利用FT-IR研究硫酸盐侵蚀后混凝土表层的胀裂

为了研究由硫酸盐侵蚀而导致的混凝土里表不同部位侵蚀的变化特征,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱定性地研究了在10％硫酸钠溶液中浸泡4年的混凝土试件内部的侵蚀产物分布规律.研究表明:在该类侵蚀介质的作用下,混凝土内主要侵蚀产物为石膏和钙矾石;在界面过渡区和水泥石基体中,石膏的含量沿着混凝士厚度方向减少,钙矾石增加;在同一厚度下,界面过渡区中钙矾石和氢氧化钙的含量高于水泥石基体中钙矾石和氢氧化钙的含量.     

外部硫酸盐侵蚀作用后混凝土的侵蚀特征研究

通过逐层分析的方法对硫酸盐侵蚀后混凝土的侵蚀产物进行了定性研究。研究表明,在5%Na2SO4溶液干湿循环作用后,混凝土的损伤程度由表及里逐渐降低;石膏广泛存在于混凝土表层,表层下方存在大量石膏和极少量钙矾石,内部区域石膏和钙矾石共存。石膏是硫酸钠侵蚀最主要的产物,是导致混凝土表层粉化和胶凝特性完全丧失的主要原因。     

硫酸盐侵蚀下混凝土内腐蚀反应-扩散过程的实验研究

通过开展硫酸盐腐蚀试验,研究了硫酸盐侵蚀环境下混凝土中内部硫酸盐浓度随时间和空间的变化规律,探讨了混凝土内部各组分浓度的变化与硫酸根离子浓度之间的关系.结果表明:随着侵蚀时间的增加,反应扩散不断进行,混凝土内部硫酸根离子浓度不断增加,越靠近侵蚀表面浓度越高;水泥水化产物中二水石膏、氢氧化钙和腐蚀产物的浓度变化与硫酸盐浓度变化之间存在一定的联系,随着二水石膏和氢氧化钙含量的减少,钙矾石含量前期增长较快,后期渐渐趋于稳定,硫酸盐浓度变化速率不断减小,直至混凝土内外环境中硫酸盐浓度差达到平稳状态.     

基于微观分析研究钙矾石在硫酸镁溶液中的稳定性

当水泥混凝土材料进行服役时往往会受到MgSO4的侵蚀,在该过程中常伴随着各种物理与化学变化.通过研究浸泡MgSO4溶液中达到两年的水泥砂浆试块中钙钒石等物质变化,并通过合成钙钒石研究这一趋势的变化规律.结果 表明,在水泥砂浆试块中存在由钙矾石向石膏转化的趋势.通过合成钙矾石的热重-差热分析研究该过程中的变化,实验结果表明在碱性环境下的钙矾石在硫酸镁的存在下会分解成石膏等产物.通过对差示扫描量热仪数据进行微分处理研究其中Mg(OH)2的变化,并发现在碱性环境下随着外界硫酸镁溶液的增加Mg(OH)2的含量也逐渐增加.     

冻融循环作用下锂渣混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀研究

基于锂渣的微集料效应和活性效应研究了冻融循环作用下锂渣不同掺量对混凝土的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能,同时利用扫描电镜和压汞法探究分析了冻融循环作用下锂渣混凝土在硫酸盐侵蚀作用下的形貌变化和孔结构变化.结果表明:锂渣能有效增加混凝土在冻融循环作用下的抗硫酸盐侵蚀,且随着锂渣掺量的增加,混凝土的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能越优;冻融循环作用下混凝土在硫酸盐溶液中生成的腐蚀产物是钙矾石,;掺加锂渣能有效改善混凝土的孔结构,掺加30％锂渣混凝土在硫酸盐溶液中冻融循环420次之后的孔隙率为17.9％,而不掺加锂渣混凝土的孔隙率为29.1％.     

