气相色谱法测定冠心膏中樟脑、冰片和薄荷脑含量

目的探讨冠心膏中樟脑、冰片和薄荷脑含量的测定方法。方法采用气相色谱（GC）法，色谱柱为PEG-20M弹性石英毛细管色谱柱（30m×0．53mm×1μm），检测器为FID检测器。结果樟脑的线性进样量范围为0．095～0．95μg（r=0．9997，n=5），平均回收率为99．5％，RSD为1.9％；薄荷脑的线性进样量范围为0．123～1．23μg（r=0．9996，n=5），平均回收率为98．6％，RSD为2、0％；冰片的线性进样量范围为0．202—2．02μg（r=0．9997，n=5），平均回收率为99、4％，RSD为4．4％。结论GC法简便、快速、准确、重现性好，可以用于冠心膏的质量控制。     

气相色谱法测定妇炎灵胶囊中樟脑和冰片的含量

目的：建立一种用气相色谱法测定妇炎灵胶囊中樟脑和冰片含量的方法。方法：采用聚乙二醇（PEG）-20M填充柱（涂布浓度为10％）；柱温为155℃；进样口温度为190℃FID检测器，检测器温度为250℃。结果：樟脑线性范围为0．397～1.985μg，平均加样回收率为100．6％，RSD为1．5％（n=5）；冰片线性范围为0．2631．317越，平均加样回收率为97．5％，RSD为0．62％（n=5）。结论：本方法测定结果准确可靠，可用于测定妇炎灵胶囊中樟脑和冰片的含量。     

RP—HPLC法同时测定白屈菜药材中血根碱、小檗碱和白屈菜红碱的含量

目的：建立白屈菜药材的质量标准。方法：采用高效液相色谱法，用Diamonsil C18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），以乙腈-1％三乙胺水溶液（25：75，三乙胺水溶液用磷酸调pH3）为流动相，流速：1mL·min^-1，检测波长263nm，柱温：30℃。结果：血根碱在60～1200μg范围内线性良好，r=0．9996，平均加样回收率（n=3）为96．6％～99．9％，RSD为0．6％～2．0％；小檗碱在30～600μg范围内线性良好，r=0．9999，平均加样回收率（n=3）为99．0％～104．1％，RSD为0．8％～1．3％；白屈菜红碱在100～2000μg范围内线性良好，r=0．9998，平均加样回收率（n=3）为97．3％～100．8％，RSD为0．7％～1．4％。结论：本试验同时测定白屈菜药材中血根碱、小檗碱、白屈菜红碱的含量，方法准确，灵敏，可靠。     

GC同时测定消炎镇痛膏中的樟脑、薄荷脑、龙脑和水杨酸甲酯

目的 建立同时测定消炎镇痛膏中樟脑、薄荷脑、龙脑和水杨酸甲酯含量的方法.方法 采用GC法,以萘为内标物,色谱柱为HP-INNOMAX毛细管柱(30 m×0.32 mm,1.0 μm),进样口温度为200℃,FID检测器温度为250℃;采用程序升温,起始温度为140℃,保持17 min,以50℃·min-1的速率升至180℃,保持5 min.结果 樟脑、薄荷脑、龙脑和水杨酸甲酯的线性范围分别为0.062～6.200 μg(r=0.9999)、0.097～9.700 μg(r:0.9998)、0.045～4.500 μg(r=0.9999)、0.045～4.500μg(r=0.9999),平均加样回收率分别为95.2%、96.8%、95.7%和96.4%,RSD均小于3%(n=9).结论 所建方法快速、简便、准确,可有效地控制消炎镇痛膏的质量.     

