天然气分布式能源发展相关问题分析

我国天然气分布式能源发展形势看好.本文分析了我国天然气发电发展现状,介绍了天然气分布式能源定义及政策目标.从天然气供应能力、价格、系统调峰影响等方面,分析了可能影响天然气分布式能源发展的相关问题.     

浙江省天然气分布式能源发展制约因素及对策研究

当前,在坚持绿色发展、加快建设生态文明、加快推进能源生产和消费革命的新形势下,天然气分布式能源作为一种清洁高效的能源利用方式,重要性逐步凸显。浙江省天然气分布式能源发展受制于天然气价格、电力体制等因素,一直推进缓慢。随着近年来电力和天然气体制改革的不断推进,“碳达峰”“碳中和”目标以及用煤指标的缩紧,催生了一批天然气分布式能源的建设需求,全省天然气分布式能源发展迎来了难得的机遇期。本文剖析了浙江省天然气分布式界定不清、电力并网上网有待落实、天然气成本缺乏竞争力、核心设备成本较高、配套扶持政策不健全五方面的制约因素,提出明确界定天然气分布式、甄选合适的应用场景、加快推进天然气体制改革、推进电力体制改革、积极推广示范试点五方面的对策建议。     

天然气分布式能源项目现状分析及建议

介绍了天然气分布式能源的优势,从分布式能源政策以及国内天然气分布式能源项目布局建设情况两个角度分别剖析天然气分布式能源项目现状,同时根据调研情况对天然气分布式能源各阶段存在的问题进行总结,最后为完善天然气分布式能源发展提出了相应的建议。     

论绿色建筑与分布式能源

叙述了分布式能源基本概念,分析了分布式能源发展及现状,以及目前国内对于分布式能源产业发展政策及规划,着重分析了分布式能源在绿色建筑评价体系中作用以及分布式能源对绿色建筑项目优势.得出了在中国天然气供应日趋增加,智能电网建设步伐加快,专业化服务公司方兴未艾的大背景下,经过国内10多年的分布式能源研究及示范,天然气分布式能源在中国已具备大规模发展的条件.这为绿色建筑设计提供了1个新的模式,具有广泛的开发及应用前景.     

天然气分布式渐行渐近

PM2．5倒逼煤炭消费转型。环境保护压力下,长期依赖的煤炭的能源结构转型迫在眉睫．促进天然气分布式能源发展。     

中石油董事长王宜林谈能源低碳转型

<正>全球能源向清洁低碳化转型已不可逆转,这已成为全球共识。能源转型不仅包括更多清洁能源(天然气和可再生能源)的利用,也包括增加油气和可再生能源比例,挤占煤炭的份额,同时也包括煤炭的清洁利用。但是由于目前技术尚不十分成熟,煤炭清洁利用和可再生能源发展有限。从短期看,化石能源的清洁高效开发利用是应对气候变化最为现实的途径,石油公司有责任在缓解气候变化方面有所作为;在能源结构调整方面,要供应更多清洁能源,包括天然气和可再生     

借他山之石创造良好发展环境

正王振铭说,目前,虽然天然气分布式能源利用在国际上还仅占较小比例,但可以预见未来的若干年内,天然气分布式能源不仅可以作为集中式发电的一个重要补充,还将在能源综合利用上占有十分重要的地位。我国亟需借鉴发达国家经验,完善相关法规政策推动天然气分布式能源的发展。借鉴发达国家发展经验据王振铭介绍,国际上研究分布式能源技术从20世纪70年代就开始发展起来,但其真正快速发展起来却是在近十几年的事情,特别是美国、加拿大大停     

