞争的研究方法

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)是山东沿海的重要经济种类,在过度捕捞和环境变化影响下,资源已大幅衰退。为恢复三疣梭子蟹资源量,山东省自2005年开始实施大规模增殖放流工作。截止2019年,累计放流37亿尾,回捕产量超过16万t,取得了良好的经济效益、社会效益。三疣梭子蟹和日本鲟(Charybdis japonica)均属十足目、梭子蟹科,两者食性相近,在黄渤海均有分布。了解三疣梭子蟹的食物来源和食物竞争状况,是科学确定放流最佳数量的重要基础,是增殖放流迫切需要解决的关键问题之一.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).