静电纺PAN/PVP亲水纳米纤维膜的制备及其空气过滤性能研究

相较于传统纤维材料，纳米纤维膜因其高比表面积和超细孔隙率更适合用作空气过滤材料，此外传统的聚丙烯(PP)过滤材料亲水性差，水汽易聚集从而降低其过滤性能；针对传统空气过滤材料亲水性差的问题，基于静电纺丝的方法，以聚丙烯腈(PAN)和强亲水性的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为纺丝原料，制备了PAN/PVP纳米纤维膜，探讨了亲水材料PVP对其纳米纤维膜亲水和过滤性能的影响。采用傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电镜表征了纳米纤维膜的结构，由于亲水性材料PVP的引入，纺丝时纤维中静电导通性好，纺丝液能很好地被拉伸，使纤维直径变小，PVP添加质量为30%时纳米纤维膜的平均直径最小为358.12nm;此外，PVP的引入提高了纳米纤维膜的亲水性能，PVP添加质量为40%时其静态接触角为(11.5±2.5)°;但纳米过滤膜亲水性的增加会影响其过滤效率，PVP添加质量为10%时纳米纤维膜的过滤效率最高为83.4%±3.6%,纤维膜克重为1.17g/m²时品质因子最高为0.10Pa^-1,纳米纤维膜具有优异的循环稳定性，300min内过滤稳定性好且过滤压力较低，可应用于对循环过滤性能...     

静电纺丝法制备聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺/氧化石墨烯复合纳米纤维膜及其性能研究

采用静电纺丝技术成功制备出聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(PMIA)/氧化石墨烯(GO)复合纳米纤维膜(PMIA/GO复合纳米纤维膜)。主要研究了GO的加入对PMIA/GO复合纳米纤维膜的结构、空气过滤性能和热稳定性的影响。实验结果表明,GO成功掺杂于PMIA/GO复合纳米纤维膜中,在GO的添加量为1.0%(wt,质量分数)时,PMIA/GO复合纳米纤维膜的空气过滤效率为97.79%,过滤压降为85.45Pa,玻璃化转变温度为299.8℃,具有较好的空气过滤性能和热稳定性。     

静电纺载银PVDF纳米纤维膜的制备及其在层压织物中的应用

采用静电纺丝技术制备了载银PVDF复合纳米纤维膜,以PVP为还原剂,探索了不同的PVDF与PVP质量比对所得纤维形貌的影响。加入AgNO3后,研究了反应温度、AgNO3添加量对纳米银生成情况的影响。还考察了纺丝时间对复合纳米纤维膜的水接触角、阻气性、保暖率、防雨性能的影响。研究结果表明,PVDF与PVP质量比为7∶3时纤维具有较好形貌,Ag+的最佳还原温度为60℃、添加量为0.09g/g。随纺丝时间的增加,复合纳米纤维膜的水接触角逐渐增大,层压织物的阻气值、保暖率也随之增大。     

电纺PEI/PVP复合纳米纤维的制备与表征

利用静电纺丝技术制备了纳米级别的聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)复合纤维,考察了不同的纺丝工艺参数对PEI/PVP纤维形貌的影响。利用扫描电镜对纤维表面进行观察;通过红外光谱分析纤维中复合物间的相互作用;采用示差扫描量热分析(DSC)检测纤维的热性能。实验表明,以二氯甲烷(DCM)和N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)为混合溶剂,体积比为5:1～6:1,聚醚酰亚胺与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮重量比为1∶1～1∶5范围内时,静电纺丝高压为12kV,流速为1mL/h时,使用混纺技术可获得表面光滑、粗细均匀的PEI/PVP复合纳米纤维,纤维直径在400～700nm之间。红外光谱和DSC结果表明,聚合物之间通过氢键作用、静电吸引发生相互作用而复合形成纳米纤维,并且复合纤维良好的保持了PEI优异的热稳定性。     

氨基化PAN@SiO2纳米纤维膜除铬性能研究

结合静电纺丝技术和溶胶-凝胶法制备了聚丙烯腈(PAN)@SiO_2纳米纤维膜,利用γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550)对PAN@SiO_2纳米纤维膜进行氨基改性,成功制备出APAN@SiO_2复合纳米纤维膜。通过扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱等方法对纳米纤维膜的形貌、结构进行分析,利用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪对纤维膜的除Cr(Ⅵ)能力进行表征。结果表明:纳米SiO_2颗粒在PAN纳米纤维膜表面生长后,使得PAN纳米纤维膜的比表面积从8.76m~2/g增大到13.32m~2/g;APAN@SiO_2复合纳米纤维膜的机械性能优异;在Cr(Ⅵ)溶液初始质量浓度为100mg/L、SiO_2溶胶-凝胶时间为6h、KH550体积分数为2%条件下,APAN@SiO_2复合纳米纤维膜除铬效果最好,最大吸附量达到112.6mg/g。吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温吸附模型。循环吸附实验表明,APAN@SiO_2复合纳米纤维膜经过4次循环实验后,除铬效率依然保持在50%以上。     

