发酵香肠中生物胺的研究

本文采用RP-HPLC法测定了发酵香肠中的生物胺(苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺、精胺)的含量。样品经0.4mol/L高氯酸溶液提取,丹磺酰氯衍生,流动相为乙腈和水,采用梯度洗脱,流速为1mL/min,紫外检测波长为254nm。该方法检测限为:腐胺、尸胺、亚精胺、酪胺和精胺为0.1μg/mL,组胺0.5μg/mL,苯乙胺0.05μg/mL。回收率分别为苯乙胺86.71%、腐胺88.88%、尸胺94.55%、组胺87.57%、酪胺83.67%、亚精胺88.55%、精胺94.91%。结果表明发酵香肠中生物胺的种类及含量因香肠的品种而异,7种生物胺平均总量为13.40mg/100g,变异范围为7.83~19.13mg/100g。本法简便、快速、灵敏、可靠。     

液质联用法测定黄酒中生物胺含量

采用高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱串联法(HPLC-MS/MS)技术,建立检测黄酒中组胺、腐胺、尸胺、精胺、亚精胺、2-苯乙胺、酪胺、色胺共8种生物胺的分析方法。结果表明,在液质联用法对黄酒中生物胺的检测限方面,组胺、尸胺、精胺、亚精胺为0.05μg/kg,腐胺1.0μg/kg,酪胺、色胺为1.5μg/kg,2-苯乙胺为2.0μg/kg。线性范围为0.05~15.0μg/kg(R0.999),回收率在93%~99%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.11%~0.29%之间。液质联用法可对黄酒中生物胺进行准确的定性和定量,且样品不需衍生化处理,提高了大批量样品检测前处理的效率,同时解决了检测中出现的假阳性问题,适合黄酒中生物胺的低残留检测要求。     

传统自然发酵四川香肠加工贮藏过程中生物胺含量变化

采用高效液相色谱法对传统自然发酵四川香肠加工贮藏过程中生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺和亚精胺)含量变化进行测定。结果表明:传统自然发酵四川香肠原料肉中只检测出了色胺、苯乙胺和亚精胺,贮藏120天检测出了7种生物胺,除亚精胺外,6种生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺)的含量在加工过程中均显著增加(P0.01)。传统自然发酵四川香肠中以酪胺、组胺、尸胺和腐胺为主,含量分别达到153.06、127.90、132.46和92.83 mg/kg,4种生物胺占生物胺总量的89.66%。传统自然发酵四川香肠中生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、组胺和酪胺)含量均低于20 mg/100 g。生物胺总量在加工贮藏过程中变化显著(P0.01),总量低于1 000 mg/kg。     

黄酒贮藏过程中生物胺变化规律的研究

在建立高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)法检测黄酒中生物胺(biogenic amine,BA)的方法基础上,对5种市售黄酒贮藏过程中生物胺的变化进行分析,并建立反向传播神经网络(back propagation neural network,BPNN)。结果显示,HPLC法检测5种生物胺的平均回收率均在95%以上。5种黄酒酒样中都未检出精胺与亚精胺。25℃贮藏条件下,随着贮藏时间的延长,黄酒中尸胺的含量呈下降趋势;组胺仅在女儿红黄酒中检出,含量变化不显著,在1.63 mg/L～4.03 mg/L范围之间;酪胺在女儿红、西塘、上海黄酒中的含量逐渐上升,香雪、善酿黄酒中未检出。37℃贮藏条件下,随着贮藏时间的延长,黄酒中尸胺的含量呈下降趋势;酪胺在女儿红、西塘黄酒中呈上升趋势,在香雪、上海、善酿黄酒中未检出;组胺仅在女儿红黄酒中检出,含量变化不显著,在0.04 mg/L～1.55 mg/L范围之间。该方法检测的生物胺总量范围在0.54 mg/L～28.86 mg/L。     

液相色谱-串联质谱测定食醋中生物胺含量

为了检测食醋中生物胺,建立了液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）的检测方法,检测食醋中精胺、亚精胺、尸胺、腐胺、组胺、酪 胺、色胺7种生物胺。 结果表明,不同品牌的食醋生物胺总量差异较大,生物胺总量最高可达到229.98 mg/L,而最低为13.48 mg/L, 酪胺含量（0.96～84.83 mg/L）较高;组胺含量（0.80～9.08 mg/L）较低;不同食醋中精胺（3.01～9.44 mg/L）和尸胺（1.38～15.40 mg/L） 含量不同;样品中未检出色胺。 相关性分析结果显示,腐胺与尸胺、组胺与酪胺之间具有显著相关性（P＜0.01）。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定香肠中6种生物胺

