GE水煤浆气化反应物料平衡和能量平衡的简化计算分析与探讨

根据GE煤气化反应特性,以工艺包数据为基准,结合华鹤煤化公司4年多实际运行数据和经验,通过有关假设,建立了物料平衡和能量平衡计算的简化模型。利用简化计算模型对GE水煤浆气化反应系统进行了物料平衡和热量平衡的计算,并从该系统反应过程和水煤气组分两方面,对所建立的模型进行了验证。通过该模型,可以推算出不同运行条件下GE水煤浆气化反应后粗煤气组成及各组分含量,可供相关工程项目设计、气化装置性能测试等参考。     

反应网络的物料平衡一致性校验

通过对反应网络的物料平衡分析,提出了反应网络的物料平衡一致性校验方程,并用于反应网络的数据校正和推测。     

烷基苯磺酸的物料平衡研究

采用柱层析法分离出了烷基苯磺酸中的杂质,并采用质谱法对这些杂质进行了定性。测定了杂质和阳离子滴定剂的反应率。采用液相色谱法测定磺酸中的含量 烷基苯磺酸进行了物料平衡。     

石化企业物料平衡的多层次数据校正方法

针对石化企业多层次物料平衡需求,提出了一种多层次数据校正方法和分层物料平衡策略。首先介绍了物料平衡的工程背景,从测量条件、数据转换和平衡流程等角度分析了企业物料平衡存在的问题和传统方法的不足。基于石化企业装置层、调度层、统计层的多层次物流管理模型,提出了多层次数据校正方法,并给出了统一的数学描述。该方法进一步引入层间约束关系作为某一层次的校正约束方程,增加了测量数据的冗余性。对于多层次数据校正的不一致性问题,提出以下策略:先进行工厂统计平衡,校正储罐收付量,再完成调度平衡,求出装置间的互供量,最后进行分装置平衡,完成全厂装置层物料平衡。该方法提高了数据校正结果的精度,降低了求解规模。仿真研究实例说明了方法的有效性。     

汽液平衡数据测定和推算方法

根据物料平衡和相平衡原理,本文建立了由系统总压、总体积和各组分的量来推算恒温二元系统汽液平衡两相组成的间接推算法。利用自行设计、安装并调试的一套测定装置,测定和计算了乙醇-苯系统在25、35、45、55和65℃五个温度下的汽液平衡,与文献值比较结果良好。     

改良西门子法生产多晶硅工艺的物料平衡

改良西门子法生产多晶硅的过程中,主要的物料包括:氢气、三氯氢硅、硅粉、四氯化硅、二氯二氢硅及氯化氢等。这些物料存在一定的平衡关系,其本质是元素的质量守恒定律。在一个独立的反应系统中,无论各种物质发生何种化学和物理的变化,其所含的各种元素的量是固定不变的,本文依据物料的平衡关系对我公司生产过程中的物料平衡进行了分析,通过降低关键节点的物料损耗,节约生产成本,保障生产高效平稳运行。     

切割塔的操作浅析

原料油切割系统是加氢装置工艺流程的第一个处理工序,切割系统操作是否平稳直接关系到后路反应系统操作的稳定性及装置产品的质量。本文以切割塔的三个平衡:物料平衡、气液平衡和热量平衡进行分析,阐述以物料平衡为主,相应调节热量平衡,最终达到气液相平衡的方法。     

重油催化裂化反应-再生系统的热平衡控制

催化裂化的三大平衡为物料平衡、热量平衡和压力平衡,三者相互影响,其中热量平衡是催化裂化装置操作控制的难点。本文通过对重油催化裂化装置的反应-再生系统进行热平衡计算,研究了某催化裂化装置因为再生放热过多,反应-再生系统的热不平衡而引起的问题,提出了对该装置有效的解决方案。     

通过物料及热量平衡的测定谈谈中型合成氨厂降低能耗的途径

一个工厂的消耗定额应该主要的是从一定时间内生产实际的统计数字得来,而不能仅从物料平衡及热量平衡的测定数字得来。如果工厂管理水平较高,生产较稳定,测定物料平衡和热量平衡所得到的消耗定额与由     

乳酸提纯新工艺动态建模仿真和控制系统设计

基于非平衡级和拟均相假设,建立了乳酸提纯反应精馏新工艺实验装置的动态机理模型.通过改进的数值计算方法提高了模型的求解效率,设计并实现了包含物性估算系统的模型仿真平台,以促进新工艺的工业化应用.利用仿真平台对新工艺装置进行了动态特性分析,在此基础上设计了两种单端质量控制方案:直接物料平衡和间接物料平衡方案.在不同类型和幅度的过程扰动下,分析比较了两种控制方案的调节性能.结果表明直接物料平衡方案控制品质优于间接物料平衡方案,可在不同扰动情况下满足过程的产品质量和转化率的联合控制要求.非平衡级动态机理模型能够反映反应精馏过程的动态特性,分析发现反应精馏过程有着独特的过程特性,基于机理模型的仿真平台是分析反应精馏特性的有效工具.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.