非电雷管在松木介质中殉爆特性试验研究

对导爆管雷管置于以松木为隔爆介质的小孔内的殉爆问题进行了研究.通过改变主、被发雷管与钻孔的不耦合系数和间隔厚度分别进行试验,得出了雷管放在松木介质小孔中的最小殉爆距离,据此设计出保险箱内雷管存放于松木中布置形式.试验结果表明,这种雷管保险箱具有良好的抗殉爆性能,可有效提高雷管运输的安全性.     

水中爆炸的殉爆试验方法

为了研究弹药水中爆炸的安全性,依据水中爆炸的特点,建立了一种利用冲击波峰值压力和气泡周期判断水中殉爆的试验方法,可以确定炸药的殉爆距离、殉爆安全距离以及被发装药的殉爆反应程度,通过水中爆炸试验进行了验证。结果表明:主发装药为带壳1.5 mm铝壳的GUHL-1装药、被发装药为带壳1.0 mm铝壳的RS211装药时,殉爆距离L100约为60 mm,殉爆安全距离L0约为120 mm。根据水中爆炸的冲击波压力和气泡周期可以可靠地判断被发装药是否发生殉爆,并可以定量估算被发装药的反应程度。     

延期雷管的殉爆和抗冲击波性能

延期雷管的准确引爆是保证毫秒延时爆破作业成功实施的基本保证。但如果先被引爆的炮孔装药产生的冲击波传播至后爆炮孔对其内的雷管产生较大作用时,雷管有可能产生殉爆或受到损坏,这两种情况均不利于爆破工程的实施。作者观测了雷管在水中受到冲击波作用之后的殉爆与受损情况,并作了分析。结果表明,雷管受到的冲击波作用较大时(>130MPa)容易发生殉爆,作用较小时雷管容易受到损坏而可能无法被激发,但如果被成功激发,其起爆能力不会下降。因此,在爆破施工中,炮孔间距不应小于致使雷管损坏或殉爆的距离。必要时应该对延期雷管采取保护措施。     

ANFO在炮孔中的殉爆起爆试验研究

为了检验空气间隔装药结构中,现场混装铵油炸药(ANFO)主发装药段殉爆被发装药段的可行性和可靠性,设计了殉爆检验和试验方法,进行了5次共36个孔内ANFO殉爆试验,并测试了6个孔径为311 mm的孔内ANFO爆速。结果表明:沙漠地区某露天矿干燥钙质硅酸盐和覆盖砂层台阶爆破时,空气分段间隔装药中,上部装药段可以不设起爆体,直接利用底部装药段殉爆起爆,且孔径311 mm的炮孔比孔径165 mm的炮孔殉爆距离更大;被殉爆的上部装药段的爆速比底部装药段低,且随空气间隔长度的增大而降低;与常规分段起爆相比,采用殉爆起爆,没有放置上部装药段起爆体的工序,从而提高装药效率,节省起爆体成本。     

延期雷管的殉爆和抗冲击波性能

延期雷管的准确引爆是保证毫秒延时爆破作业成功实施的基本保证。但如果先被引爆的炮孔装药产生的冲击波传播至后爆炮孔对其内的雷管产生较大作用时,雷管有可能产生殉爆或受到损坏,这两种情况均不利于爆破工程的实施。作者观测了雷管在水中受到冲击波作用之后的殉爆与受损情况,并作了分析。结果表明,雷管受到的冲击波作用较大时(>130MPa)容易发生殉爆,作用较小时雷管容易受到损坏而可能无法被激发,但如果被成功激发,其起爆能力不会下降。因此,在爆破施工中,炮孔间距不应小于致使雷管损坏或殉爆的距离。必要时应该对延期雷管采取保护措施。     

带壳炸药在高速运动炸药作用下殉爆效应研究

为研究带壳炸药在高速运动炸药作用下的殉爆效应,应用Lee-Tarver点火增长模型对三种不同运动速度的两种主发炸药作用下带壳炸药的临界殉爆距离进行数值模拟研究,获得了主发炸药运动速度对带壳炸药殉爆距离的影响规律。结果表明:主发炸药运动速度越快,动爆毁伤效能越强,被发带壳炸药临界殉爆距离越大;主发炸药运动速度越快,不同运动速度下被发带壳炸药临界殉爆距离差距越大;质量和运动速度均相同的TNT和PBX9404主发炸药,PBX9404炸药作用下被发带壳炸药临界殉爆距离较大,且两种主发炸药运动速度越快,这一差距越明显。     