采用丹磺酰氯为衍生试剂,建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定香肠中腐胺、尸胺、酪胺、组胺、亚精胺和精胺6种生物胺的方法.色谱条件:C18色谱柱分离,以甲醇和0.1%乙酸溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速0.8mL/min,二极管阵列检测器,检测波长254 nm.以1,7-二氨基庚烷为内标,在设定的试验条件下,6种生物胺实现了良好的分离,并呈良好的线性相关性(r>0.999).方法的检测限:腐胺、亚精胺、尸胺和酪胺均为0.8μg/mL,组胺和精胺均为4 μg/mL.本检测方法具有良好的重现性和回收率.对发酵香肠样品中的生物胺含量进行了分析,其中部分香肠中含有一定量的生物胺,最高可达1.09mg/g.     

国产葡萄酒中生物胺组成与含量分析

通过对国产葡萄酒产品中生物胺组成和含量的检测分析,了解国产葡萄酒中生物胺含量现状。采用GB/T 5009.208—2008方法,对国内市售的250个国产葡萄酒样品中8种生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、精胺和亚精胺)含量进行检测。结果显示,国产葡萄酒样品中8种生物胺含量范围分别为色胺0~32.78 mg/L,苯乙胺0~48.20 mg/L,腐胺0~46.60 mg/L,尸胺0~9.38 mg/L,组胺0~14.37 mg/L,酪胺0~14.60 mg/L,精胺0~12.73 mg/L,亚精胺0~0.50mg/L;葡萄酒样品中检出率最高和最低的生物胺分别为腐胺和精胺,检出率分别为88.4%和50.0%,组胺检出率为52.8%;98.8%的葡萄酒样品中组胺含量低于10 mg/L,98.0%的葡萄酒样品中酪胺含量低于10 mg/L。同其他种类葡萄酒相比,干红葡萄酒样品中生物胺含量相对较高,但与欧洲葡萄酒传统酿造国家的同类产品含量水平一致。国产葡萄酒中生物胺含量水平符合食品安全要求,具有较好的饮用安全性。     

高效液相色谱法测定市售泡凤爪中的生物胺

采用丹磺酰氯为柱前衍生,建立高效液相色谱法同时测定市售泡凤爪中色胺、β-苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺、精胺8种生物胺含量的方法。色谱条件:C18色谱柱分离,以水和乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱,流速0.8mL/min,紫外检测器,检测波长:254nm。在此条件下,8种生物胺在23min内实现了良好的分离,该方法标准曲线相关系数均在0.998以上,精密度在可接收范围内(RSD<5%),8种生物胺的平均回收率在90.41%~99.66%之间。结果表明该方法灵敏度高,精密度和重复性好,可快捷、准确地对市售泡凤爪中的生物胺进行检测。检测出生物胺总量范围在72.42~409.67mg/kg,其中,色胺、组胺、腐胺、尸胺、亚精胺的检出率为100%,其平均含量分别为47.53、26.20、35.65、12.94、8.15mg/kg。     

市售四川香肠中生物胺含量比较分析

利用高效液相色谱,以丹磺酰氯为衍生试剂,分析了四川地区30种市售四川香肠中色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺和亚精胺的含量。结果表明:30种市售四川香肠中7种生物胺的检出率均为100%,其中组胺含量最高,平均为182.69 mg/kg;酪胺、尸胺和腐胺次之,平均含量分别为176.93、163.40和60.88 mg/kg;亚精胺平均含量最低,为7.68 mg/kg。30种四川香肠中生物胺的总含量为335.76~1 267.13 mg/kg,1号样品的生物胺总量最高,1、2、5、13、14、15和16号样品中尸胺、组胺和酪胺含量均超过100 mg/kg,存在一定的安全隐患。     

贺兰山东麓葡萄酒中生物胺特征分析

为探究贺兰山东麓产区葡萄酒中生物胺的轮廓特点,建立同时测定葡萄酒中腐胺、组胺、亚精胺、色胺、尸胺、酪胺和2-苯乙胺的液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS),以揭示贺兰山东麓葡萄酒样品中生物胺含量水平。结果表明,各生物胺组分在对应线性范围内均呈现较好的线性关系(r>0.999),平均回收率为82.3%～106.7%,7种生物胺定量限为10～20μg·L^-1,满足分析要求。数据分析显示,红葡萄酒、白葡萄酒和桃红葡萄酒的生物胺总量分别为0.39～15.70、0～3.18、0～3.48 mg·L^-1。红葡萄酒中生物胺含量大小排序为酪胺>亚精胺>腐胺>2-苯乙胺,而白葡萄酒和桃红葡萄酒中为亚精胺>腐胺>尸胺。通过分析生物胺指数得出,红葡萄酒生物胺含量高于白葡萄酒和桃红葡萄酒。在红葡萄酒中,‘赤霞珠’‘美乐’‘黑比诺’和‘蛇龙珠’葡萄酒中各生物胺含量略有差异,其中‘蛇龙珠’葡萄酒中酪胺含量明显高于其他生物胺成分。该研究为贺兰山东麓葡萄酒的生物胺监管和溯源提供了数据支撑。     

