阴茎癌51例诊治体会

目的探讨阴茎癌有效合理的诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析51例阴茎癌患者的临床资料，其中鳞状细胞癌44例，鳞状上皮乳头状瘤恶变7例。均行手术治疗，其中行单纯肿瘤切除＋包皮环切术2例，阴茎部分切除术36例，阴茎全切＋尿道会阴部造口术13例，行双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫术11例。结果41例获得随访，行阴茎部分切除术者2年和5年生存率分别为83．3％和76．7％，行阴茎全切除术者2年和5年生存率分别为72．7％和63．6％。结论阴茎癌早期诊断并予以手术为主的治疗对于改善患者预后十分重要，证实有淋巴结转移者应积极行髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫术。     

阴茎癌68例临床分析

目的：寻求荫茎癌有效合理的治疗方法。方法：总结分析了阴茎癌６８例，其中鳞状细胞癌５８例，乳头状瘤恶变１０便。行阴茎部分切除术５７例，阴茎全切除并阴道会阴部造口术１１例，随后行双侧腹股沟淋巴表主６例。结果 ：４６例获得随访，行阴茎部分切除术者５年和１０年以上生存率分别为８７．７％和８２．２％，行阴茎全切除术者５年和１０年生存庞分别为８５．８％和８０．４％，二者比较无显著性差异。结论：包茎、包皮过长及     

阴茎癌84例临床分析

目的 寻求阴茎癌合理有效的治疗方法。方法 总结分析了阴茎癌84例,鳞状细胞癌80例,乳头状瘤恶变4例。行阴茎肿瘤局部切除3例,阴茎部分切除术67例,阴茎全切并尿道会阴部造口术14例,17例有癌转移者行腹股沟淋巴清扫术。结果 76例获得随访,行阴茎部分切除术者5年和8年以上生存率分别为88.5％和82.2％,行阴茎全切术者5年和8年生存率分别为81.8％和81.8％;二者比较无显著性差异(p>0.05)。无淋巴结转移者5年和8年生存率分别为88.3％和81.6％,有淋巴结转移者则分别为62.5％和50.0％,二者比较有显著性差异(p<0.05)。结论 包茎和包皮过长是导致阴茎癌的主要因素。合理选择适应症行阴茎部分切除术治疗有效,其5a和8a生存率较高,有淋巴结转移预后差。有明显转移者,应积极行腹股沟淋巴结清扫术。     

33例阴茎癌的外科治疗分析

目的:探讨阴茎癌合理的外科治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析2008年1月~2012年12月间收治的33例阴茎癌患者的临床资料:鳞状细胞癌患者31例,疣状癌患者2例。5例行阴茎局部病变切除术,26例行阴茎部分切除术,2例行阴茎全切加会阴部尿道造口术。行腹股沟淋巴结清扫术20例,其中7例行双侧改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,10例行一侧改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术+对侧改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,3例行髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫术+对侧改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术。结果:33例患者定期随访1~5年,平均随访31个月,1年生存率为93.9%(31/33),2年为87.9%(29/33),5年为72.7%(24/33)。本组6例T1G2期以上阴茎癌患者行预防性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,术后随访生存率为83%(5/6);而另有14例未行腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,术后随访死亡7例,生存率为50%(7/14)。在33例阴茎癌患者中,9例可扪及单侧或双侧腹股沟淋巴结,行双侧淋巴结活检,有6例为阳性,阳性率高达66.7%(6/9);但有3例阴性患者随访过程中出现腹股沟淋巴结转移,假阴性率为13%(3/23)。有7例伴髂、腹股沟淋巴结转移,随访期间7例患者全部死亡,结论:对阴茎癌患者,合理地选择手术方式切除肿瘤,并合适地选择行腹股沟淋巴结清扫的时机和方式,采用一定的手术技巧,可明显提高患者生存率并减少并发症。     

