细长正交异性钢桥面板的疲劳寿命评估

在多种焊接节点中产生的疲劳裂缝,也产生在大量细长正交异性钢桥面板中。一部分裂缝在桥梁投入使用短短几年之后便会出现,所以对于桥面焊接节点的疲劳寿命评估较复杂。这同时也是局部压应力会随着很多因素而随机变化的原因,尤其是那些在车胎、公路和钢结构的动力交互作用面上。     

Stress concentration in steel bridge orthotropic decks

The structural behaviour of orthotropic steel decks is characterized by the complex interaction between its components (deck plate, ribs and floorbeams) and also by the interaction between the structure, the pavement and the vehicle’s wheels tyres. Stress concentration resulting from out-of-plane bending of deck components at typical welded joints can make these structures quite susceptible to traffic-induced fatigue cracks. This paper addresses some of these issues through numerical modeling of orthotropic decks with trapezoidal closed ribs, via finite element method and elastic analysis of the structure under heavy vehicle wheel loading. The numerical model was calibrated with experimental results obtained from laboratory tests on a deck model. The obtained numerical results lead to a better understanding of the complex structural behaviour of slender orthotropic decks, with emphasis on the stress distribution and concentration at the rib to deck plate welded connection. A parametric analysis was performed to determine possible and rational combinations of the geometric parameters leading to the lowest values of stress peaks and the best consequent fatigue performance of the focused welded connection. Hence, the overall output can be addressed towards a safe and rational design as far as fatigue life is concerned.     

正交异性钢桥面板结构体系的疲劳破坏模式和抗力评估

正交异性钢桥面板的疲劳问题属于包含多疲劳破坏模式的结构体系疲劳问题。基于这一本质特性,以典型的正交异性钢桥面板结构体系为研究对象,由结构体系的主导疲劳破坏模式出发,提出正交异性钢桥面板结构体系疲劳抗力评估的新方法。以纵肋与顶板焊接细节和纵肋与横隔板交叉构造细节为主要研究对象,设计8个足尺节段模型,主要包括传统纵肋与顶板焊接细节、新型镦边纵肋与顶板焊接细节和纵肋与横隔板交叉构造细节,通过模型试验研究了两类重要构造细节的主导疲劳破坏模式和实际疲劳抗力,在此基础上结合切口应力评估方法探讨正交异性钢桥面板构造细节切口应力S-N曲线方程、结构体系的主导疲劳破坏模式等关键问题。研究结果表明：传统纵肋与顶板焊接细节和新型镦边纵肋与顶板焊接细节的主导疲劳破坏模式均为疲劳裂纹萌生于焊根并沿顶板厚度方向扩展,二者的实际疲劳抗力基本相同;纵肋与横隔板交叉构造细节的疲劳破坏模式为焊趾开裂沿纵肋腹板方向扩展;对于研究对象而言,萌生于纵肋与顶板焊接细节焊根并沿顶板厚度方向扩展的疲劳破坏模式为控制结构体系疲劳抗力的主导疲劳破坏模式。     