利用高效液相色谱法测定不同发酵时长郫县豆瓣酱中的8种生物胺

本研究基于高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术,测定了不同发酵时长(1~96个月)郫县豆瓣酱中色胺、β-苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺和精胺8种生物胺的含量。结果显示,HPLC分析中,8种生物胺的检出限在0.17~0.35 mg/L之间,定量限在0.55~0.92 mg/L之间,各生物胺标品在1~60 mg/L的质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,可被准确定量;各生物胺回收率在73.10%~104.13%之间,说明本方法具有较高的重复性和灵敏度。腐胺、尸胺、酪胺和组胺是郫县豆瓣酱中的主要生物胺;随着发酵时间的延长,腐胺含量快速上升,尸胺含量在发酵前54个月迅速上升,之后明显下降,酪胺和组胺在发酵54个月后含量有所增加;其他生物胺含量较低,且发酵期间变化不明显;郫县豆瓣酱中总生物胺含量随发酵时间的延长不断积累,从(37.86±6.69) mg/kg增加到(155.09±8.53) mg/kg,其含量在发酵前54个月快速上升,之后趋于稳定。目前食品中的多数生物胺尚没有限量标准,但参考现有的毒理学数据来看,本研究中郫县豆瓣酱的生物胺含量水平相对安全。     

A survey of biogenic amines in Chinese rice wines

Fourteen Chinese rice wines from four rice wine-making regions of China were analyzed for the first time, using HPLC with diode array detection after pre-column derivatization with dansyl chloride. The results showed that Chinese rice wines contained the five biogenic amines histamine, tyramine, cadaverine, spermine and spermidine. Histamine was detected in all samples (100%), followed by spermine (93%), cadaverine (87%), tyramine (79%) and spermidine (79%). The mean total level of biogenic amines in samples was 107 mg/l with a range from 39.30 to 241 mg/l. These levels are below the level that may elicit direct adverse reactions for most consumers. However, patients being treated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors should be aware of the presence of amines in rice wines and limit their consumption.     

新疆赤霞珠葡萄酒发酵过程中生物胺含量的变化

利用高效液相色谱技术分析葡萄酒发酵过程中8种生物胺含量的变化。结果表明,葡萄酒发酵过程中8种生物胺总含量整体呈上升趋势。色胺含量最高,最高可达到98.03 mg/L;腐胺和组胺含量较低,含量均不超过2.48 mg/L;精胺和亚精胺含量变化相对平稳,波动范围在1.81～3.07 mg/L之间,除色胺外,其他生物胺含量均不超过4.50 mg/L。苯乙胺、尸胺、酪胺等在酒精发酵后期和苹果酸-乳酸发酵初期大幅上升,在苹-乳发酵后期,酪胺和亚精胺含量有所下降,其他生物胺含量均有一定程度上升。     

Biogenic amines in Brazilian cheeses

The levels of biogenic amines in Brazilian cheeses were investigated for the first time. Ninety-two samples of 10 types of cheese were purchased at retail stores. The amines were extracted using hydrochloric acid, partitioned into diethyl ether, separated through reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography and quantified fluorimetrically after postcolumn derivatization with o-phthaldehyde. Overall, spermine was the most prevalent amine (93%), followed by histamine (65%), 2-phenylethylamine (62%), spermidine (61%), putrescine (60%), cadaverine (59%), serotonin (44%), agmatine (38%), tyramine (37%) and tryptamine (29%). Spermine, agmatine, 2-phenylethylamine, serotonin, spermidine and tryptamine were detected at low levels (< 4.10 mg/100g). Cadaverine, tyramine, histamine and putrescine were present at levels up to 111.00, 21.25, 19.65 and 17.37 mg/100g, respectively. There was variability on the type and levels of amine in each kind of cheese suggesting that amine formation and accumulation in cheese could be prevented. Efforts should be made to understand amine formation in cheese in order to optimize technology and secure low amine levels. Susceptible individuals should be advised to consume cheeses with low biogenic amines contents.     