全球能源格局变化及对中国能源安全的挑战

进入21世纪以来,拉美和非洲的石油储产量大幅增长,石油供应向多极化方向发展,石油消费重心正在转向产油国和发展中国家.2000～2011年全球天然气产量增长了35.7％,北美和欧洲天然气探明储量增长居全球领先水平,天然气消费普遍增长.发达国家仍然是能源投资的主体,但同时发展中国家的能源投资也快速增长,发展中国家对煤炭和石油的投资比例均高于发达国家,而发达国家对天然气和电力等清洁能源的投资比例超过了发展中国家.欧美引领着新能源的发展,但由于中国和印度的拉动,亚洲地区有可能成为全球新能源中心.气候变化问题使能源安全的内涵扩展到对环境的影响.此外,中东的石油和天然气消费增速位居全球第一,未来可能会影响对其他地区的出口.世界能源格局的变化使中国能源安全面临一系列新的挑战.首先,作为全球最大的能源消费国,维护全球能源安全是中国的不二选择;其次,维护海外投资利益已成为中国构建新的国际关系的重要考量;第三,需要重新考虑与发达国家和发展中国家的能源外交;另外,如何在国际舞台上发挥主导作用、以何种政治姿态影响和参与全球能源治理,以及如何与周边国家及欧美等国解决能源争端、领土争端和贸易争端,是我国面临的又一挑战.中国要注重能源大国在能源安全中的作用,有区别地与具有不同能源安全利益诉求的国家开展能源外交,在全球能源对话中要积极倡导能源贸易“去政治化”,提出既有利于世界能源安全又有利于我国能源安全的新理念.     

中国迎来天然气分布式能源发展机遇

正天然气分布式能源可以达到很高的能源综合利用效率,展分布式能源,要求到2015年建成1000个天然气分布式能在国外发展非常迅速。目前天然气分布式能源在国内尚处于源项目,且市场前景看好、技术成熟及行业性机构崛起等为起步阶段,但建成的一批冷热电三联供项目已显示出强大生天然气分布式能源发展带来契机。命力。国家推动能源产业结构调整的决心明确,提出大力发     

执行策略

做好区域能源规划是前提 “所谓区域能源规划，就是对所选定的区域的能源需求和供应在建设或开发（或是在扩充、改造）初期有一个规划。发展分布式能源必须首先做好区域能源规划，这是发展分布式能源的前提条件。”许文发在接受本刊记者采访时如是说．     

我国天然气分布式能源发展制约因素及对策研究

天然气分布式能源比传统火力发电效率提高1倍以上,具有综合能效高、清洁环保、安全性好、削峰填谷等优点。国家已对天然气分布式能源发展提出了明确要求,但我国在发展过程中仍存在一些制约因素,如宣传力度不够,社会认知度低,观念亟待更新;法规不完善,部门之间利益博弈现象突出;优惠政策不配套;电网的技术条件、计量和控制方式、设计程序及基础设施等也存在限制条件;天然气分布式能源系统的关键部件严重依赖进口,核心技术有待突破;企业自身运营中存在投资成本大、回收期长,设备运行以及燃料成本过高等制约因素。推动我国天然气分布式能源发展要坚持5个基本原则,即保本微利、积极培育原则,先行先试、以点带面原则,收益共享、成本均摊原则,合理补偿原则和优质高价原则,并要处理好与电力公司和天然气公司的关系,以及与城市规划和能源总体规划的关系。建议应加强国家宏观层面的统筹管理,细化地方发展规划;完善法律法规建设,突破现行体制障碍;给予天然气分布式能源项目财税优惠,出台价格分摊和价格补贴政策,降低企业运营成本,缓解价格矛盾;另外,应加快构建技术标准,突破技术瓶颈,鼓励上中下游各方参与,加快示范项目建设,不断完善政策体系。     

Natural gas for generation: a solution or a problem?

Natural gas is an essential energy source that has many applications, including heating homes and businesses, powering industrial and agricultural production, and, most recently, generating a substantial amount of electricity needs. Thus, natural gas plays a vital role in achieving the nation's economic and environmental goals. The high price and high volatility of natural gas has been a great concern for those expecting to profit from gas-fired generation units in the competitive electricity markets. Among the reasons for the emergence of gas-fired generation capacity are the high efficiency and environmental friendliness of gas-fired units and presumed low gas prices. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using natural gas for generating electricity. The bottom line is that natural gas cannot be a long-term fuel choice for generating electricity. Fuel diversification and devotion should be a common understanding among industry, government, academics, and the general public.     

