基于化学链燃烧的吸收剂引导的焦炉煤气水蒸气重整制氢过程模拟

建立了基于化学链燃烧供能的吸收剂引导的焦炉煤气水蒸气重整制氢系统，该系统包含吸收剂引导的焦炉煤气重整反应器（SECOGSR）、燃料反应器和空气反应器。该系统能产生高纯H₂［93.23%（mol）］，仅通过冷凝即可实现CO₂的捕获，分离能耗低。采用Aspen Plus软件对吸收剂引导的焦炉煤气重整制氢过程进行了模拟，得到优化的反应条件为：温度650℃，压力1.5 MPa，Ca/C=1，H₂O/C=4。并对系统进行了模拟，以NiO/Y₂O₃/ZrO₂(0.73/0.022/0.248，摩尔比）为化学链燃烧的载氧体和载能体，在满足反应器自热平衡和系统吸放热平衡的基础上，重整1mol焦炉煤气，燃料反应器和空气反应器所需的焦炉煤气、空气及载氧体NiO/Y₂O₃/ZrO₂的量分别为0.139、0.648、3.11 mol。该系统消耗1 mol焦炉煤气的产H₂量为1.30 mol，捕获的CO₂的量为0.355 mol。     

Determining the air excess in the heating of coke furnaces. 3. Calculation of the air excess

The chemical mechanism by which coke-oven gas burns in the heating ducts of coke ovens is considered. A formula is obtained for the air excess. In contrast to the existing formula, the proposed version takes account of not only the content of oxygen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide in the combustion products but also the content of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen, methane, nitrogen oxides. Analysis of the combustion products in the heating ducts of a coke battery with 30.9-m³ ovens shows that the content of incombustible components in the coke-oven gas may reach 3%. Calculation of the air excess by means of the proposed formula permits improvement in the uniformity of the temperature distribution in the heating system, the prevention of specific lining defects, and decrease in atmospheric emissions when the coke battery is heated by means of coke-oven gas. The proposed method of determining the air excess may be used not only in equipment for coke production but also in other metallurgical systems where coke-oven gas is burned.     

System for Final Cooling of Coke-Oven Gas and Byproduct Extraction at Durgapur Steel Plant

A new system for final cooling of coke-oven gas has been installed in the byproduct-capture shop of the coke plant at Durgapur Steel Plant (India). This system, designed by AO VUKhIN under a contract with Bengal Tools Limited (now BTL EPC, India), also removes naphthalene from the gas and ensures the absorption and distillation of benzene. The main design features are outlined. The treatment technology for the coke-oven gas is described; along with the organization of the final cooling and the removal of naphthalene, the trapping of phenolic hydrocarbons by petroleum absorbent, and the distillation of absorbing oil. This system ensures the specified quality of the products—purified coke-oven gas and raw benzene.     

玻璃窑炉引进口部混合燃烧系统的消化与发展

口部混合燃烧系统(nozzle mix combustion system)系由口混燃烧器(nozzle mix Burners)为主体建立起来的一种先进的火焰窑炉加热体系。它能为加热空间提供横向均匀的温度场和纵向温度梯度,适用于需要强化燃烧的玻璃窑炉。 1984年,北京玻璃仪器厂(BGIF)与日本电气玻璃公司(NEG)合作,建起了国内第一     

Selective Recovery of Components of Coke-Oven Gas in the Benzene Department of a Coke Plant

Benzene hydrocarbons are captured in a multicomponent system consisting of coke-oven gas and absorbing oil. On that basis, it is of interest to consider the possibility of selective impurity capture. The benzene department of the coke plant may be used for more complete removal of organosulfur compounds from coke-oven gas. The possibility of more selective recovery of benzene hydrocarbons in the presence of sulfur-bearing and unsaturated components is considered. That would permit optimization of the reagent consumption in sulfuric-acid washing during the rectification of raw benzene.     