高效液相色谱法测定痔炎消颗粒中绿原酸和芦丁含量

目的建立同时测定痔炎消颗粒中绿原酸和芦丁含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用Diamonsil C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），以乙腈-0．5％磷酸（20：80）为流动相，流速为1．0mL／min，检测波长为344nm。结果绿原酸进样量线性范围是0．0192-0．48μg，平均加样回收率为99．47％，RSD=0．33％（n=6）；芦丁进样量线性范围是0．096～2．406μg，平均加样回收率为99．59％，RSD=0．51％（n=6）。结论该方法操作简便、重现性好，可用作该药品的质量控制。     

清火栀麦胶囊中穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯的含量测定

目的建立同时测定清火栀麦胶囊中穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯含量的高效液相色谱（HPLC）法。方法色谱柱为C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），以甲醇-水为流动相梯度洗脱，检测波长穿心莲内酯为230nm，脱水穿心莲内酯为250nm，流速1．0mL／min。结果穿心莲内酯进样量线性范围是0．02～0、24μg（r=1．0000），平均加样回收率为99．10％，RSD为0．63％（n=5）；脱水穿心莲内酯进样量线性范围是0．022～0．26μg（r=1．0000），平均加样回收率为98．12％，RSD为1、40％（n=5）。结论方法快速、准确，可同时测定清火栀麦胶囊中穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯的含量。     

HPLC法测定山茱萸配方颗粒中马钱苷的含量

目的：建立山茱萸配方颗粒中马钱苷的含量测定方法．方法：色谱柱为HangBangC18（200＊4．6mm5／μm）；流动相为乙腈：水（15：85）；检测波长240nm；流速1．0ml／min；柱温30℃。结果：马钱苷的检测浓度线性范围为0．005～0．025／μg（r=0．9998），RSD=2．16％（n=5）；平均加样回收率为98．79％，RSD=1．77％（n=6）。结论：本法简便、快捷、准确，可用于山茱萸配方颗粒的含量测定。     

HPLC同时测定复方鸡骨草胶囊中绿原酸、芍药苷和栀子苷的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定复方鸡骨草胶囊中绿原酸、芍药苷、栀子苷的含量.方法：采用Agilent TC-C18色谱柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm）;流动相为乙腈-0.1％磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长为0～21 min：327 nm,21 ～ 27min：238 nm,27～40min：230 nm.结果：绿原酸线性范围为0.036 1～0.902 5μg,平均加样回收率为97.74％,RSD为1.40％（n=6）,栀子苷线性范围为0.148 2～5.929 6μg,平均加样回收率为97.68％,RSD为1.14％（n=6）,芍药苷线性范围为0.098 9～3.954 8μg,平均加样回收率为97.70％,RSD为0.99％（n=6）.结论：该方法简便可行,结果可靠,可有效控制复方鸡骨草胶囊的质量.     

高效液相色谱法测定氯霉素氢化可的松滴耳液中氯霉素和氢化可的松的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定氯霉素氢化可的松滴耳液中氯霉素和氢化可的松的含量。方法 采用反相μBondpak C18色谱柱；甲醇-水(70：30)为流动相；检测波长为242nm，外标法定量。结果 氯霉素和氢化可的松的线性范围分别为5～301μg／mL(r=0．9995)，1-6μg／mL(r=0．9997)；平均加样回收率分别为：100．2％(RSD=0．75％)，99．53％(RSD=0．97％，n=5)；日内RSD分别为0．67％和0．66％(n=5)，日间RSD分别为0．74％和1．07％(n=4)。结论 该方法简便、准确，适合该制剂质量检验分析。     

GC法同时测定跌打镇痛膏中樟脑、薄荷脑和水杨酸甲酯含量

摘要：目的:建立同时测定跌打镇痛膏中樟脑、薄荷脑和水杨酸甲酯含量的方法。方法:样品经水蒸气蒸馏法提取后,采用气相色谱法,以奈为内标物,色谱柱:Agilent DB-WAX毛细管柱（30 m×0.32 mm,0.5μm）,进样口温度:200℃,FID检测器温度:250℃,柱温:130℃,进样量:1μl,分流比:5∶1。结果:樟脑、薄荷脑和水杨酸甲酯的分离度和线性关系良好,线性范围分别为0.409 0～4.089 6 mg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）、0.041 9～0.419 2 mg·ml-1（r=0.999 8）和0.113 8～1.138 0 mg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）;平均加样回收率分别为97.4%（RSD=0.9%）,96.8%（RSD=1.6%）和98.9%（RSD=1.2%）（n=6）。结论:该方法准确可靠,重复性好,可用于跌打镇痛膏的质量控制。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.