广西城乡男性居民饮酒量与高血压的关系研究

目的 探讨广西城乡男性居民酒精摄入量与高血压患病的关系.方法 利用2002年广西营养与健康调查数据,该调查采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,在4个城市和4个县分别抽取城乡15岁及以上男性居民1322人,分别对城乡居民开展医学体检、饮酒和行为因素调查;并采用logistic回归分析进行多因素分析.结果 在1322人中确定278例高血压患者,15岁及以上城乡男性居民高血压患病率为21.0%,其中农村男性居民患病率为22.8%,城市为19.2%(P>0.05);男性居民饮酒率农村为50.07%,城市为44.05%,农村男性居民总的酒精摄入量为20.07±40.06g/d,略高于城市男性居民(15.37±50.45g/d),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);随着酒精摄入量的增加,城乡男性居民高血压患病率均呈现明显升高趋势.非条件logistic回归分析,调整年龄、文化、经济收入、吸烟、民族、BMI、向心性肥胖等因素,显示城市男性居民酒精摄入量≥25.0s/d、农村≥50.0s/d,高血压患病率高于从不饮酒组(P<0.05).结论 酒精摄入≥25.0S/d、≥50.0g/a分别是广西城市、农村男性居民高血压的重要独立危险因素.     

食盐摄入量与成人血压关系的横断面研究

目的了解食盐摄入量与成人血压的关系。方法采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,对徐州市20个社区的9 788名≥18岁居民进行问卷调查和体格检查,运用线性回归探索食盐摄入量与血压的关系。结果高血压新发现率8.80%,调查对象食盐日均摄入量(10.00±7.60)g/d,高血压患者每日食盐摄入量高于其他两组人群,正常血压、正常高值血压和高血压人群食盐摄入量的差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。不同性别不同食盐摄入量调查对象收缩压(F男=15.567,F女=42.026,P值均0.01)、舒张压(F男=8.201,F女=22.420,P值均0.01)差异均具有统计学意义。与食盐摄入量≤6g/d人群比较,未调整混杂因素前,食盐摄入量≥12g/d、6g/d的调查对象收缩压分别增加了2.389倍(95%CI:1.933~2.845)、3.078倍(95%CI:2.309~3.847),调整混杂因素后,分别增加了1.919倍(95%CI:1.470~2.368)、2.927倍(95%CI:2.206~3.648)。结论减少每日食盐摄入量是罹患高血压的保护因素。     

中国成年人肉类食物摄入与代谢综合征的相关性研究

目的 分析我国≥18岁成年人肉类食物摄入量与MS患病的关系。方法 2010－2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测中34 923名≥18岁完成膳食调查并具有完整体检及血糖、血脂检测结果的成年人作为研究对象,根据2013年中华医学会糖尿病分会提出的中国人的MS诊断标准,经复杂抽样加权处理后,计算患病率与成年人肉类摄入量间关系。结果 成年居民人均肉类食物摄入量为94.8 g/d。平均每日摄入量在100～199 g/d的人群MS、腹型肥胖和高血糖的患病率最低。随着摄入量的增加,男性MS患病率显著增加,且摄入量≥300 g/d的人群发生MS的风险显著高于低摄入水平人群,调整后患病率比（PR）为1.46（95% CI：1.14～1.87）,但未在摄入量≥300 g/d的女性人群中观察到相似趋势。结论 中国成年人群摄入适量肉类发生MS的风险较低。     

2019—2021年中国0～5月龄婴儿母乳摄入量

目的 描述中国0～5月龄婴儿母乳摄入量及其随月龄变化趋势，分析喂养方式、性别和地区对母乳摄入量的影响。方法 利用科技部基础资源调查专项“中国0～18岁儿童营养与健康系统调查与应用”项目数据，采用面对面询问调查方法收集婴儿的基本信息，采用称重法测量婴儿24小时母乳摄入量，描述0～5月龄婴儿母乳摄入情况。采用秩和检验比较组间母乳摄入量的差异，采用Spearman秩和检验分析母乳摄入量随月龄增加的变化趋势，采用一般线性回归模型分析性别和地区对母乳摄入量的影响。结果 0～5月龄纯母乳喂养婴儿的母乳平均摄入量为800.1 g/d,范围为696.4～937.7 g/d。母乳摄入量随着月龄的升高而增加，5月龄保持平稳(β=29.6,P=0.009)。不同月龄婴儿母乳摄入量差异存在统计学意义(χ²=17.96,P=0.003)。0～5月龄纯母乳喂养婴儿24小时喂养次数为8次，平均每次母乳摄入量为103.4～152.5 g,平均每次喂养时长为20.4～24.6 min,每分钟母乳摄入量为4.4～7.0 g。0～4月龄纯母乳喂养婴儿的24小时母乳摄入量均未显现性别差异(P>0....     