58例阴茎鳞状细胞癌治疗的临床分析

目的:提高阴茎鳞状细胞癌的治疗水平,寻求鳞状细胞癌合理有效的治疗方法。方法:回顾分析58例病理活检证实阴茎鳞状细胞癌治疗的临床资料。结果:按照Jackson分期,Ⅰ期25例,Ⅱ期18例,Ⅲ期11例,Ⅳ期4例。53例行手术治疗;行阴茎肿瘤局部切除及阴茎癌部分切除43例;阴茎全切除并尿道会阴部造口术及髂腹股沟淋巴清扫术10例(腹股沟淋巴结均阳性,髂淋巴结阳性1例)。术前新辅助治疗(热疗加化疗)联合术后化疗37例,仅术后化疗12例,单纯手术治疗4例;5例未手术治疗患者行化疗和/或放疗。48例随访2~5年,4例行阴茎部分切除者2年内复发,4例2年内死亡,7例2~5年内死亡,2年生存率为91.7%,5年生存率为77.1%,10例失访或随访期未满2~5年。结论:外科手术治疗、术前新辅助治疗联合术后化疗是目前治疗阴茎鳞状细胞癌的有效方法,淋巴结的清扫根据临床分级具体处理,手术联合术前新辅助治疗及术后化、放疗是否可减少复发及提高生存率,还需进一步研究。     

阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结转移行术前新辅助化疗的临床疗效分析

目的探讨阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结转移行术前新辅助化疗的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2001年至2008年收治的13例接受术前新辅助化疗及手术治疗的阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结转移病例的临床及随访资料,并进行生存分析。结果阴茎癌淋巴结转移13例,均行以顺铂、博来霉素、甲氨蝶呤为主要方案的术前新辅助化疗,其后11例行阴茎部分切除术+单侧或双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,2例行局部放射治疗。从阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结转移治疗后开始计算生存率,1例失随访。1、2、5年生存率分别为75.0%(9/12)、66.7%(8/12)和41.7%(5/12)。结论对阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结转移患者采用新辅助化疗结合手术治疗是一种有效的治疗手段。     

膀胱腺癌的诊治(附22例报告)

目的：探讨膀胱腺癌的诊治效果。方法：回顾性分析22例膀胱腺癌的临床资料，其中原发性膀胱腺癌19例，脐尿管癌3例。结果：22例有8例次行根治性膀胱全切术，4例行次膀胱全切术，2例次行扩大膀胱部分切除术，3例次行膀胱部分切除术，5例次行经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术。术后随访1－5年，其2年生存率为55.5%，5年生存率为33.3%。结论：扩大性膀胱部分切除术是脐尿管癌的主要手术方式，原发性膀胱腺癌多行根治性膀胱全切术，总体疗效需进一步提高。     

82例阴茎鳞状细胞癌临床诊断与治疗

目的：提高阴茎鳞状细胞癌的诊断和治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析1980-2005年82例阴茎鳞状细胞癌患者临床资料，结合文献复习进行讨论。结果：77例病例行手术治疗，其中阴茎部分切除术64例，阴茎全切术13例。阴茎切除加髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫14例（腹股沟淋巴结均为阳性，髂淋巴结均为阴性）。放疗3例，化疗1例，放化疗联合治疗1例。71例患者随访1～10年，5例1年内死亡，17例2～5年内死亡，49例生存5年以上，占69％，其中34例生存10年，占48％，11例失访。结论：包茎、包皮过长是阴茎鳞状细胞癌的重要诱因；HPV感染可能与阴茎鳞状细胞癌发生有关。外科手术治疗是目前治疗阴茎鳞状细胞癌的有效方法；淋巴结清扫范围应采用由浅至深逐级切除的方式；放、化疗及联合治疗疗效尚不确切。     

包皮环切术后发生阴茎鳞状细胞癌17例报道

目的:分析包皮环切术后发生的阴茎癌的诊治。方法:回顾性分析我院1997年1月~2004年12月行包皮环切术后1个月~16年发生阴茎癌17例患者的临床资料。结果:本组患者中术后1~12个月发现阴茎癌者11例,术后3~16年发现者6例;16例行阴茎部分切除术+腹股沟淋巴结活检术,1例行扩大包皮环切术后复发相继行阴茎部分切除、全切术。复发的1例死亡,其余16例存活至今。结论:成年人行包皮环切术后仍有发生阴茎癌可能,对伴有包皮炎症、溃疡等病变的患者行包皮环切术应常规行病理检查,术后需密切随访,阴茎部分切除术是治疗早期阴茎鳞状细胞癌有效的方法,术中有必要行前哨淋巴结活检。     

