凝胶注模成型制备Si3N4-SiC材料

以SiC颗粒(3.36～0.15 mm)、SiC细粉(≤19μm)、改性Si粉(≤26μm)、改性Al粉、α-Si3N4粉为原料制成固相体积分数为75%的悬浮体,采用凝胶注模成型工艺和氮化烧成工艺制备Si3N4-SiC材料,并研究了SiC系悬浮体的流变特性以及氮化烧成后Si3N4-SiC材料的性能和显微结构。结果表明:1)悬浮体在切变速率10～160 s-1范围内表现出剪切变稀的特征,满足凝胶注模成型的要求;其流变特征符合Sisko模型,流变方程为η=4.625 4+2 172.9γ-0.450 3,拟合流变曲线与试验流变曲线基本吻合。2)脱模后湿坯的抗折强度为16 MPa,体积密度为2.57 g.cm-3;干燥后坯体结构致密,SiC大颗粒被Si粉和SiC粉均匀包裹。3)氮化烧成后试样的Si3N4含量、常温抗折强度和高温抗折强度均高于非凝胶注模成型的工业产品;Si3N4晶体发育完整,形成了Si3N4晶体紧密环绕SiC颗粒的均匀结构。     

反应熔渗烧结法制备MoSi2/SiC复合材料

采用反应熔渗烧结方法制备了弯曲强度达262 MPa的MoSi2／SiC复相材料，并研究了其烧结过程和烧结机理。结果表明：MoSi2／C坯体中熔渗硅的方法制备MoSi2／SiC复相材料，液态硅自然浸渗过程在1450℃即可完成，而且在该温度下液态硅的浸渗速率大于或等于反应速率。在1750℃时虽然C Si→β-SiC反应全部完成，但生成的β-SiC发生再结晶，使复相材料的强度降低。成型压力对反应浸渗材料的强度影响不大。     

硅溶胶浸渍处理对Si3N4结合SiC窑具材料抗氧化性的影响

以Si粉、SiC颗粒和细粉为原料,酚醛树脂为暂时结合剂,90 MPa机压成形制得125 mm×25 m×12 mm长方形坯体试样.坯体经干燥、固化后,采用硅溶胶对其进行1～4次真空浸渍处理,而后在氮气气氛的电窑中进行氮化反应烧结制得相应的Si3N4结合SiC试样,研究浸渍处理对材料体积密度、显气孔率、气孔分布、1 250℃抗氧化性的影响.研究表明:硅溶胶浸渍处理可明显提高材料的致密度,降低材料的气孔孔径,明显提高材料的抗氧化性能.随着浸渍处理次数的提高,材料的抗氧化性能增强.综合工艺经济性因素,2次硅溶胶浸渍处理综合效果最佳.     

硅溶胶浸渍处理对Si3N4结合SiC窑具材举抗氧化性的影响

以Si粉、SiC颗粒和细粉为原料,酚醛树脂为暂时结合剂,90MPa机压成形制得125mm×25mm×12mill长方形坯体试样。坯体经干燥、固化后,采用硅溶胶对其进行1～4次真空浸渍处理,而后在氮气气氛的电窑中进行氮化反应烧结制得相应的Si4N4结合SiC试样,研究浸渍处理对材料体积密度、显气孔率、气孔分布、1250℃抗氧化性的影响。研究表明：硅溶胶浸渍处理可明显提高材料的致密度,降低材料的气孔孔径,明显提高材料的抗氧化性能。随着浸渍处理次数的提高,材料的抗氧化性能增强。综合工艺经济性因素,2次硅溶胶浸渍处理综合效果最佳。     

Al_2O_3-Si材料埋炭加热过程中性能和显微结构的变化

以电熔刚玉(骨料和细粉)和Si粉(加入质量分数为5%或8%)为原料,以纸浆废液为结合剂,压制成Al2O3-Si样坯,在1000～1600℃埋炭加热后,检测其物相组成、显微结构和性能的变化。结果表明:(1)1100℃以前物相和结构没有变化;(2)1200℃烧后,Si开始与CO反应生成晶须状SiC,且晶须相互交叉连锁,材料开始烧结,其高温抗折强度和抗热震性明显提高;(3)1300～1400℃烧后,SiC晶须生成量明显增加,且发育长大,形成交叉连锁的网络结构填充在刚玉骨架中,材料烧结良好,具有更高的高温强度和更好的抗热震性,而且1400℃烧后试样中还出现少量O’-SiAlON晶体;(4)1500～1600℃烧后,SiC晶体发育长大,呈枝杈状和弯曲状,SiC生成量略有增加,试样的高温强度和抗热震性变化不明显,表明在此温度范围材料烧结基本完成。     

