视网膜静脉阻塞荧光素眼底血管造影观察

目的观察视网膜静脉阻塞（RVO）的荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）的图像特征,加深对RVO病变的认识,探讨FFA在RVO的应用。方法对我院自2006年1月至2009年12月经临床诊断为视网膜中央静脉阻塞（CRVO）和视网膜分支静脉阻塞（BRVO）患者298例（298只眼）的FFA检查结果进行回顾性分析。结果 RVO患者共298例（298只眼）。CRVO者97只眼,占32.55%;BRVO者201只眼,占67.45%。其中颞上分支静脉阻塞117只眼,占分支静脉阻塞的58.21%;半侧静脉阻塞12只眼,占5.97%。有视网膜新生血管形成32只眼,占10.74%;黄斑囊样水肿者104只眼,占35.14%;视网膜毛细血管无灌注区形成者139只眼,占46.64%。78.86%的病例发病年龄在50岁以上。结论 BRVO发病率高于CRVO;BRVO中以颞上分支静脉阻塞最常见;视网膜新生血管形成和黄斑囊样水肿是RVO的两个主要并发症。FFA对RVO的诊断、分类分型、指导治疗有重要的意义。     

视网膜静脉阻塞患者视力预后相关因素分析

目的研究各型视网膜静脉阻塞患者的视力预后、并发症及视力降低的相关因素.方法视网膜静脉阻塞患者913例(944只眼),年龄15～89岁,平均(52.8±11.9)岁;平均随访时间20.7个月.患者所有临床资料均输入计算机,应用SPSS软件进行统计学处理.结果 (1)按部位分型总干阻塞406只眼,占43.0%;半侧阻塞60只眼,占6.4%;分支阻塞478只眼,占50.6%.(2)按缺血分型944只眼中,缺血型633只眼,占67.1%;非缺血型311只眼,占32.9%.(3)患者视力预后各型静脉阻塞患者治疗前、后视力比较,总干阻塞和半侧阻塞的差异无显著性(t=1.45,1.62;均P>0.05),分支阻塞的差异有显著意义(t=7.89,P<0.05).(4) 患者初诊视力水平与预后3种类型静脉阻塞患者视力预后均差;患者的初诊视力水平均与视力预后密切相关(χ2=175.261,21.357,106.408;均P<0.01).(5) 静脉阻塞导致的低视力和盲目率各型静脉阻塞患者的低视力与盲目率比较,差异有显著意义(χ2=85.251,P<0.01).(6) 缺血型与非缺血型患者视力预后比较视网膜静脉总干阻塞、半侧阻塞、分支阻塞患者中缺血型与非缺血型比较,差异均有显著意义(χ2=157.819,19.637,56.737;P<0.01).(7)导致静脉阻塞的危险因素高血压占57.8%,动脉硬化占67.4%,血液黏稠度增高占24.6%,原发性青光眼占1.5%,糖尿病占6.2%.(8) 静脉阻塞患者并发症的发生率黄斑囊样水肿占46.7%,视网膜和(或)视乳头新生血管占21.5%,玻璃体出血占11.4%,新生血管性青光眼占4.2%.其中总干阻塞发生新生血管性青光眼39只眼,占总干阻塞的9.6%,占半侧阻塞的1.7%.(9)并发症导致的低视力和盲目率低视力者中,黄斑囊样水肿占37.9%,新生血管占29.9%;盲目者中,黄斑囊样水肿占19.5%,新生血管占23.0%.新生血管性青光眼导致的盲目者中,视力<0.05者占95.0%.结论视网膜静脉阻塞的致盲率较高,影响视力预后的最重要因素是缺血型视网膜静脉阻塞.初诊视力水平与视力预后关系密切,黄斑囊样水肿、新生血管及新生血管性青光眼为致盲的重要原因.     

氩激光光凝治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞疗效观察

目的探讨应用氩绿激光治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞的临床疗效。方法对66例（66只眼）视网膜分支静脉阻塞区行弥漫性光凝,如合并黄斑水肿眼行黄斑区格栅状光凝,3个月后复诊,仍有渗漏者行2次或3次光凝。结果 3个月后,70%患者视网膜水肿、渗漏消失。72%视力提高,86%新生血管消退,83%无新生血管出现。结论氩绿激光光凝视网膜可使多数视网膜分支静脉阻塞所致渗漏、水肿、无灌注区获得缓解,减少新生血管发生。     