Trend in efficiency and capacity of fossil power generation in the EU

The purpose of this study is to determine past and future energy efficiency of fossil power generation in EU-27. It is found that the average efficiency for gas-fired power generation increased sharply from 34% in 1990 to 50% in 2005 and is expected to increase to 54% by 2015 (based on lower heating value). For coal-fired power generation the efficiency increased from 34% in 1990 to 38% in 2005 and is expected to increase to 40% by 2015 (LHV). The improvements are largely determined by the introduction of new generating capacity. The amount of natural gas-based generating capacity has strongly increased in the last 15 years. The share of gas-fired power generation in total fossil power generation in the EU increased from 11% in 1990 to 34% in 2005 and is expected to increase to 46% by 2015. The average CO₂-intensity for fossil-fired power generation in the EU decreased from 920 g CO₂/kWh in 1990 to 720 g/kWh in 2005, mainly due to a shift from coal to natural gas. For the period 2005–2015 another decrease is expected from 720 to 630 g/kWh. Total greenhouse gas emissions from fossil power generation are however expected to increase by 10% in 2020.     

A policy study examining the use of imported LNG for gas-fired power generation on the southeast coast of China

Since China's energy demand is growing quickly, speeding up the development of natural gas is an important substitute and supplement for coal and oil. The development of the natural gas market in many developing countries has demonstrated that the success of the whole project hinges upon the success of gas-fired power generation. However, under the current energy pricing system in China, the advantages of gas-fired power plants, such as low investment costs and high efficiency, have not been able to offset the low price of coal. The gas-fired power plants, both at downstream of the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) industry and upstream of the power sector, are faced with a dilemma. In order to solve the problems facing gas-fired power projects while providing policy guidance for the future development of gas-fired power projects, the policy of gas-fired power generation using imported LNG on the southeastern coast of China was examined. This study aims to identify the position of the national energy strategy that China should import some LNG from the other countries, to guide the development of energy policy in this region, and to formulate some clear policy measures.     

Capacity payment impact on gas-fired generation investments under rising renewable feed-in — A real options analysis

We assess the effect of capacity payments on investments in gas-fired power plants in the presence of different degrees of renewable energy technology (RET) penetration. Low variable cost renewables increasingly make investments in gas-fired generation unprofitable. At the same time, growing feed-in from intermittent RETs amplifies fluctuations in power generation, thus entailing the need for flexible buffer capacity—currently mostly gas-fired power plants. A real options approach is applied to evaluate investment decisions and timing of a single investor in gas-fired power generation. We investigate the necessity and effectiveness of capacity payments. Our model incorporates multiple uncertainties and assesses the effect of capacity payments under different degrees of RET penetration. In a numerical study, we implement stochastic processes for peak-load electricity prices and natural gas prices. We find that capacity payments are an effective measure to promote new gas-fired generation projects. Especially in times of high renewable feed-in, capacity payments are required to incentivize peak-load investments.     

Life cycle energy,emissions and cost inventory of power generation technologies in Singapore

Singapore is one of the most industrialised and urbanised economies in South-East Asia. Power supply is an important sub-system in its economy and heavily reliant on imported oil and natural gas. Due to its geographical area, clean/renewable energy sources for power generation are limited. At the same time, in its deregulated electricity market, the adoption of clean/renewable based power generation technology may be hindered by a market pricing mechanism that does not reflect externality costs. For a sustainable power supply, there is a need to change the conventional appraisal techniques. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) are good tools to quantify environmental impacts and economic implications. LCA and LCCA are performed for centralised and distributed power generation technologies in Singapore, namely, oil and Orimulsion-fired steam turbines, natural gas-fired combined cycle plant, solar PV and fuel cell systems. A life cycle energy, emission and cost inventory is established. The results are discussed from the perspectives of fuel security, environmental protection and cost effectiveness of future power generation strategies for Singapore.     

