基于滑模控制的含风储多域电力系统负荷频率控制

建立含风储多域互联电力系统负荷频率控制(LFC)模型,同时考虑系统参数不确定性、储能系统和传统机组控制信道延时问题.为提高系统鲁棒性,降低储能系统的容量配置,针对含风储的LFC模型,设计滑模负荷频率控制器,并提出滑模负荷频率控制器和储能协调的控制策略.算例分析表明,所提出的协调控制策略在新能源大规模渗透和系统负荷波动情况下能够有效减小系统频率偏差和区域控制偏差,同时降低储能系统的配置容量,提高电力系统安全稳定运行的经济性.     

计及时滞的互联电网负荷频率控制最优分数阶PID控制器设计

分数阶PID控制器相比于传统整数阶PID控制器,具有控制性能好、鲁棒性强等诸多优势,可应用于电网的负荷频率控制(load frequency control,LFC)中.针对网络化时滞互联电网的LFC问题,提出了一种基于计算智能的分数阶PID控制器参数优化整定方案.该方案选择时滞LFC系统时域输出响应构建优化目标函数,采用最近提出的灰狼优化算法获得最优的分数阶PID控制器参数,所设计的控制器能确保一定时滞区间内LFC系统的稳定性.仿真算例表明,所设计的LFC最优分数阶PID控制器比传统整数阶PID控制器的控制性能更优,时滞鲁棒性更强.     

考虑传感器故障的导弹姿态控制系统主动容错控制研究

针对导弹姿态控制系统惯性传感器故障,提出了基于信号重构的主动容错控制方法.分别利用基于梯形算法的数值积分器和有限时间收敛微分器对姿态角信号和角速率信号进行重构,当在线诊断出姿态角或角速率传感器故障时,以重构信号代替故障信号进行反馈控制来实现系统的主动容错控制.在建立导弹姿态控制系统模型并采用次最优控制方法设计输出反馈控制器的基础上,对所设计的主动容错控制方法进行仿真,仿真结果表明该方法是有效的.     

考虑多传感器故障的可重构机械臂主动取代分散容错控制

针对可重构机械臂系统位置传感器和速度传感器多故障, 提出一种主动取代分散容错控制方法. 基于可重构机械臂的模块化属性, 设计正常工作模式下的分散神经网络控制器. 利用微分同胚原理将子系统结构进行非线性变换, 将传感器故障转化成伪执行器故障, 设计分散滑模观测器以对多传感器故障进行实时检测, 并利用其输出信号取代故障传感器信号, 实现了多传感器故障情形下可重构机械臂的主动容错控制. 仿真结果表明了所设计的容错控制方法的有效性.     

基于坐标变换的径向主动磁悬浮轴承容错控制

针对安装3个位移传感器的六极径向主动磁轴承,研究了基于坐标变换的位移传感器容错控制算法;在电流分配矩阵重构法的基础上,提出了基于坐标变换的执行器容错控制算法;并将这两种算法结合,提出了基于坐标变换的位移传感器和执行器容错控制算法;最后,在一个两自由度径向主动磁轴承实验台上对该容错控制算法进行了实验研究.实验结果表明,采用新容错控制算法可以最多在1个传感器故障和3个励磁线圈同时故障的情况下实现转子的稳定悬浮.     

基于蜂群算法的多目标加权优化负荷频率控制研究

为进一步提高两区域互联再热火力发电系统中工作频率和联络线功率的稳定性,提出了一种加权和多目标对负荷频率控制的优化方法;采用人工蜂群算法(ABC)和加权和方法实现LFC的多目标优化,而后将其转化为复合目标函数;根据负荷需求变化和系统参数变化情况,利用加权和方法对复合目标函数做归一化处理,使得两区域PID控制器增益达到同步调谐,获得了频率响应的调节时间和超调量达到最佳折中条件;仿真结果表明,该方法简单有效,在不同的运行条件和系统参数变化情况下具有良好的鲁棒性.     

基于大变异遗传算法进行参数优化整定的负荷频率自抗扰控制

本文将自抗扰控制(active disturbance rejection control,ADRC)应用到两区域互联电力系统的负荷频率控制(load frequency control,LFC)中,从具有非再热式汽轮机机组的电力系统模型推广到具有水轮机机组的以及考虑发电速率约束和调速器死区的再热式汽轮机组的电力系统模型,涉及线性、非线性和非最小相位特性3种控制对象,并使用大变异遗传算法对控制器的参数进行整定,与基于大变异遗传算法的PI控制进行仿真比较研究,仿真表明本文所提基于大变异遗传算法的负荷频率自抗扰控制动态响应快、偏差小、鲁棒性好、抗干扰能力强,对于LFC系统更为有效。     

基于信号重构的可重构机械臂主动分散容错控制

针对可重构机械臂系统传感器故障,提出一种基于信号重构的主动分散容错控制方法. 基于可重构机械臂系统模块化属性,采用自适应模糊分散控制系统实现正常工作模式时模块关节的轨迹跟踪控制. 当在线检测出位置或速度传感器故障时,分别采用数值积分器或微分跟踪器重构相应信号,并以之代替故障信号进行反馈实现系统的主动容错控制. 此方法充分利用了冗余信息,避免了故障关节控制性能的下降对其他关节的影响. 数值仿真结果验证了所提出容错控制方法的有效性.     