深圳至中山跨江通道钢桥面板结构疲劳试验研究

正交异性钢桥面板的疲劳开裂问题是制约桥梁工程可持续发展的关键难题,亟需发展具有高疲劳抗力特性的正交异性钢桥面板结构。依托深圳至中山跨江通道项目,在钢桥面板结构中同时引入纵肋与顶板新型双面焊构造细节和纵肋与横隔板新型交叉构造细节两类构造细节,设计9个足尺节段模型,通过模型试验确定了纵肋与顶板传统单面焊构造细节和新型双面焊构造细节、纵肋与横隔板传统交叉构造细节和新型交叉构造细节的疲劳开裂模式和实际疲劳抗力;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)确定了不同制造工艺条件下纵肋与顶板焊接细节的初始制造缺陷尺度;采用等效结构应力法确定了两类细节各疲劳开裂模式的疲劳抗力。研究结果表明：纵肋与顶板传统单面焊构造细节的疲劳裂纹起裂于顶板焊根并沿顶板厚度方向扩展,其疲劳抗力为95.1～98.7MPa,新型双面焊构造细节的疲劳裂纹起裂于顶板内侧焊趾并沿顶板厚度方向扩展,其疲劳抗力为108.5～123.2MPa,且在相同加载条件下,双面埋弧焊构造细节的疲劳抗力高于双面焊气体保护焊构造细节的疲劳抗力;传统单面焊构造细节焊根的初始制造缺陷尺度显著大于新型双面焊构造细节焊趾的初始制造缺陷尺度,且双面埋弧焊的初始制造缺陷尺度小于双面气体保护焊的初始制造缺陷尺度,初始制造缺陷尺度的差异是不同制造工艺条件下纵肋与顶板焊接细节疲劳抗力存在差异的主要原因;纵肋与横隔板传统交叉构造细节的疲劳裂纹起裂于纵肋腹板焊缝端部焊趾并沿纵肋腹板扩展,新型交叉构造细节的疲劳裂纹起裂于纵肋底板焊缝端部焊趾并沿纵肋底板扩展,两类构造细节的起裂次数基本一致,但新型构造细节的疲劳裂纹扩展速率远低于传统构造细节的疲劳裂纹扩展速率;纵肋与顶板焊接构造细节和纵肋与横隔板交叉构造细节各疲劳开裂模式的实际疲劳抗力基本位于主S-N曲线±2σ之间。     

正交异性钢桥面铺装层疲劳寿命的断裂力学分析

计算和分析正交异性钢桥面铺装层表面裂缝应力强度因子,在此基础上应用Paris扩展公式预测铺装层疲劳寿命。将奇异单元布置在铺装层表面裂缝前沿,建立正交异性钢桥面系三维断裂力学有限元模型,计算铺装层表面裂缝的应力强度因子;分析裂缝应力强度因子随轴载作用位置的变化规律,确定了带裂缝铺装层轴载作用的最不利荷位;以最不利荷位作为轴载作用的标准荷位,计算应力强度因子随裂缝扩展深度的变化,并数值拟合得到了应力强度因子与裂缝深度的关系式;将应力强度因子的深度关系式代入Paris公式,积分得到铺装层的疲劳寿命。计算结果表明,基于钢桥面铺装层带裂缝工作的事实,应用断裂力学方法预测钢桥面铺装层疲劳寿命是可行的。     

轻型组合桥面板球扁钢纵肋-横隔板连接细节局部应力分析

为降低正交异性钢桥面板疲劳开裂的风险,提出带球扁钢纵肋的轻型组合桥面板方案。以洞庭湖二桥轻型组合桥面板为工程背景,建立钢桁梁局部有限元模型和球扁纵肋-横隔板连接细节的子模型,并基于热点应力法,对横隔板上开孔孔型和厚度进行了参数分析。研究表明：球扁纵肋-横隔板连接处3个典型疲劳细节的疲劳性能受横隔板厚度影响显著|综合比较,苹果型开孔的疲劳性能最优。为进一步验证轻型组合桥面板的球扁钢纵肋-横隔板连接处3个细节的疲劳性能,开展了足尺模型疲劳试验,试验模型采用16mm厚带苹果型开孔的横隔板设计。疲劳试验中,控制细节（横隔板切口自由边缘）的应力幅为90.6MPa,历经250万次循环加载后,试验模型中典型疲劳细节均未出现疲劳裂纹。这表明,带球扁钢纵肋的轻型组合桥面板关键细节的疲劳性能良好,能满足洞庭湖二桥的工程要求。     

正交异性钢桥面板疲劳裂纹的维修加固方法

正交异性钢桥面板的疲劳裂纹是既有钢桥的常见病害,其维修加固难于新桥建设,必须遵守耐久性等基本原则。钢桥面板的维修加固方法分为三类:第一类是改进铺装层结构,减小整个钢桥面板所有部位的应力;第二类是局部补强或者改进纵向加劲肋的构造;第三类是直接对发生疲劳裂纹的局部进行维修。如果疲劳裂纹比较严重,如纵向加劲肋与横肋之间的连接失效、或者纵向加劲肋与面板的连接焊缝处裂纹向上贯穿面板等,则需要同时采用第一类和第三类加固方法。     