1997—2018年湖北成人红肉摄入与成人糖尿病发病风险的关系

目的 了解湖北成人红肉摄入与2型糖尿病患病风险之间的关系。方法 利用1997、2000、2004、2006、2009、2011、2015、2018年共8轮“中国居民健康与营养调查”湖北地区的代表性数据资料，采用多层多阶段整群随机抽样方法纳入1154名18～75岁成人，调整年龄、性别、城乡、文化程度、婚姻状况、收入、体力活动、总能量摄入、脂肪供能比、吸烟、饮酒、体质指数和高血压等因素，利用COX比例风险回归分析计算2型糖尿病发病风险比(HR)及95%CI。结果 研究人群人均红肉摄入量从1997年40.59 g/d增加到2018年73.91 g/d, 2型糖尿病患病率从2009年6.14%上升到2018年7.00%。在模型1中调整年龄和性别，与对照组相比，红肉摄入量1～39 g/d组HR=0.92(95%CI 0.51～1.68),40～74 g/d组HR=0.86(95%CI 0.47～1.58),≥75 g/d组HR=1.02(95%CI 0.62～1.68);模型2在模型1基础上调整婚姻、城乡、文化程度、年收入水平、吸烟、饮酒和运动水平，与对照组相比，红肉摄入量1～39 g/d组HR...     

1989—2006年中国九省（区）居民谷类食物消费状况及变化趋势

目的 探讨中国9个省（自治区）18 ～59岁居民在1989—2006年谷类食物消费状况及变化趋势。方法 以1989、1991、1993、1997、2000、2004、2006年中国健康与营养调查项目中连续3d24h回顾法膳食调查数据为基础。选择有完整膳食调查资料的18～ 59岁健康居民作为研究对象,7轮调查中符合要求的样本人数分别为5978、7566、7492、7738、8439、7484和7157名。分析不同年份、性别、年龄、地区人群谷类食物消费率和摄入量。结果 我国9个省（自治区）18 ～ 59岁居民平均谷类食物摄入量从1989年的522.3 g/d 下降到2006年的431.9 g/d( x2 =2421.76,P＜0.01)。男性平均谷类食物摄入量从1989年的545.6 g/d下降到2006年的471.6 g/d(x2=861.21,P＜0.01);女性从1989年的500.3 g/d下降到2006年的395.5 g/d(x2=1844.13,P＜0.01)。2006年与1989年相比,女性、郊区、18 ～29岁年龄组和受教育程度为大专及以上居民的平均谷类食物消费量分别减少了104.8、134.4、103.3和98.2 g。18 ～59岁居民大米消费率从1989年的79.9％ (4776/5978)升高到2006年的87.3％ (6248/7157) (Z= 18.45,P＜0.01),面粉消费率从1989年的63.3％( 3784/5978)升高到2006年的80.2％(5740/7157)(Z=27.28,P＜0.01)。结论 我国9个省（自治区）18 ～59岁居民谷类食物摄入量呈不断下降趋势,以女性、郊区、18 ～29岁年龄组和受教育程度为大专及以上居民的谷类食物摄入量下降幅度更大。     

饮酒与男性血清TG、HDL-C以及TG/HDL-C比值的关系

目的 探讨饮酒与男性血清甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）以及TG/HDL-C比值的关系。方法 利用2010~2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测在广西的监测数据,以年龄18~65岁之间的男性为研究对象,共1290人纳入研究,数据录入采用中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据录入系统进行,应用SPSS19.0比较不同酒精摄入量男性基本信息分布、血脂 (TG、HDL-C、TG/HDL-C) 水平、异常率比较;采用非条件logistic回归分析不同酒精摄入量男性血脂异常患病危险的OR值。结果 极重度饮酒男性的TG水平和TG/HDL-C比值均明显高于不饮酒者（P<0.05);重度饮酒者HDL-C明显高于不饮酒者和轻度饮酒者（P<0.001)。男性居民TG、HDL-C、TG/HDL-C异常率分别为37.4%、22.6%和29.1%。不同酒精摄入量分组间TG异常率和TG/HDL-C比值异常率不同（P均<0.01),TG异常率和TG/HDL-C比值异常率均随着酒精摄入量的增加而升高。调整了年龄、BMI、中心性肥胖等影响因素后,当男性居民的酒精摄入>48.0g/ d时,患高TG血症和TG/HDL-C比值异常的OR（95%CI）分别为2.24(1.49~3.37)和1.62(1.03~2.56)。结论 饮酒与升高男性高TG血症发病危险相关,当酒精摄入量>48.0g/d时增加男性高TG血症和TG/HDL-C比值异常的发病危险。     