H∞容错控制器设计及其在线优化选择容错控制

本文设计了主动H∞容错控制器及其在线优化选择的多种容错控制策略,并且构造了"离线设计在线选择"容错控制模式下故障模式与容错控制器的多对多映射关系.首先,提出了针对给定故障模型的H∞容错控制器设计方法,离线设计了可恢复故障模式的容错控制器;其次,根据不同的需求,设计了3种方法缩小故障模式与容错控制器的所有可容错映射关系;然后,提出了4种主动容错控制器在线优化选择策略来满足不同的优化需求,提高容错控制性能;最后,仿真验证了所提出的主动H∞容错控制器及在线优化选择策略的有效性.     

改进的差分进化算法优化负荷频率控制北大核心CSCD

负荷频率控制(LFC)是保证供电质量及电力系统安全、可靠与经济运行的一种重要的手段。针对互联电力系统中负荷频率控制的特性,对控制参数保持不变的常规差分进化算法进行了改进,提出了一种根据进化代数的变化控制参数中的缩放因子和交叉概率因子也相应的进行变化,保证了进化初期对种群的多样性要求高以提高算法全局搜索能力以及进化后期对局部搜索能力要求较高以提高算法的精度和加快收敛速度。最后推导出两区域互联电力系统负荷频率控制的控制模型,将改进的差分进化算法用于优化其PI控制器参数,仿真结果表明改进后的优化算法在优化PI控制器参数性能上要优于传统的优化算法,即保证系统具有良好的动态性能下仍具有很好的鲁棒特性。     

Active disturbance rejection based load frequency control and voltage regulation in power systems

An active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) is developed for load frequency control (LFC) and voltage regulation respectively in a power system. For LFC, the ADRC is constructed on a three area interconnected power system. The control goal is to maintain the frequency at nominal value (60Hz in North America) and keep tie line power flow at scheduled value. For voltage regulation, the ADRC is applied to a static var compensator (SVC) as a supplementary controller. It is utilized to maintain the voltages at nearby buses within the ANSI C84.1 limits (or ±5% tolerance). Particularly, an alternative ADRC with smaller controller gains than classic ADRC is originally designed on the SVC system. From power generation and transmission to its distribution, both voltage and frequency regulating systems are subject to large and small disturbances caused by sudden load changes, transmission faults, and equipment loss/malfunction etc. The simulation results and theoretical analyses demonstrate the effectiveness of the ADRCs in compensating the disturbances and achieving the control goals.     

Neural-Network-Based Terminal Sliding Mode Control for Frequency Stabilization of Renewable Power Systems

This paper addresses a terminal sliding mode control (T-SMC) method for load frequency control (LFC) in renewable power systems with generation rate constraints (GRC). A two-area interconnected power system with wind turbines is taken into account for simulation studies. The terminal sliding mode controllers are assigned in each area to achieve the LFC goal. The increasing complexity of the nonlinear power system aggravates the effects of system uncertainties. Radial basis function neural networks (RBF NNs) are designed to approximate the entire uncertainties. The terminal sliding mode controllers and the RBF NNs work in parallel to solve the LFC problem for the renewable power system. Some simulation results illustrate the feasibility and validity of the presented scheme.      

风电介入下的多区域互联电力系统分布式经济模型预测负荷频率控制

针对风电介入下的多区域互联电力系统,提出一种分布式经济模型预测负荷频率控制策略.通过将大规模互联电力系统分解成若干个动态耦合的子系统,这些子系统能够利用网络交流并共享信息,使得各区域的控制器实现各自优化问题的求解.同时,在满足状态约束和控制输入约束的前提下,遵循传统火力发电优先、风力发电配合的原则,通过在线求解优化问题,实现风电介入下的多区域互联电力系统的负荷频率控制.为了提高系统整体运行经济性,所提出的分布式经济模型预测控制器将负荷调频成本、燃料消耗成本以及风力发电成本等经济性指标考虑在内.仿真结果表明,在阶跃负荷扰动下,所设计的控制器不仅可以满足调频要求,在降低计算负担和提高经济性能方面也具有一定优势.     