Fatigue behavior and statistical evaluation of the stress category for a steel-concrete composite bridge deck

The maintenance cost of bridges is rapidly increasing since many existing bridges are deteriorating or reaching their design life all over the world. Moreover, as many long-span bridges are under construction and planning in Korea, research and development on bridge decks with high load-resistance capacity as well as high fatigue strength has become a growing concern. This research gives experimental results of the fatigue behavior of a new-type of steel-concrete composite bridge deck being developed under such circumstances. The proposed composite bridge deck consists of corrugated steel plate, welded steel ribs, stud shear connectors, and reinforced concrete filler. Fatigue tests were conducted under a four-point bending test with four different stress ranges in constant amplitude. In order to determine the influence of the concrete filling, fatigue tests on partial steel specimens containing only plain corrugated steel plates were performed in advance. The partial steel specimens and the steel-concrete composite deck specimens both showed fatigue failure in the tension part concerning the fillet welding part between the corrugated steel plate and steel rib. Finally, the stress category of the fillet welding part of each specimen is evaluated based on a statistical approach of Albrecht’s probability model. The research concludes that the fatigue behavior of such steel-concrete composite decks under sagging moment can be estimated based on the classical S-N approach, focusing on steel components.     

正交异性钢桥面板的疲劳研究综述

正交异性钢桥面板是国内外大中跨径桥梁普遍采用的桥面结构形式,由于直接承受车轮荷载的反复作用,疲劳问题非常突出。详细阐述正交异性钢桥面板细节构造的疲劳研究概况和相关结论,简述钢桥面板的疲劳评估方法,并对正交异性钢桥面板的疲劳研究进行展望和建议。     

正交异性钢桥面板纵肋与桥面板连接细节的疲劳评估及修复措施

正交异性钢桥面板由于具有自重轻、极限承载力大等优点目前广泛应用于大、中跨径桥梁中,我国已建和在建的大跨径桥梁也大多采用正交异性钢桥面板.但由于正交异性钢桥面板结构构造复杂,受焊接残余应力影响大,钢桥面板直接位于车轮荷载的作用下,一些构造细节处极易发生疲劳开裂.以国内某大桥正交异性钢桥面板为例,针对纵肋与桥面板之间的疲劳...     

重度疲劳开裂钢桥桥面的UHPC加固技术

武汉军山长江大桥在服役17年后,桥面板出现了严重的疲劳开裂问题,难以修补,为此提出一种钢桥面板不修补,上铺带横向钢板条的UHPC桥面加固方案。以军山长江大桥为研究背景,应用子模型技术对比计算了钢面板重度开裂时纯钢梁和加固后钢面板的应力状态;制作了双层钢筋网+UHPC的传统轻型组合桥面结构与钢板条+UHPC及三层钢筋网+UHPC两类新型加固结构,开展了横向抗弯静力试验及疲劳试验。研究结果表明：采用UHPC加固技术后,正交异性钢桥面的疲劳应力大幅度下降,其中钢面板-U肋焊趾处的横向拉应力沿纵、横桥向的分布降幅达78.8%～86.4%;UHPC拉应力方面,由于钢面板不修补,UHPC层下缘拉应力高达12.9MPa,UHPC层下缘布置80mm宽间距200mm的钢板条后,其底面名义开裂应力可达43.2MPa,远高于设计拉应力,钢板条+UHPC的钢桥面加固方案经过应力幅22MPa的1000万次疲劳试验,UHPC层具备800万次疲劳寿命(裂缝宽度小于0.05mm),且刚度无折减,因此可作为永久结构层与重度开裂的钢桥面构成轻型组合桥面结构,经UHPC加固后,原钢桥面的疲劳裂缝有望不再发展。     

Parametric Study on the Interface Layer of Renovation Solutions for Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks

Abstract: The article presents renovation solutions for orthotropic steel bridge decks consisting of bonding a second steel plate to the existing steel deck in order to reduce the stresses and enlarge the life span of the orthotropic bridge deck. Two solutions for the interface layer between the existing deck plate and the second steel plate are presented: thin epoxy (bonded system) and thick polyurethane (sandwich system). A parametric study based on analytical solutions is carried out on flexural behavior of beams representing the renovation solutions. The influence of geometrical, mechanical and structural parameters on the stiffness and stress reduction factor of the system is studied. Maximum values of stiffness and stress reduction are achieved when maximizing the interface layer thickness and minimizing the second steel plate thickness with in certain practical limits. Based on the weight restrictions one can choose the most efficient interface layer regarding thickness and mechanical properties.     