Removal of ammonia from coke-oven gas at PAO Severstal’ by a circulatory phosphate method

The industrial introduction of ammonia removal from coke-oven gas by the circulatory phosphate method at byproduct shop 2 in coke production at PAO Severstal’ is considered. The ammonia removed undergoes thermal decomposition. The system consists of three channels (including a backup) and is designed to process coke-oven gas at a rate of 170000 m³/h. The phosphate method is selected after comparing methods of ammonia removal. The startup and operation of the system are analyzed. Operating conditions corresponding to specified ammonia removal are selected. Data are presented regarding the ammonia absorption, the regeneration of the absorbing solution, the thermal decomposition of the steam–ammonia mixture, and the utilization of the smokestack gas from the combustion of the steam–ammonia mixture. With a design productivity of 85000 m³/h for a single channel, the system operates satisfactorily when the throughput of coke-oven gas is in the range 60000–130000 m³/h per channel.     

Reducing environmental impact on the basis of risk calculations

The environmental risk due to atmospheric pollution from coke plants is assessed for both organized and unorganized sources of emissions in the byproduct-capture, benzene-rectification, and tar-processing shops and the system for biochemical wastewater treatment. It is found that 19.4% of all the organized sources correspond to acceptable levels of chronic noncarcinogenic environmental risk; 30% to high risk; and 50.6% to very high risk. A system of hydraulic breather valves is proposed for utilization of the emissions in the byproduct-cap ture shop. For the tar-processing and benzene-rectification shops, delivery of the emissions to the direct coke-oven gas line is recommended. For the emissions from the biochemical wastewater treatment system, collection and purification by sorption and biochemical treatment is proposed.     

焦化企业工业共生模式实证研究

介绍了我国焦化行业发展现状、面临的问题与挑战。按照某一共生单元(企业)在共生链网中的地位和作用,系统地识别和划分了主导型工业共生、平等型工业共生和依附型工业共生3种主要链网模式,总结了各自结构特点和运行模式,并对焦化企业进行了实证研究。主导型工业共生模式往往是以独立型焦化厂为主构成的,一些焦化厂在加强焦化下游产品的开发同时发展了钢铁、化工等耗焦炭量大的产业,构建起平等型工业共生模式,焦炭部分外销;依附型工业共生模式往往是焦化企业在钢铁、化工、动力等流程型生产环节内组成的共生链网,主要通过焦炭供应、焦炉煤气利用构建链网关系,焦炭一般不外销。     

焦炉上升管中荒煤气余热回收的结焦问题研究

焦炉上升管中荒煤气焦油蒸汽的结焦问题一直是阻碍其余热回收的关键因素。因为荒煤气中的焦油蒸汽在高温条件下存在着缩合结焦反应,生成的结焦物石墨化,并附在换热表面,使传热系数下降,热回收难以长期有效进行下去。研究了荒煤气中焦油蒸汽结焦特性,研究结焦沉积物形成的条件及影响因素,有利于最大程度回收利用荒煤气余热,并防止荒煤气在上升管内冷却时结焦。     

焦炉气生产压缩天然气技术经济分析

介绍了利用焦炉气生产压缩天然气的工艺流程及相关工艺条件,并讨论了其经济性。结果表明,对于规模为每年生产2亿m3合成天然气的装置,当焦炉气价格为0.15元/m3～0.18元/m3时,其合成天然气成本为654元/1 000m3～745元/1 000m3。此法为没有天然气资源的压缩天然气汽车发展提供了另外一种气源,具有较好的社会效益、环境效益和经济效益。     

采用喷淋式饱和器回收焦炉煤气中的氨

本文介绍了喷淋式饱和器回收焦炉煤气中氨的设备，工艺流程特点和使用情况，它与传统的鼓泡型饱和器比较，具有阻力小，能耗低，设备使用时间长等特点。     

以焦炉煤气和甲醇弛放气为原料的新型合成氨装置试运行总结

山东临沂恒昌化工科技有限公司10万t/a合成氨装置是国内首套以焦炉煤气和甲醇弛放气为原料生产合成氨的大型化装置。介绍了该装置的工艺流程、工艺特点、装置能耗及装置试运行情况。结果表明：①该装置利用富余的焦炉煤气和甲醇弛放气及空分系统的副产氮气为原料,达到了节能减排,综合利用的目的;②在国内首次采用纯氢纯氮制取合成氨新工艺,可使装置高产、低耗、平稳运行;③装置吨氨综合能耗为30.829 GJ,能耗指标达到国内先进水平;④该装置平均日产可达300 t,年销售收入可达2.8亿元,可以获得较好的经济效益。     