中国燃煤发电节能技术的发展及前景

我国一次能源结构决定了发电以煤电为主的基本格局,当前国内火力发电行业需要解决的两大突出问题是高能耗和严重的环境污染。2009年全国发电机组平均供电煤耗341g/(kW.h),高于330g/(kW.h)的国际平均水平。大力发展新型高效节能性火力发电技术,对进一步提高我国火力发电机组的发电效率,减少燃煤大气污染物排放具有十分重要的意义。发达国家正积极发展更高参数的超超临界火力发电技术(600℃/700℃),我国也把"超(超)临界燃煤发电技术"列入"863计划"。可以预见,在我国近中期电力事业的发展中,会把发展更高参数的超临界技术作为火电建设的主要方向。IGCC发电技术是未来煤炭能源系统的基础,被公认为是世界上最清洁的燃煤发电技术。随着煤气化技术和燃气轮机技术的不断发展和进步,IGCC将朝着大容量、高效率、低排放的方向发展。大型直接空冷发电技术是解决我国西北部富煤贫水地区火力发电的有效手段,以2×600MW机组为例,空冷机组比湿冷机组节水约80%左右。通过对火力发电机组各系统的集成与优化,可在现有超超临界机组技术不变的情况下,最大限度地利用余热回收,提高整个机组的发电效率,从而降低煤耗,实现机组在运行过程中的节能。     

Front Cover

Until recently, the efficiency of generation and transmission of electric power was enhanced by increasing capacities of generating units and the voltages of transmission lines. Capabilities of new energy technologies (high-technology and high-efficiency gas-turbine units of small capacity, fuel cells, energy storage systems, FACTS, etc.) change this tendency radically. In the area of electric power generation, it resulted in a new notion, dispersed generation. In the past, these tendencies for capacity increase were also characteristic of Russia, including its Asian part, Current conditions make one review many fundamental concepts. On the whole, the trend to reject construction of large thermal and hydro power plants has been observed. The use of the up-to-date, economically efficient, and ecologically clean coal-combustion technologies is envisaged, since, in East Siberia and Far East Russia, coal will make up a considerable fraction of fuel supply to power plants for the foreseeable future. Construction of gas-fired power plants is also considered. Economic conditions for growth of dispersed generation in some areas arise. Available natural resources (geothermal energy, wind, gas and hydro energy, etc.) are conducive to it. In electric networks, DC transmission lines are the only possible solution for constructing interstate ties in the region. Firm rates of development in these directions will be determined by the global tendencies and prevailing conditions.     

Emissions from distributed vs. centralized generation: The importance of system performance

Distributed generation (DG) offers a number of potential benefits, but questions remain about environmental performance. Air emissions from five key DG technologies; gas engines, diesel engines, gas turbines, micro-turbines, and fuel cells, were systematically compared with total energy supply systems based on centralized gas turbines (CCGT) and coal steam turbines plus distributed heating (DH) using gas-fired boilers. Based on emissions and operational factors from existing commercially marketed DG-CHP technologies, combined heat and power (CHP) applications are considered, which are remotely monitored and operated as base-load supply. Emissions results are characterized using heat-to-power ratios (HPRs), which concisely describe different types of energy demand under different applications or seasonal conditions. At an HPR of zero (i.e. the special case of electricity-only), CCGT with DH gives the lowest emissions portfolio, but at HPR values typical for buildings in the United States, efficiency advantages ensure gas-fired combustion DG-CHP technologies become broadly competitive across the range of key emissions. Fuel cell DG-CHP provides a very low emissions portfolio, but at a significant cost premium. At higher HPR values, emissions from heat supply can become a key issue, leading to the surprising finding that some combustion-based DG-CHP systems have lower total emissions than fuel cell-based systems. Based on these insights, the paper concludes with a discussion of streamlined yet rigorous regulatory approaches for DG-CHP technologies.