埋碳条件下氮化硅铁-刚玉复合材料的反应机理

以热固型酚醛树脂为结合剂,在刚玉中分别引入质量分数为0、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%的氮化硅铁,制备出氮化硅铁-刚玉复合材料。结果表明:样品在埋碳气氛下于1 450℃保温24h处理后,常温耐压强度增加;添加氮化硅铁质量分数为15%的样品,耐压强度达到132MPa。氮化硅铁中部分Fe3Si转化成为Fe4N;热固酚醛树脂结合剂中部分残碳与氮气反应生成C3N4;氮化硅与刚玉发生固溶,生成Si5AlON7(Z=1)。氮化硅铁中的氮化硅与刚玉固溶形成Sialon。新形成的物相(Fe4N、C3N4和Si5AlON7)改善了样品的性能。     

反应烧结制备轻质高强Si3N4/SiC材料

采用反应烧结制备轻质高强Si3N4/SiC材料.分析了烧成制度对氮化合成Si3N4结合相的影响,研究了Si3N4结合相、SiC骨料粒径大小以及级配对试样性能的影响.通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、Archimedes排水法以及万能试验机分别表征材料的物相组成、微观结构、体积密度和力学性能.实验结果表明:坯料中添加大粒径SiC(D50=150μm)会增加试样的体积密度,降低试样的抗弯强度;试样中加入大粒径SiC会减少氮化增重,阻碍氮化反应;试样分别在1350℃/1450℃保温2h,生成α-Si3N4和β-Si3N4的量基本相等,性能最佳,抗弯强度达到125MPa,(弯曲)比强度达到5.4×104N·m/kg.     

MoSi_2-SiC复合材料的制备及其抗氧化性研究

先以SiC(粒度分别为≤2.5、≤0.062 mm)为主要原料,水溶性树脂为结合剂,经混练、成型、烘干后得到SiC坯体,再用MoSi_2微粉(d_(50)=3μm)掩埋SiC坯体,在真空条件下2 000℃保温3 h进行熔渗烧结,以直接熔渗法制备出MoSi_2-SiC复合材料,并与R-SiC和Si_3N_4-SiC材料一起进行在空气中于1 600℃的静态抗氧化试验,以对比研究其抗氧化性能。结果表明:经1 600℃氧化75 h后,Mo Si_2-SiC复合材料的抗氧化性优于R-Si C、Si_3N_4-SiC材料的;Mo Si_2在烧结过程中部分发生分解生成了Mo_5Si_3,Mo Si_2、Mo_5Si_3填充于Si C的内部并实现烧结致密化,使Mo Si_2-SiC复合材料的显气孔率显著降低至5.7%;Mo Si_2-SiC复合材料中Mo Si_2、Mo_5Si_3含量(w)分别为10%~15%、3%~5%,1 000℃下的热导率为46.5 W·m~(-1)·K~(-1),显著高于R-SiC和Si_3N_4-SiC材料的。     

催化氮化反应Si_3N_4增强SiC基复相耐高温材料的研究

为解决Si_3N_4结合SiC复相材料氮化不完全产生"黑心"/"夹心"以及强度有待提高的问题,本文在探讨Fe、Co、Ni等催化剂对Si粉催化氮化过程的基础上,研究了催化剂Co的加入对原位催化Si粉氮化反应形成Si_3N_4结合SiC复相耐高温材料的物理性能与显微结构特征的影响。结果表明:催化剂Fe、Co、Ni能够有效促进Si粉的氮化以及Si_3N_4纤维的形成,同时能够降低氮化反应的温度。1400℃氮化烧结后,当Co加入量为0.5wt.%时催化氮化制备的Si_3N_4结合SiC复相材料的强度达到最大60.2 MPa,比未添加Co的提高了88.7%,可能是由于形成了大量的纤维网络结构强化了SiC基质。     

干熄炉用碳化硅耐火材料抗CO侵蚀性研究

研究了SiAlON(主要为Si_4Al_2O_2N_6)结合SiC、复相氮化物(Si_2N_2O/Si_3N_4)结合Si C和β-SiC结合Si C材料在1 000℃、CO气氛(C+CO_2=2CO)中分别侵蚀100、200、300和400 h后其质量、显气孔率、常温耐压强度以及物相组成和显微结构的变化。结果表明:1)复相氮化物结合Si C材料抗CO侵蚀性最好,CO侵蚀后其常温耐压强度大幅度增大,达到363 MPa; SiAlON结合SiC的次之,为200 MPa;β-SiC结合SiC的最差,为136MPa。2)复相氮化物结合SiC材料被CO侵蚀后,其致密度增大较多; SiAlON结合SiC材料被CO侵蚀后,SiAlON发生Al2O_3脱溶,有新生针状产物;β-SiC结合SiC材料被CO侵蚀后,生成了少量方石英或石英。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.