集气管压力协调控制系统的应用

针对焦炉集气管系统的工艺流程特性,以＂煤气输送平衡＂为核心提出了一种压力协调控制系统,通过实时采集炼焦、鼓风、化产相关工序生产数据,监测煤气输送全流程状态,协调各个工序设备单元的操作。系统在实际应用中取得了良好效果,实现了煤气生产和输送全流程各节点的煤气平衡,解决了集气管压力控制问题,优化了煤气输送的生产运行和管理。     

Frequency-phase characteristics of the automatic control system for the desulfurization of coke-oven gas at OAO MMK

Fourier analysis of the response function illuminates the frequency-phase characteristics of the automatic control system for sulfur extraction from coke-oven gas at OAO MMK, with an ADA-900 photometric gas analyzer. The control system based on the ADA-900 instrument tolerates external perturbations of the input parameters with a characteristic period no less than ∼10 min. This indicates the limits on the applicability of the instrument in the control systems of Claus equipment.     

Propane-butane heating of coke batteries

Experience has been gained in propane-butane heating of the first coke batteries of a newly constructed coke plant, where no coke-oven gas or blast-furnace gas is available. Under the guidance of specialists at ZAO Ogneuporkoksservis (OKOS), five coke batteries have been successfully heated and put into operation. For the first time in global practice, a coke battery has been converted to continuous propane-butane heating. Propane-butane heating of the coke battery has been tested and confirmed as a reliable means of preparing the first batteries at a newly constructed coke plant for startup and production. In addition, experience shows that continuous propane-butane heating is possible for a battery with a limited supply of coke-oven gas for heating.     

提高焦炉气甲醇生产中总碳利用率的措施

在以焦炉气为原料生产甲醇过程中,新鲜合成气的总碳利用率达不到设计要求,为此采取了调整转化炉工艺操作条件的措施,即提高转化炉温度和压力、降低水碳比等以降低新鲜合成气中CO2的含量。改进后,催化剂使用后期的精甲醇产量和新鲜合成气的总碳利用率分别提高了19 t/d和9.4%,CO2排放量减少了8 623 t/a。     

Transient analysis of a gas manifold system

In the present work, a numerical study has been carried out to predict transient gas flow and pressure behaviour in a gas manifold system. The start‐up and shutdown of the system, varying demands at the consumer ends, malfunctioning of compressors and valves are a few examples of common causes of transience in a gas delivery system. In particular, the sensitivity of oscillations in pressure and mass flux to variation in pipe dimensions, supply pressure and gas flow rate are ascertained under the aforementioned conditions of transience. The present results show that large pipe dimensions, high gas flow rate and high upstream pressure in the branch in which the disturbance is introduced, all cause greater amplitude in mass flux and pressure oscillations in the neighboring branches. The duration of oscillations is also found to be longer. The present study has practical importance in designing as well as in operating, a gas delivery system.     

焦炉煤气变压吸附制氢装置五塔与六塔工艺方案的比较

以氢气产能1 000 m3/h的焦炉煤气变压吸附制氢装置为例,介绍了常用的五塔和六塔流程2种工艺技术方案,分析比较了其工艺配置、运行程序切换方式和建造成本的差异,并说明其各自的适用场合与优劣。     

Reducing ammonia emissions and losses with coke-oven gas in absorbers

A new patented atomizer operates effectively in absorbers for the removal of ammonia from cokeoven gas. Its introduction reduces the ammonia losses with coke-oven gas from 0.05 to 0.025 g/m³ (the standard is 0.03 g/m³) and increases the yield of the corresponding byproduct—ammonium sulfate. The corrosive action of coke-oven gas in the plant’s gas channels is also reduced; the concentration of volatile ammonia in wastewater from the biochemical treatment system is reduced; and atmospheric emissions of ammonia are reduced to 78 t/yr. The inclination of the new centrifugal-jet atomizers and their relative geometric dimensions may be selected; the flame length and width may be adjusted to the required values, along with the intensity and dispersity of spraying. In our view, the new centrifugal-jet atomizers are also expedient for other systems.     

焦炉气气氛下煤加氢热解研究进展

煤－焦炉气共热解是力图降低传统煤加氢热解工艺投资和工业运转 和的新工艺，近年来已引起人们广泛注意。本文平述了近期国内外利用焦炉气代替氢气作煤加氢热解反应气工艺的可行性以及热解温度和焦炉气组分对热角产品影响方面的研究进展。