4-溴-5-硝基-1,8-萘酐的合成工艺改进

以苊为原料、NaBr/CeCl3?7H2O/H2O2为溴化试剂,得到5-溴苊,再用Al(NO3)3?9H2O/CH3COOH硝化,得到4-溴-5-硝基苊,进一步以醋酸钴/醋酸锰/N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺/氧气为氧化剂,制备得到萘酰亚胺类荧光染料的重要中间体4-溴-5-硝基-1,8-萘酐.考察了原料配比、反应温度、时间以及溶剂对收率的影响,优选的最佳反应条件为:溴化反应温度25℃,反应时间3 h,n(苊):n(CeCl3?7H2O):n(NaBr)=2:1:2.4,收率86.4％;硝化反应温度45℃,反应时间8 h,n(5-溴苊):n〔Al(NO3)3?9H2O〕=1:1.2,收率88.4％;氧化反应温度110℃,反应时间5 h,n(醋酸钴):n(醋酸锰):n(N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺):n(4-溴-5-硝基苊)=1.2:0.5:1.2:10,收率72.3％.进行了初步放大实验,结果表明,反应扩大5～20倍后仍具有较好的收率.     

5-溴苊的合成研究

以苊为原料,采用两种氧化溴化体系合成5-溴苊,确定较佳的溴化体系及溴化工艺条件。考察了溶剂种类、物料配比、反应温度及时间对反应收率的影响。实验结果表明:在乙酸乙酯溶剂中,反应温度20℃,反应时间为1h,n(溴酸钠)∶n(亚硫酸氢钠)∶n(苊)=1.2∶1.2∶1,产品收率为85.8%,纯度﹥98%(HPLC)。产品结构经IR和1 H NMR表征。     

2-溴-4-氨基苯甲醚的合成

以4-硝基氟苯为原料,经芳环溴代、亲核取代、硝基还原,共3步反应制得2-溴-4-氨基苯甲醚。考察了反应物用量、反应温度和反应时间对溴酸钠溴代法收率的影响,考察了3种还原法对还原收率的影响。当n(4-硝基氟苯)∶n(硫酸钾)=50∶1,反应温度为68℃,反应时间为3h时,溴代反应收率为69.6%;以10%Pd-C/甲酸铵还原硝基时,反应收率为92.3%;3步反应的总收率为61.0%。各步产物结构均经MS、1 H NMR进行表征。     

3-溴-4-羟基苯甲醛合成工艺改进

以对羟基苯甲醛为原料,H2O2/HBr为溴化剂,制备了标题化合物,并对其合成工艺进行了研究.在优化的工艺条件下n(p-HBA)∶n(H2O2)∶n(HBr)=1∶1.2∶1.8,反应温度20 ℃,时间140 min,反应收率达70.04%.该工艺具有操作简单、环境污染少等特点.     

4-氯-3-羧基苯硼酸合成工艺的优化

介绍了4-氯-3-羧基苯硼酸的合成工艺。以2-氯-5-溴甲苯为原料,与正丁基锂和硼酸三异丙酯反应、再经氧化得目标化合物。考察了反应物配比、反应时间和反应温度对收率的影响。采用HPLC,MS和1H NMR等方法对产品的纯度和结构进行了表征。实验结果表明:反应温度为-78℃,反应时间为1.5 h,物料比为n(C7H6Br F)∶n(n-u Li)∶n(B(Oi Pr)3)=1∶1.8∶1.2时,收率为96%。两步总收率为85%。本合成路线原料廉价易得、操作简单、后处理方便、生产周期短,适合工业化生产。     

3-溴-5-叔丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛的合成研究

以冰乙酸为溶剂,以5-叔丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛和溴素为原料,合成了3-溴-5-叔丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛。考察了溶剂、反应温度、物料比、反应时间等对3-溴-5-叔丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛收率的影响,合成的优化工艺条件为:n(5-叔丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛)∶n(溴素)=1∶1.1,反应温度60℃,反应时间10 h,在此工艺下,收率可达到88.2%,产品经MS、1H NMR确认。     

2,6-二溴-1,4-萘醌的合成

以6-溴-2-萘酚为原料,与三苯基二溴化膦进行定位取代反应,合成了2,6-二溴萘,再经CrO3/HOAc氧化得到了2,6-二溴-1,4-萘醌,此化合物鲜见报道,总收率23.6%。研究确定了2,6-二溴萘在CrO3/HOAc体系下氧化得到2,6-二溴-1,4-萘醌的最佳工艺条件为:n(三氧化铬)∶n(2,6-二溴萘)=3∶1,在100℃反应10 min,收率为78.0%。产物的结构经1H NMR、13C NMR、MS和HRMS分析表征。     

1-苄基-6-溴吲哚-3-甲醛的合成

以6-溴吲哚(2)为原料,通过Vilsmeier-Haack反应、 N-苄基保护,两步反应合成得到1-苄基-6-溴吲哚-3-甲醛(1)。对反应工艺进行了优化,确定合成6-溴-1H-吲哚-3-甲醛(3)的反应温度为25℃,反应时间为5 h;合成1的优化反应条件为:n(3)∶n(BnBr)=1.0∶1.3, n(3)∶n(KOH)=1.0∶1.5,反应温度25℃,反应时间3 h。在优化条件下,两步反应总收率86.5%。产物结构经1H NMR和ESI-MS确证。     

5-溴香兰素的合成

以甲基香兰素为原料,氢溴酸与过氧化氢为溴化剂,溴化铝为催化剂,无水乙醇为溶剂制备5-溴香兰素。实验确定了制备过程的适宜工艺条件:将甲基香兰素(0.07mol)用无水乙醇使其完全溶解,搅拌下按摩尔比n(C8H8O3)∶n(HBr)∶n(H2O2)=0.07∶0.59∶0.10加入40%的氢溴酸和30%的过氧化氢,加入少量溴化铝(催化剂),控制反应温度不超过5～10℃,反应时间6h。在此条件下产物收率为98.3%,优于现有的合成工艺。     

2,7-二溴-N-辛基咔唑的合成与表征

以4,4'-二溴联苯为原料,经硝化、闭环、N-烷基化反应合成了2,7-二溴-N-辛基咔唑(Ⅲ)。4,4'-二溴联苯与发烟硝酸按n(4,4'-二溴联苯)∶n(HNO3)=1.0∶4.0,在75℃下进行硝化,反应5 h,得到了2-硝基-4,4'-二溴联苯(Ⅰ),收率97%;中间产物Ⅰ与三苯基膦按n(2-硝基-4,4'-二溴联苯)∶n(三苯基膦)=1.0∶3.0,在无水无氧条件下,闭环反应得到了2,7-二溴咔唑(Ⅱ),收率85%;在碱性条件下,中间产物Ⅱ与1-溴辛烷按n(2,7-二溴咔唑)∶n(1-溴辛烷)=1.0∶1.5,N-烷基化反应合成最终产物,收率85%。产物结构经IR、元素分析和1HNMR确证。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.