炸药殉爆的研究进展与展望

炸药是一种在外界激发能量刺激下会反应爆炸并对周围介质做功的物质。因其威力巨大,毁伤效应显著,在武器系统和爆破工程领域得到了广泛应用。殉爆是一炸药被附近另一炸药爆炸引爆的现象。殉爆限制了炸药的生产和储存,不利于大规模应用,因而炸药殉爆成为近年来的研究热点。从炸药殉爆机理、殉爆主要影响因素、殉爆距离测定方法、殉爆距离计算公式和殉爆数值模拟5个方面介绍了炸药殉爆的研究进展;最后,从与实际情况相符性、防殉爆措施研究、与安全规范相符性和数值模拟4个方面对炸药殉爆研究提出了展望。建议提高殉爆研究中主、被发装药数量级,采用多种炸药形态,考虑多种殉爆惰性介质和殉爆影响因素,研究防殉爆措施,将殉爆研究与工程安全设计需求相结合,构建多热点耦合本构模型。     

爆速的加速和衰减过程

本文报道了雷管威力、主动药卷爆速和药卷间距离等因素对被动药卷爆速影响的研究结果。一、不同起爆冲量时的爆速变化1.用高爆速炸药起爆Seismo-Gelit2(以后简称 S-G)药卷用电雷管起爆后,爆速可达6000 m/s,因此常用作钝感炸药的起爆药卷。用它引爆直径25或30mm 的 Ammon-Gtlit 3(以后简称 A-G)药卷,当切去药卷顶端时,无约束的 A-     

双螺杆泵型灌装设备对膜装乳化炸药特性的影响

论述了双螺杆泵型灌装机与打卡机的工作原理,灌装设备和膨胀珍珠岩敏化炸药的相互作用,以及灌装设备对化学敏化炸药的影响,指出该设备比较适宜灌装化学敏化的乳化炸药。为满足爆破使用要求,文章还根据灌装设备所生产膜装乳化炸药药卷的外观、密度和殉爆距离特性,提出乳化炸药的化学敏化应留有后效、药卷应留足发泡空间、尽量提高标准殉爆距离值等建议。     

用纸管悬吊法测试炸药殉爆距离在生产中的应用

文章通过采用沙地法、PVC管悬吊法、纸管悬吊法对炸药殉爆距离进行多次对比测试,得出生产企业采用纸管悬吊法对炸药殉爆距离进行测试,在保证产品测试质量、职工健康安全、环境保护方面是可行和优越的.     

Analysis of the effects of the residual charge and gap size on electrospun nanofiber alignment in a gap method

In this paper, the effects of residual charges on nanofiber alignment in a gap method are studied and presented. The gap method was presented by Li and Xia (2003?Nano Lett.?3 1167); in it, a gap is introduced into a traditional collector. Due to the non-perfect conductivity of electrospun nanofibers, they carry residual charges after deposition across the gap. These residual charges will interact with the charges carried by the upcoming jet/fiber, that will also deposit across the gap. The effects of these charge interactions on nanofiber alignment were studied numerically at various gap sizes. Results showed that alignments of nanofibers improve substantially with the gap size increasing from 3 to 8?mm. Numerical studies on the effect of residual charges in already deposited nanofibers on the alignment of nanofibers deposited afterwards were also conducted. Studies showed that the residual charges result in worse alignment, with a 10%-25% decrease in orientation parameters.     

偏心有限长大间隙环流的动特性研究

基于作者建立的大间隙环流中转子运动的三维力学模型,用摄动法推导了有限长大间隙环流流场非线性控制方程的零阶摄动方程组.该方程组是一个复杂的三维非线性偏微分方程组,其求解有一定的困难. 为此, 提出了一种简化数值方法. 该简化方法是采用作者以前获得的同心有限长大间隙环流的动特性系数来计算三维偏心有限长大间隙环流的动特性系数. 与已有的数值计算结果和实验结果比较, 该简化方法具有较好的实用性和精度. 数值计算结果表明与同心有限长大间隙环流相比, 偏心有限长大间隙环流的动特性系数不再具有主项相等, 耦合项大小相等、符号相反的特点, 动特性系数主项随着偏心率的增加而呈不同程度的指数增加, 这意味着在大偏心情况下有限长大间隙环流的动特性系数将增大.     

平面药包爆破抛掷规律的试验研究

在硐室爆破工程实践中,为了达到设计的抛掷距离和特定的抛体堆积形态,往往设计布置平面药包。本文通过现场小型模拟试验,对平面药包的爆破漏斗大小与深度、抛掷堆积规律以及合适的药包间、排距进行了系统研究与分析。模拟试验证明,抛掷距离与最小抵抗线成正比关系;群药包爆破时,抛掷距离与药包的间、排距也有一定关系。     

空气和聚氨酯泡沫材料隔爆试验研究

在简要总结聚氨酯泡沫材料隔爆性能的基础上,介绍了硬质聚氨酯泡沫材料对冲击波的衰减规律.在空气和硬质聚氨酯泡沫材料的共同作用下,首先聚氨酯材料对冲击波进行衰减,穿过聚氨酯后空气介质又对冲击波进行二次衰减,冲击波的衰减就要复杂一些.对TNT和8701炸药(聚黑-2)采用升降法进行殉爆试验,在对试验定性分析的基础上,近似得出了空气和聚氨酯材料共同作用下的隔爆距离,以及当试验为临界条件时,紫铜药型罩对隔爆距离有较大的影响的结论.     