饮酒与男性血清TG、HDL-C及TG/HDL-C比值的关系

目的探讨饮酒与男性血清甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)以及TG/HDL-C比值的关系。方法利用2010-2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测在广西的监测数据,以年龄18~65岁之间的男性为研究对象,共1290人纳入研究,数据录入采用中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据录入系统进行,应用SPSS19.0比较不同酒精摄入量男性基本信息分布、血脂(TG、HDL-C、TG/HDL-C)水平、异常率比较;采用非条件logistic回归分析不同酒精摄入量男性血脂异常患病危险的OR值。结果极重度饮酒男性的TG水平和TG/HDL-C比值均明显高于不饮酒者(P0.05);重度饮酒者HDL-C明显高于不饮酒者和轻度饮酒者(P0.001)。男性居民TG、HDL-C、TG/HDL-C异常率分别为37.4%、22.6%和29.1%。不同酒精摄入量分组间TG异常率和TG/HDL-C比值异常率不同(均P0.01),TG异常率和TG/HDL-C比值异常率均随着酒精摄入量的增加而升高。调整了年龄、BMI、中心性肥胖等影响因素后,当男性居民的酒精摄入48.0 g/d时,患高TG血症和TG/HDL-C比值异常的OR(95%CI)分别为2.24(1.49~3.37)和1.62(1.03~2.56)。结论饮酒与升高男性高TG血症发病危险相关,当酒精摄入量48.0 g/d时增加男性高TG血症和TG/HDL-C比值异常的发病危险。     

我国中老年人群高胆固醇血症的膳食影响因素分析

目的 分析我国中老年人群高胆固醇(TC)血症的膳食影响因素.方法 利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查的资料,根据区域分布特点和饮食习惯,抽取东南沿海地区、西南内陆地区和中部内陆地区共23个省的45岁及以上人群17 545名,分析高TC血症和TC正常组的膳食模式差异,并采用logistic回归分析模型分析高TC血症的膳食影响因素.根据2007年<中国成人血脂异常防治指南>中推荐的标准,TC≥6.22 mmol/L为高TC血症.结果 中老年人群高TC血症组的肉类、蛋类摄入量分别为146.2 g/d和26.3 g/d,均为TC正常组的1.3倍.高TC血症组的粮谷类食物摄入量和碳水化合物供能比分别为352.9 g/d和52.9%,TC正常组的粮谷类食物摄入量和碳水化合物供能比分别为411.5 g/d和57.7%,均高于高TC血症组(粮谷类食物摄入量:t=6.51,P＜0.01;碳水化合物供能比:t=7.18,P＜0.01).肉类消费＜50 g、50～99 g、100 g～组高TC血症患病率分别为1.6%、2.2%和2.5%(组间趋势性检验,x2=14.4,P＜0.01);蛋类消费＜50 g、50～99 g、100 g～组高TC血症患病率分别为1.9%、2.8%和2.7%(x2=8.6,P=0.007);动、植物摄人量比＜0.2、0.2～0.39、0.4～组高TC血症患病率分别为1.5%、2.2%和3.6%(x2=59.4,P＜0.01);脂肪供能比＜20%、20%～、40%～组高TC血症患病率分别为1.3%、2.0%和3.1%(x2=26.7,P＜0.01).粮谷类消费＜300 g、300～499 g、500 g～组高TC血症患病率分别为3.4%、1.8%和1.3%(x2=58.3,P＜0.01);碳水化合物供能比＜40%、40%～、60%～组高TC血症患病率分别为3.5%、2.4%和1.4%(x2=37.3,P＜0.01).在控制年龄、性别、城乡、地区、热能摄入、看电视时间、BMI和吸烟后,肉类摄入量(β=0.16,P＜0.01)、动植物摄入量之比(β=0.11,P＜0.01)与高TC血症正相关,碳水化合物供能比与高TC血症负相关(β=-0.28,P＜0.01).结论 高脂、高胆同醇的动物性食物是高TC血症的重要危险因素,而粮谷类食物则具有保护性作用.高TC血症的高危人群和患者应尽量减少动物性食物摄入量,在控制总能量的前提下适当增加粮谷类食物摄入量.     

福州市城乡居民高血压患病率及相关因素研究

目的调查福州市城乡居民高血压患病率及人口学特征、膳食结构等对血压影响,为社区健康干预提供基础数据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法抽取福州市18个社区36群1 080户2 030名常住居民采用统一调查表入户进行社会人口学、3d×24h膳食调查及医学体检。结果城乡高血压患病率分别为22.8%与24.2%;城市知晓率、控制率、治疗率、有效控制率均明显高于农村(P0.01);城市血压未知晓组乳类、钾钙及农村未知晓组果乳、蛋白、钾钙等摄入量均明显低于正常组而主食、肉、油盐、脂肪摄入量均明显高于正常组;城市血压知晓组果蔬乳、肉类、钾钙等摄入量均明显高于农村相应组而主食、油盐、脂肪摄入量明显低于农村相应组(P0.01,P0.05)。多因素分析,城市组纤维30g/d、硒≥50μg/d、钙500mg/d和农村组乳类300g/d、水产品50g/d均与高血压病发生成负关联,城乡组年龄≥35岁、家族史、肥胖、肉类75g/d、主食400g/d、钠75mg/d均与高血压病发生成正关联。结论农村高血压患病率高于城市,与膳食等因素相关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.