腹股沟淋巴结清扫在阴茎癌治疗中的应用

［摘要］ 阴茎癌是一种比较少见的恶性肿瘤。其发病率具有显著的地域差异性,其中,在欧美等发达国家具有较低的发病率,然而,在非洲、南美洲以及亚洲的部分发展中国家或地区,阴茎癌的发病率较高。目前,阴茎癌的主要治疗方法包括：保留阴茎的治疗（微小病灶切除术）;阴茎部分切除术;阴茎根治性切除术。区域淋巴结有无转移、转移程度、能否根治切除是影响阴茎癌患者生存率的决定性因素。阴茎癌最早和最常见的区域淋巴结转移部位为腹股沟淋巴结,本文主要阐述了传统开放手术、改良的腹股沟淋巴结清扫术、腹腔镜与机器人辅助腹股沟淋巴结清扫手术在阴茎癌治疗中的应用及各手术方式常见并发症及防治措施。     

Penis conserving treatment for T1 and T2 penile carcinoma: clinical implications of a local recurrence

PURPOSE: We evaluated our experience with primary tumor treatment for T1 and T2 penile squamous cell carcinoma and discussed the clinical implications of a local recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The primary tumor treatment and clinical course of 257 patients with T1 or T2 penile carcinoma were evaluated. Primary tumor treatment consisted of penis preservation in 157 and (partial) amputation in 100 patients. Median followup was 106 months (range 16 to 541). RESULTS: The 5-year local recurrence-free estimate after penis preservation was similar for T1 and T2 tumors (log rank test p = 0.1) and overall 63% (CI: 54%-72%) compared to 88% (CI: 81%-95%) for partial amputation (log rank test p = 0.0003). In case of a local recurrence after penis preserving treatment, local control could be achieved in 94% (51 of 54) of cases. Of patients with T1 tumors treated with penis preservation, regional recurrence developed in 33% (7 of 21) of patients with local recurrence compared to only 6% (3 of 47) of patients without local recurrences (Fisher's exact test p = 0.005). Of the patients with T2 tumors treated with penis preservation, regional recurrence developed in 27% (9 of 33) of patients with local recurrence compared to 27% (12 of 45) of patients without local recurrence (chi-square test p = 0.96). Of 10 patients with a local recurrence after partial amputation of the penis, 9 died of disease. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of local recurrence increases with penis preservation but can be treated accurately in most cases. Local recurrences can signify lymphatic regional spread. A local recurrence after penile amputation carries a poor prognosis.     

The results of treatment of craniopharyngiomas in 33 children

Thirty-three cases of craniopharyngioma in children for past twenty-two years were evaluated by long term result, the outcome by different treatment, the effect of irradiation and recurrence rate, etc. Operation was performed in all cases. The contents of operation were as follows: total removal; 3 cases, subtotal removal; 9 cases, partial removal; 11 cases, cyst evacuation + Ommaya reservoir; 9 cases, shunt only; 1 case. Ten cases were operated by transsphenoidal approach, five cases of which were performed by combined operation of intracranial and transsphenoidal approach and extensive removal was possible in all cases. Radiation therapy was carried out in seventeen cases, four of which were treated by internal irradiation with Au-198 colloid or P-32 chromic phosphate. Overall survival rates of 5 years and 10 years were 70% and 64% respectively. The more the grade of tumor removal was done, the lower the rate of death resulted. In five cases treated by combined operation of intracranial and transsphenoidal approach, all cases were surviving. In irradiated group 5 year and 10 year survival rates were 93% and 71.5%, while, in non-irradiated group those survival rates were 46.2% and 46.2% respectively. Internal irradiation was done in four cases, the effect of which was satisfactory. Recurrences of the tumor appeared in eight cases, three of which were dead. In conclusion; 1) Overall survival rates of 5 years and 10 years were 70% and 64% respectively. The rate of tumor removal was well correlated to the outcome. 2) The outcome in the irradiated group was better than that in nonirradiated group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The histological extent of the local spread of carcinoma of the penis and its therapeutic implications

OBJECTIVE: To explore the possibility of reducing the margin of clearance at surgery for carcinoma of the penis without causing an increase in the incidence of local tumour recurrence, so that the functional and cosmetic compromise associated with penectomy might be minimized. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-four patients underwent partial or total penectomy based on the extent of tumour. The specimens were evaluated histologically for grade and for proximal microscopic extensions beyond the grossly visible tumour margin, by examining serial proximal 5 mm sections. The histological grade of the lesion was correlated with its clinical site, morphology and proximal microscopic spread. Differences were assessed using the chi-squared test. RESULTS: Of 64 tumours, 31% were grade 1, 50% grade 2 and the remaining 19% grade 3. Higher grade lesions were more likely to involve the penile shaft. The maximum proximal histological extent was 5 mm for grades 1 and 2, and 10 mm for grade 3 tumours; there was no discontinuous spread. CONCLUSIONS: Histological grading is mandatory in the management of carcinoma of the penis. A 10-mm clearance is adequate for grade 1 and 2 lesions, and 15 mm for grade 3 tumours. This approach would qualify more patients for partial rather than total amputation; the residual length of the penis would then be cosmetically and functionally more acceptable.     