Non-linear sliding mode load frequency control in multi-area power system

This paper addresses non-linear sliding mode controller (SMC) with matched and unmatched uncertainties for load frequency control (LFC) application in three-area interconnected power system. In conventional LFC scheme, as the nominal operating point varies due to system uncertainties, frequency deviations cannot be minimized. These lead to degradation in the dynamic performance or even system instability. In this paper, an effective control law is proposed against matched and unmatched uncertainties.. The proposed controller has ability to vary closed-loop system damping characteristics according to uncertainties and load disturbances present in the system. The frequency deviation converges to zero with minimum undershoot/overshoot, fast settling time, significantly reduced chattering and ensures asymptotic stability. In addition, the controller is robust in the presence of parameter uncertainties and different disturbance patterns. It also guarantees high dynamic performance in the presence of governor dead band (GDB) and generation rate constraint (GRC). Simulations are performed to compare the proposed controller with linear SMC. Using proposed control strategy, undershoot/overshoot and settling time gets reduced by approximately 30% with respect to linear SMC. The computed performance indices and qualitative results establish the superiority as well as applicability of the proposed design for the LFC problem. Further, the proposed controller scheme is validated on IEEE 39 bus large power system.     

Observer based robust integral sliding mode load frequency control for wind power systems

This paper investigates the load frequency control (LFC) for wind power systems with modeling uncertainties and variant loads. Since the system state is difficult to be accurately measured due to perturbation of nonlinear load, an observer is designed for reconstructing a substitution system state. Afterwards, an integral sliding surface is designed and a sliding mode LFC (SMLFC) strategy is proposed for reducing frequency deviations of the overall power system. Remarkably, it has been pointed out that a larger convergence rate of the observer error system has positive influences on the SMLFC performances, while the larger observer gain deteriorates the dynamic behavior. For seeking an acceptable balance so as to determine the optimal controller parameters, a collaborative design algorithm is proposed. The proposed method not only guarantees the asymptotical stability of overall power systems but also capable of improving the system robustness. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

Grasshopper optimization algorithm for optimal load frequency control considering Predictive Functional Modified PID controller in restructured multi-resource multi-area power system with Redox Flow Battery units

Load frequency control (LFC) is a well-established issue in design and operation of power systems considering to the extension, restructuring, and complexity of the interconnected power systems and also the emergence utilization of renewable energy resources. This paper studies the frequency control of multi-area multi-source power system based on the importance of the LFC in the stability of the power system which includes various generation units of thermal, hydroelectric, wind, natural gas and diesel under the restructured environment. In this system, non-linear physical constraints, governor dead band (GDB) and generation rate constraint (GRC) are considered. In this paper, a new Predictive Functional Modified PID (PFMPID) controller is proposed that the effectiveness of this controller is verified compared to the traditional one. In order to optimize and demonstrate the superiority of the proposed control method, Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) is proposed as a suitable solution. To further improve the performance of the under study system, the use of the Redox Flow Battery (RFB) energy storage unit has also been proposed. Since the operation evaluation of the proposed process is necessary in different system conditions, the performance of the proposed method is studied under various disturbances and simulation results are presented.     

多伺服电机智能化协调容错轨迹跟踪控制系统设计

针对一类具有执行器、传感器故障的多伺服电机控制系统,设计了相应的多伺服电机智能化协调容错轨迹跟踪控制系统.首先,提出了一种新结构的分布式中间估计器,修改了其设计结构,提高了估计方案的可行性.其次,通过在线强化学习估计策略,可以显著提高估计性能,其核心是自适应切换机制与源故障模式定位功能块的集成,并根据估计值设计了协调容错轨迹跟踪控制器.同时,设计了可视化人机交互操作界面,可将伺服电机的实时位置、速度、相应的位置、速度估计值及控制性能等信息反馈至监控中心.操作人员可随时调节伺服输入,完成任务调整,可有效提升系统实用性.多伺服电机控制系统的实验结果验证了所提方法的有效性及优越性.     

多区域互联电力系统的自适应滑模负载频率控制

本文研究了一类计及电动汽车的电力系统中的负荷频率控制问题, 首先, 将电动汽车模型与传统的负载频率控制模型相结合,在未知扰动波动范围的条件下设计了自适应滑模控制律. 其次, 分别考虑了电网调频中的匹配扰动和不匹配扰动问题, 并利用李亚普诺夫稳定性理论导出了匹配和不匹配条件下的系统稳定的充分条件. 最后, 两个区域电力系统的仿真结果表明, 电动汽车作为电源和负载都可以提高电网的频率稳定性, 所设计的控制器可以有效地调节电网的频率波动.