混凝土在SO42-和CO32-共同存在下的腐蚀破坏

对西部水工混凝土受地下盐水侵蚀现状进行了现场调查和取样。用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、X射线能量色散谱仪和激光Raman光谱等方法研究了实际运行6a龄期混凝土的腐蚀产物。结果发现：在SO4^2-和CO3^2-长期作用下混凝土的腐蚀产物是由硅灰石膏、钙矾石、石膏和方解石组成的一种白色稀泥状混合物,经对该混合物分析证实处于低温、高湿、硫酸盐、碳酸盐条件下,混凝土发生了硅灰石膏型硫酸盐侵蚀破坏。     

硫酸盐侵蚀下钙矾石的形成和膨胀机理研究现状

钙矾石是水泥混凝土硫酸盐侵蚀过程中的重要产物之一,钙矾石的形成可能会引起混凝土膨胀、开裂,本文在讨论水泥混凝土中钙矾石的形成和形貌的基础上,从钙矾石的形成环境-反应机理-形貌-膨胀机理出发综述了不同反应机制下形成的钙矾石对应的膨胀性能及钙矾石型硫酸盐侵蚀的膨胀机理,最后对钙矾石型硫酸盐侵蚀现状进行了总结.     

不同硫酸盐环境下铝酸三钙的劣化过程及机制

主要研究了硫酸钠和硫酸镁溶液对铝酸三钙（C₃A）单矿浆体损伤的影响,使用外观、膨胀率、质量变化研究了浆体宏观性能的劣化,并进一步采用半定量X射线衍射分析（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析了浆体的侵蚀产物含量和微结构,最后采用光学显微镜原位研究了C₃A-CaSO₄体系下钙矾石的形成特征。研究结果表明：外部的硫酸根能够扩散进入水泥基材料与含铝相的水化产物发生反应形成钙矾石,针棒状钙矾石在有限的空间中不断形成,会导致试件膨胀并引起质量的增加。在硫酸钠溶液中浸泡120 h后浆体中钙矾石质量分数上升到20.12%,而硫酸镁溶液中浆体的钙矾石质量分数仅为6.87%。与硫酸钠溶液不同,镁离子的存在会与孔溶液中的氢氧根发生反应形成氢氧化镁附着在表层,抑制了外部硫酸根的侵入,同时该环境下氢氧根的消耗引起的较低pH有利于石膏的生长。     

硫酸盐侵蚀作用下混凝土损伤层与微观研究

混凝土损伤层性能劣化规律对研究硫酸盐侵蚀作用下混凝土耐久性具有重要意义.采用超声波平测法,研究了硫酸盐与干湿交替作用下不同水胶比混凝土的损伤层厚度变化规律,从损伤层角度分析了混凝土的损伤劣化特点与性能退化规律,并采用X衍射方法对混凝土中的主要侵蚀产物进行分析.研究结果表明:随着水胶比增大,混凝土中钙矾石和石膏不断增多,氢氧化钙含量逐步减小,宏观表现为混凝土损伤层中超声波速逐渐减小,损伤层厚度增大.当混凝土损伤层越厚、声速越低时,表明其密实度降低,损伤劣化程度增大.通过测量混凝土损伤层厚度,可以有效判断硫酸盐侵蚀作用下混凝土损伤劣化情况.     

冻融循环与硫酸盐溶液耦合作用下混凝土劣化机理试验研究

基于多尺度研究了浓度为10％和15％硫酸盐溶液与冻融循环耦合作用下混凝土的劣化机理.从混凝土质量,抗压强度,相对动弹性模量时变规律等宏观力学指标探究了混凝土损伤劣化机制;运用CT技术和扫描电镜(SEM)技术从细微观角度研究了冻融循环与硫酸盐溶液耦合作用下混凝土的侵蚀劣化规律.研究结果表明:宏观上混凝土试样的质量损失总体呈现初期增加随后小幅下降后期快速增加的趋势、单轴抗压强度先增大后减小的变化规律;在高浓度溶液中的试样相对动弹性模量下降速率呈现出先快后慢的变化规律,在低浓度溶液中的试样相对动弹性模量下降速率开始比较缓慢随着冻融次数增加慢慢趋近于高浓度溶液中试样.细观上通过CT技术发现试样的孔隙率随着冻融次数的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,内部微裂纹逐步扩展直至贯通.微观上运用扫描电镜(SEM)观察到试样裂缝和孔洞内壁处生成了钙矾石和石膏,并由于其膨胀力使得混凝土结构酥松.硫酸盐侵蚀和冻融循环耦合作用下混凝土劣化过程有两个阶段:在前期硫酸盐能降低冻融循环对混凝土的劣化,在后期硫酸盐侵蚀产物膨胀力、结晶盐产生的结晶压力和冻融产生的冻胀力共同作用使混凝土加速劣化.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。