膀胱腺癌的诊断和治疗(附29例报告)

目的提高膀胱腺癌的诊断与治疗水平。方法29例中原发性膀胱腺癌18例，其中行全膀胱切除、尿流改道11例，膀胱部分切除7例；脐尿管腺癌9例，6例行扩大膀胱部分切除术，3例行全膀胱切除、尿流改道；印戒细胞癌2例，行全膀胱切除、尿流改道术。结果4例患者失访，25例患者随访时间为5个月一10年。生存1年者17例（64％），生存2年15例（60％），生存5年5例（20％），生存时间超过5年者均为早期患者。结论早期诊断、鉴别原发性膀胱腺癌与脐尿管腺癌、选择合适的手术方式是膀胱腺癌治疗的关键。     

Two cases of giant condyloma with malignant degeneration

We report two rare cases of giant condyloma with malignant degeneration. Case 1: A 70-year-old male noticed a small nodule on his glans penis 5 years ago that had recently grown larger and larger. After admission, the biopsy of the mass revealed giant condyloma with malignant degeneration. Partial amputation of the penis was performed. Meatoplasty was performed by Whisnant 's procedure. Case 2: A 49-year-old male had received exstirpation of the condyloma of the penis eleven years earlier. Local recurrence and exstirpation were repeated. In June 1981, the mass was diagnosed as giant condyloma. In December malignant degeneration was suspected. In 1982, radiation therapy failed to reduce the mass and it made an ulcer on the penis. Total amputation of the penis was performed. The pathological diagnosis was invasive keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. Meatoplasty was performed, applying Toyoda 's ureterocutaneostomy and Abercrombie 's procedure. Though giant condyloma is pathologically benign, in many cases it is clinically indistinguishable from squamous cell carcinoma and may have a malignant potential like our cases. It may be concluded that giant condyloma should be treated as malignant and that partial or total penectomy may be the best treatment because conservative treatment including local excision is not effective.     

Carcinoma of penis treated with neodymium YAG laser

Sixteen men with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis were treated primarily with the Neodymium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser. Five patients had TIS, 9 had T1 tumors, and 2 had T2 carcinoma. All patients had refused traditional therapy of partial penectomy and gave informed consent as to the investigational nature of the Nd:YAG laser photoradiation therapy. Circumcisions and deep tissue biopsies were performed on all patients prior to tumoricidal neodymium photoradiation treatment. The patients were followed from twelve to thirty-six months. At follow-up, 5 patients with TIS had no evidence of recurrent cancer. Of the 9 patients with T1 squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, 6 (67%) were tumor-free at a mean follow-up of twenty-six months. The 2 men with T2 carcinoma of the penis had reduction of the tumor mass but were not cured. The obvious advantage of the Nd:YAG laser in treating carcinoma of the penis is preservation of the penis eliminating disfiguring amputation.     

The Treatment of Penile Carcinoma: Experience in 64 Cases

Introduction: Carcinoma of the penis is an uncommon entity in Poland (160 new cases per year). Purpose: To review our results in treatment of penile cancer in 64 patients. Material and methods: From 1989 to 1998, 64 patients were treated for carcinoma of the penis. The age of the patients varied from 21 to 86. Clinical and pathological categories were assessed according to TNM classification. Inguinal lymphadenectomy was performed in 35 patients. Following surgery 12 patients underwent radiotherapy, 3 chemotherapy, 3 radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Results: Twenty-two percent of patients died of cancer with median survival of 49 weeks. Bilateral inguinal involvement after node dissection was found in 17 patients. Unilateral inguinal involvement was found in 7 patients. Six patients had positive pelvic nodes. Of patients with initially non metastatic disease (N0) 8.3% showed progression to death, of patients with initially lymph node metastases (N+) 46% showed progression to death. The 5-year disease-free survival rates of patients with N+ and N0 were 40% and 82%, respectively. Of the patients 11% had local recurrence. Postoperative complications developed in 30 cases. Conclusions: The likelihood of lymph node invasion at presentation was related to T category and grade of primary tumour. The most important prognostic factor for patients with carcinoma of the penis was lymph node involvement.