The effect of underwater explosion shock loading on the fatigue behaviour of grp laminates

This paper reports changes in the fatigue behaviour of glass-reinforced polymer (GRP) laminates after being subjected to increasing shock wave pressures produced by an underwater explosion. The shock testing was performed in a small-scale underwater explosion facility, and by using larger explosive charges and smaller separation distances between the charge and GRP, it was possible to exert higher underwater shock wave pressures on the laminate. The laminate was then fatigue tested in tension-compresion at a stress ratio, R, of — 1 to obtain S-N curves. At low shock pressures the laminate experienced a small amount of cracking in the polymer matrix, but this did not alter the fatigue performance compared with the unshocked laminate. At high shock pressures the laminate experienced gross structural damage in the form of polymer cracking, delamination between the polymer and glass fibre, and fracture of the glass fibres. These effects caused a large reduction in the fatigue resistance.     

复杂充填体下残矿回采爆破振动效应研究

爆破振动对充填体影响的研究对于爆破参数的优化和安全回采具有现实意义。湖北三鑫金铜股份有限公司拟在某铜矿-370 m中段对残留顶柱进行回采,为确保安全,很有必要找到复杂充填体稳定性与爆破振动之间的内在联系,从而为爆破参数进行优化提供基础。首先,对-370 m中段进行现场爆破测试,在单段装药量一定的条件下,得到不同爆心距的三向振动速度;再次,利用LS-DYNA进行数值模拟,在五个不同的单段装药量条件下分别得出了不同爆心距与振速的关系式,反演得出了单段装药量与爆破安全距离关系式,提出了保护充填体的合理措施。     

Quantitative analysis of pores of two types in a plasma-sprayed coating

Quantitative microstructural analyses of thermally sprayed coatings are reviewed. Then a ceramic plasma-sprayed coating is analysed using light microscopy and image analysis. Globular pores and interlamellar flat pores are reconstructed from serial sections of a specimen and their volume and surface area histograms are estimated. The spatial distribution of pores is described using a method based on 3D distances and testing of complete spatial randomness is performed. Interpretations of results in terms of the physical background of the material are discussed.     

Electrically Controlled Localized Charge Trapping at Amorphous Fluoropolymer–Electrolyte Interfaces

Charge trapping is a long‐standing problem in electrowetting on dielectric, causing reliability reduction and restricting its practical applications. Although this phenomenon is investigated macroscopically, the microscopic investigations are still lacking. In this work, the trapped charges are proven to be localized at the three‐phase contact line (TPCL) region by using three detecting methods—local contact angle measurements, electrowetting (EW) probe, and Kelvin probe force microscopy. Moreover, it is demonstrated that this EW‐assisted charge injection (EWCI) process can be utilized as a simple and low‐cost method to deposit charges on fluoropolymer surfaces. Charge densities near the TPCL up to 0.46 mC m^?2 and line widths of the deposited charge ranging from 20 to 300 µm are achieved by the proposed EWCI method. Particularly, negative charge densities do not degrade even after a “harsh” testing with a water droplet on top of the sample surfaces for 12 h, as well as after being treated by water vapor for 3 h. These findings provide an approach for applications which desire stable and controllable surface charges.     

Tetrakis(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin‐Directed Assembly of Gold Nanocrystals: Tailoring the Plasmon Coupling Through Controllable Gap Distances

It is known that universality and controllability over nanocrystal orientation must be accomplished to facilitate the potential applications of metal nanocrystals in the areas of photonics, electronics, and optics. The facile fabrication of linear chains of Au nanorods and bifurcated junctions of nanorods/nanospheres is achieved via the crosslinking of H‐type tetrakis(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin aggregates in solution. The tuning of the plasmon coupling between the Au nanocrystals is demonstrated by varying the porphyrin concentration and thus the interparticle gap distances. Finite‐difference time‐domain calculations show that the red shift of the plasmon band exhibits a nearly exponential decay with increasing interparticle gap distances, thus giving rise to a “plasmon ruler equation.” The gap distances determined according to this equation agree well with the experimental observations and further confirm the porphyrin‐directed assembly process. The interaction mechanism between the Au nanorods and porphyrins is further investigated by a biological procedure using the dark‐field light scattering technique.     

药位置对拱形工事震塌高度影响的数值模拟

通过数值模拟研究了在相同质量炸药爆炸情况下,对半无限岩石介质地下10 m处拱形工事的毁伤情况.模拟结果得到装药为2 kg,爆源距工事项端分别为3 m、5 m、7 m时对工事顶部产生的塌落高度.为炸药爆炸载荷作用与拱形工事防护研究提供依据.