CHANGES IN BIOGENIC AMINE CONTENTS AND SENSORY QUALITY OF SARDINE (SARDINA PILCHARDUS) STORED AT 4C AND 20C

Biogenic amines (tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, spermidine and spermine) in sardine during the storage at two temperatures (4C and 20C) were investigated. Changes in sensory scores were also recorded. Significant differences between storage times were found. The levels of tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine and histamine increased as decomposition of sardine progressed at both 4C and 20C. Spermidine and spermine did not change throughout storage. Putrescine was the main biogenic amine formed, followed by tyramine, cadaverine and histamine. Histamine remained lower than the toxic level of 100 mg/kg in the samples stored at 4C whereas it exceeded the toxic level after 16 h at 20C. The increase in histamine concentration was lower than tyramine and putrescine at both temperatures. Sensory scores gradually decreased during the storage.     

BIOGENIC AMINES FORMATION IN SARDINE MARINADE DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE

Biogenic amines (tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, spermidine, spermine) in sardine marinade were investigated. Sardine were beheaded, gutted, filleted, washed and marinated by immersing the fish into solutions containing 2 and 4% acetic acid and 10% NaCl for 24 h. Biogenic amine content, sensory scores and pH values of marinated sardine were recorded during the storage at 4C for up to 5 months. Biogenic amine content in marinated sardine was higher than in raw material. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in biogenic amine content between acetic acid concentrations of 2% and 4% just after marinating. Initial values of biogenic amines in marinade with 4% acetic acid were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those in marinade with 2% acetic acid. The contents of tyramine***, putrescine and histamine in sardine marinade decreased in the first 2–3 months of storage, followed by continuous increase up to 5 months of the storage. After decrease in the first month, cadaverine level did not significantly change. According to results, the marination process influences biogenic amine accumulation.     

Biogenic Amine Content of Beers Consumed in Turkey and Influence of Storage Conditions on Biogenic Amine Formation

The biogenic amine content of beers available in Turkey, both domestic production and imported products, was investigated. A total of 17 domestic and 13 imported beers were evaluated in terms of 8 different biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, spermine, spermidine, 2‐phenylethylamine, putrescine, tryptamine and cadaverine). HPLC methodology with pre‐column derivatization and photodiode array detection after derivatization with dansyl chloride was used for quantification. In addition, the evolution of important amines such as histamine, tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine were investigated during different storage conditions by response surface methodology. The results indicated that both storage temperature and storage time were important factors affecting biogenic amine content. Histamine and putrescine increased during storage, but then decreased after reaching a maximum level after six weeks. With the biogenic amines tyramine and cadaverine, the amounts increased during the entire storage period. At higher storage temperatures, the formation of biogenic amines increased.     

黄酒中9 种生物胺的高效液相色谱分析法

建立一种检测黄酒中生物胺的反相高效液相色谱法。用三氯乙酸提取黄酒中生物胺,丹磺酰氯作为衍生化试剂,1,7-二氨基庚烷作为内标定量。色谱条件为：Waters XBridge C18色谱柱（4.5 mm×250 mm,3.8 μm）作为分离柱,乙腈和水作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1 mL/min,紫外检测波长254 nm。结果表明,9 种生物胺（盐酸吡哆胺、色胺、腐胺、尸胺、β-苯乙胺、组胺、酪胺、精胺和亚精胺）在40 min内能被很好分离。在1～50 mg/L质量浓度范围内,各种生物胺呈现良好的线性相关性（R2＞0.999）。各生物胺加标回收率为79.54%～89.55%,相对标准偏差为3.14%～6.35%,该法各组分检出限（RSN=3）为0.002～0.009 mg/L。应用柱前衍生化高效液相色谱-紫外检测法,实现了黄酒中生物胺的准确检测。     

Biogenic mono-, di- and polyamine contents in Spanish wines and influence of a limited irrigation

The distribution of biogenic aromatic amines, and also those of aliphatic diamines and polyamines, in red and white Spanish wines, was examined. Moreover, a study was carried out to determine whether the degree of irrigation affects the endogenous amine contents in grape as well as its evolution during the winemaking process. Amine levels were variable, ranging from not detected to 100 mg/l. Putrescine, which constituted the major amine, tyramine and histamine contents were significantly higher in red than in white wine. The aromatic phenylethylamine, and the aliphatic cadaverine, agmatine, spermine and spermidine, were detected in very low amounts in a few samples. Both, diamines and polyamines, were the only amines observed in grape samples, showing similar levels, irrespective of the water-stress degree, and their levels decreased significantly during winemaking. Most probably, the low levels of di- and polyamines in wine arise from those endogenously found in grape berries and the water-stress does not seem to be a factor influencing the contents.