PVP/PCL纳米纤维复合支架的生物活性

以二氧六环/水为溶剂体系,以聚己内酯(PCL)和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为原料,采用相分离法制备纳米纤维支架,研究了陈化、溶剂比例和PVP含量对支架的纳米纤维结构形成的影响,以及PVP的添加对支架生物活性和亲水性能的影响。结果表明,陈化直接影响纳米纤维网络结构的形成;溶剂体系和PVP含量均影响纳米纤维结构,随着PVP含量的提高纳米纤维结构逐渐消失。随着PVP含量的提高,支架的亲水性能提高。PVP/PCL复合纳米纤维支架浸泡模拟体液(SBF)后在其内部和表面皆生成碳磷灰石(CHA)涂层,表明该纳米纤维支架具有良好的生物活性,且PVP/PCL支架比纯PCL支架能更快诱导生成碳磷灰石。     

聚乳酸/丝素复合纳米纤维的制备及其血液相容性研究

采用静电纺丝技术制备了不同质量比例的PLA/SF复合纳米纤维膜和不同载药量的PLA/SF复合纳米纤维膜。用傅里叶变换红外光谱和毛细流动孔隙测量仪研究复合纳米纤维膜的结构和孔隙分布率;以溶血实验、动态凝血实验和血小板粘附实验研究PLA/SF混比及载药量对复合纳米纤维膜血液相容性的影响。结果表明:PLA和SF复合后,SF分子排列更加规整,且质量比为8/1和8/3的复合纳米纤维膜孔隙分布集中;添加抗凝血药物阿司匹林的纳米纤维膜的溶血率都在1%以下,且动态凝血相对吸光度值都在90%以上,比不添加阿司匹林的复合纳米纤维膜高7%左右。     

载药同轴静电纺玉米醇溶蛋白/聚乙烯醇-苯乙烯基吡啶盐缩合物复合纳米纤维的制备及性能

采用同轴静电纺丝法制备了以盐酸四环素作为模型药的载药玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)/聚乙烯醇-苯乙烯基吡啶盐缩合物(PVA-SbQ)复合纳米纤维,以紫外光照作为后处理。分别通过透射电镜、扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、差示量热扫描仪、X射线衍射仪、万能试验机表征和分析了纤维结构和形貌、化学组成、药物分散形式和力学性能。药物体外释放实验表征了该纳米纤维膜的药物释放性能,并对药物释放曲线进行了数学模型拟合。结果显示,同轴静电纺纤维成形良好,具有明显的皮芯层结构,各组分保持物理混合状态,药物以无定形形式分布于纤维中,PVA-SbQ的加入有利于改善纤维膜力学性能,同轴复合纳米纤维膜能缓解药物突释的现象,其药物释放机理与一级释放模型较为接近。     

不同载体系统黄连素纤维膜的制备及体外释放行为

利用静电纺丝技术制备了质量分数为10%的黄连素/聚乙烯醇(PVA)和黄连素/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)超细纤维,通过红外光谱及扫描电镜照片进行了结构和性能的表征,紫外-可见光分光度计测试了载药超细纤维在人工肠液和人工胃液的体外释药行为。PVP载药纤维膜的累计释药率明显高于PVA载药纤维膜。PVA载药纤维具有较好的缓释效果,有一定的靶向药位;PVP超细纤维膜能够将难溶药物黄连素速溶于体液中,达到提高难溶药物生物利用度的目的。     

静电纺丝法ZrO_2/PVDF-PAN超级电容器隔膜的制备及其电化学性能

采用静电纺丝法,以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)和聚丙烯腈(PAN)为基体,通过改变ZrO_2的含量,制备了ZrO_2/PVDF-PAN复合纤维膜。用SEM和比表面积测试仪(BET)分别对复合纤维膜的形貌和比表面积进行了表征。结果表明:纳米ZrO_2的加入量对ZrO_2/PVDF-PAN复合纤维膜的形貌有较大影响,随着纳米ZrO_2含量的增加,纤维表面变得凹凸不平,提高了纤维膜的比表面积,进而提高了纤维膜的吸液率,且当ZrO_2含量为PVDF和PAN总质量的0.4%时达到最大值。将复合纤维膜组装成超级电容器,利用电化学工作站对其循环伏安(CV)和交流阻抗(EIS)性能进行测试,研究了ZrO_2的加入对复合纤维膜电化学性能的影响。结果表明:ZrO_2的加入提高了ZrO_2/PVDF-PAN复合纤维膜的电导率,当ZrO_2含量为0.4%时其电化学综合性能最好,其中比容量达126.0F/g,离子电导率为9.31×10~(-3) S/cm。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。