Analytical calculation of internal forces in orthotropic plated bridge decks based on the slope-deflection method

Orthotropic plated bridge decks are highly sensitive to fatigue damage, due to the large amount of welded connections, the high patch loads and the large number of stress cycles they involve. For highway bridges, the stiffener web to deck plate weld is often the determining fatigue detail for the deck design. This paper develops a detailed analytical model for the stresses in this detail, using the slope-deflection method. It models a cross-section of the deck plate, but incorporates into it the influence of the horizontal and vertical stiffness of the entire orthotropic plate as well as the torsional rigidity of the longitudinal stiffeners. This calculation method allows for the determination of all internal forces of the determining cross-section of the bridge deck.     

不锈钢复合钢板在铁路钢桥上的应用技术

我国高速铁路钢桥均采用正交异性板钢桥面有碴线路。为提高钢桥面的防腐与使用寿命,合肥铁路枢纽南环线钢桁梁的桥面板采用了具有较高的强度、塑性、韧性、疲劳性能及优良抗腐蚀性能的321-Q345q-D不锈钢复合钢板。针对钢桥面系结构设计特点及制作与安装工艺需要,依据TB10212-2009《铁路钢桥制造规范》、GB/T13148-2008《不锈钢复合钢板焊接技术要求》,对321-Q345q-D不锈钢复合钢板进行焊接工艺试验,其试验结果(数据)均满足设计与施工要求。经对不锈钢复合钢板的钢桥面制作与安装实践,对铁路钢桥推广应用不锈钢复合钢板提出改进建议。     

Development of fatigue test method and improvement of fatigue life by new functional steel plates for welding of trough rib and deck plate of orthotropic decks

Under heavy traffic conditions, some fatigue cracks have been found at welding joints between U-shaped ribs “trough ribs” and deck plates. Fatigue cracks along thickness direction of deck plate from root tip are important because visual crack detection from outside is limited. In this paper, new functional steel plates with initiation resistance of fatigue crack at weldment and propagation resistance at base material are applied to deck plate to evaluate improvement of fatigue life. We conducted fixed-point fatigue tests with real scale partial models consisted with one trough rib and a transverse girder, and the elastic FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis corresponding to the fatigue test specimen. Based on these results, we studied the fatigue properties which focused on the difference between conventional steel plates and newly developed steel plates, FCA (Fatigue Crack Arrester). Fatigue cracks were initiated from root tip of welded joints between a trough rib and a deck plate. It is clarified that FCA steel plates instead of conventional steel plates can improve the fatigue life under the same welding conditions. This improvement effect becomes much clearer in the high cycle region, which is noticeable at the operation and management stage of bridges.     

Experimental study and numerical analysis on mechanical behavior of T-shape stiffened orthotropic steel-concrete composite bridge decks

A new-type of orthotropic steel-concrete composite bridge deck system was developed, by casting the concrete overlay on the top of the orthotropic steel deck ribbed with T-shape steel members. To study its mechanical behavior (in terms of failure mode, load-deflection relationship, concrete crack initiation and propagation, strength, stiffness and so on), two new-type orthotropic steel-concrete composite bridge decks with different section dimensions were experimentally investigated and two reference decks (reinforced concrete deck and orthotropic steel deck) were also involved in the research for comparison. For the two new-type orthotropic steel-concrete composite decks, the average value of ultimate loads per width is 885.7kN, which is 2.35 and 1.61 times of that of the concrete and steel reference decks with almost the same section height. Experimental results proved that the composite deck can effectively control the crack initiation and propagation in the concrete and postpone the yielding of the steel bars and steel plates, due to the composite action between the concrete overlay and the underlying steel plate. Furthermore, the Finite Element (FE) model of the orthotropic steel-concrete composite deck was developed and validated by test results. A parametric study is conducted regarding to the stiffness of shear studs. With the validated FE model, stress distribution in the underlying steel plate and T-shape stiffeners and development of concrete cracking in the concrete overlay were characterized at different load levels.     

对正交异性钢桥面板构造抗疲劳设计方法的分析

国内近年来正交异性整体钢桥面体系不仅在公路钢桥,而且在铁路钢桥上得到大量的应用。首先介绍国内对正交异性钢桥面板应用的总体情况,包括还在建造和设计中的一些新桥。对正交异性钢桥面板疲劳构造细节进行分析,重点分析疲劳裂纹易发生部位和形成的原因。根据分析结果,设计出经简化且能包络实际受力最不利状态的试件进行疲劳试验。所涉及的构造细节包括桥梁实际工艺下的U肋与桥面板焊缝、U肋与横隔板之间有过焊孔和没有过焊孔时横隔板与桥面板焊缝、U肋嵌补段焊缝、U肋与横隔板之间挖孔焊缝,共计有6个构造细节。提出采用准热点应力统计方法确定正交异性钢桥面板构造细节名义应力的观点,对制定抗疲劳设计方法的研究技术路线作出归纳,进而提出正交异性钢桥面板疲劳设计方法的建议。     

Fatigue analysis of a pre-fabricated orthotropic steel deck for light-weight vehicles

An orthotropic steel deck designed for carrying light-weight vehicles was investigated to assess its fatigue life. Fracture mechanics analysis was performed with consideration of pre-existing flaws at the fatigue-sensitive region. Three-level models were used to accurately evaluate the stress-intensity factors at the rib-to-diaphragm connection. The crack growth was simulated by numerical integration of the Paris formula. In order to assess the severity of pre-existing flaws at the welded joint of the rib-to-diaphragm connection, the fatigue life of the deck was investigated with different sizes of initial crack. This approach provides a rational quality assessment method for the orthotropic steel deck.     

某悬索桥钢箱梁疲劳病害及处治方法研究

针对柔性铺装正交异性钢桥面板的疲劳病害难以克服、横隔板弧形切口处疲劳裂纹主要由面外变形所致等认知问题以及横隔板疲劳裂纹的合理处治方法,以某悬索桥为工程背景,通过构造尺寸、运营荷载、疲劳病害等信息的汇集,移动轮载横隔板应力及其规律分析,以及横隔板疲劳裂纹处治方案比较研究,得到以下结论：①柔性铺装正交异性桥面板采用合理的结构形式与构造细节,可确保其通常运营荷载下的疲劳寿命|②横隔板弧形切口部位轮载应力主要为面内应力,该区域疲劳开裂主要原因为面外变形的传统结论值得商榷|③弧形切口区域轮载应力幅最大加载位置为纵向距关注横隔板0.3m,横向位于横隔板关注锯齿块正上方|④轮载对弧形切口处应力幅的影响范围为：纵向两端各1.5倍横隔板间距,横向两侧各2.0倍U肋间距|⑤横隔板疲劳裂纹处治可采用“优化弧形切口”或“优化弧形切口+双面补强钢板”方法,且弧形切口和补强钢板形状可全桥统一。     

Local stresses in orthotropic steel bridge decks caused by wheel loads

The finite element analysis of an orthotropic steel deck panel with trough stiffeners, subjected to local wheel loading, is described. A suitably adapted three-dimensional quadrilateral shell element enabled a prediction to be made of the detailed stress distribution in the area of the deck-plate-to-stiffener weld.The predicted stresses agreed well with measurements made on a 2 m × 1 m test panel taken from a full size bridge deck and were considered accurate enough for a satisfactory assessment to be made of the fatigue life of the deck-plate-to-stiffener weld.The method was used to analyse full width deck panels and it was shown that the stresses decks with Vee-stiffeners were up to 40 per cent lower than those with trapezoidal stiffeners.