视网膜黄斑分支静脉阻塞

本文报告黄斑分支静脉阻塞４４例，分析了该病的临床表现和视力预后。黄斑分支静脉阻塞与主干分支静脉阻塞相同，恒发生在动、静脉交叉处。本组阻塞点处动脉位于静脉之上者占９３．０２％，阻塞部位以位于黄斑第二分支者最多占５９．１％。本组并发症少，无１例产生新生血管。视力预后好，追踪最后视力≥０．５者占８６．４％。     

视网膜分支静脉阻塞的临床分析

目的 为了了解视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者的合并症发生的情况。 方法 回顾性地分析本院1995年10月到1999年10月277例（277只眼）视网膜分支静脉阻塞的病例。 结果 70%以上的病例发病年龄均在55岁以上，81.58%的分支静脉阻塞发生于颞上及颞下象限。分支静脉阻塞合并症的发生率与阻塞的位置密切相关，愈大的分支静脉阻塞，其无灌注区及新生血管的发生率也就愈高。 结论 视网膜分支静脉阻塞黄斑水肿发生在发病的早期，无灌注区的出现多在7～12个月，而新生血管的出现，多半在一年以后，因此对这些患者应当有更长期的追踪观察。 （中华眼底病杂志，2002，18：17-19）     

缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞行全光凝后的远期疗效观察

目的 探讨全光凝联合格栅样光凝治疗缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞后新生血管和黄斑水肿的远期疗效。方法 对56例(58只眼)缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞伴有新生血管和黄斑水肿的息眼采用全光凝和格栅样光凝进行光凝治疗。光凝后经平均随访18个月，对比分析光凝前后的荧光素眼底血管造影、视力、眼压变化情况。结果 治疗后有效45只眼，占77．6％；好转9只眼，占15．5％；治疗后视力进步者37只眼，占63．8％；无变化者15只眼，占25．9％；减退者6只眼，占10．3％。结论 全光凝和格栅样光凝术对缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞新生血管性青光眼的预防及黄斑水肿的消退具有显著疗效。     

氩激光治疗缺血型视网膜分支静脉阻塞

目的探讨氩激光治疗缺血性视网膜分支静脉阻塞的临床疗效。方法应用美国科以人公司氩激光对经荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）检查确诊的86例（86只眼）缺血型视网膜分支静脉阻塞进行光凝治疗，3个月后复查FFA。结果86例（86只眼）经视网膜光凝后，视网膜出血Ⅱ度以上吸收73只眼（84．88％），Ⅳ度吸收10只眼（11．63％），不变或加重3只眼（3．49％）；黄斑水肿吸收76只眼，占88．37％，不变10只眼，占11．63％；视力增加者69只眼（80．23％），不变14只眼（16．27％），下降3只眼（3．49％）。FFA复查渗漏及毛细血管无灌注区消失77只眼（89．53％）。结论视网膜激光光凝治疗能减少缺血型视网膜静脉阻塞引起的新生血管，并能促使黄斑水肿消退，从而不同程度地改善视功能。     

视网膜静脉阻塞荧光素眼底血管造影的观察分析

目的 观察视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)的荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)的图像特征,探讨FFA在RVO的应用.方法 对2011年1月至2011年12月经临床诊断为视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO)和视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)的患者126例(126只眼)的FFA检查结果进行回顾性分析.结果 RVO患者共126例(126只眼).视网膜静脉充盈迟缓,有42例,占33.33％;视网膜静脉迂曲扩张,串珠样改变或栓子形成者45例,占35.71％;视网膜毛细血管无灌注区形成者51例,占40.48％;有视网膜新生血管形成者41例,占32.54％,其中8例伴有视乳头新生血管,占6.35％;黄斑囊样水肿者47例,占37.30％;侧支循环形成者15例,占11.90％.结论 FFA可以很清楚地显示视网膜静脉阻塞的眼底视网膜及血管形态功能的改变,对RVO的诊断、预后评估及指导治疗有重要的意义.     

基于荧光眼底特征探讨视网膜分支静脉阻塞的临床分型

目的:分析视网膜分支静脉阻塞(branch retinal vein occlu-sion,BRVO)的荧光素眼底血管造影特征,探讨视网膜分支静脉阻塞进一步分型的必要性。方法:回顾荧光素眼底血管造影检查1450例BRVO患者,依荧光眼底像确定患者阻塞点位于动静脉交叉处2～3级以上者56例56眼,对其视网膜无灌注区大小,新生血管等情况进行观察。结果:患者56例56眼,占BRVO患者总眼数的3.9%,其中视网膜2级动静脉交叉阻塞者29眼,3级动静脉交叉阻塞者18眼,3级以上动静脉交叉阻塞者9眼。荧光视网膜像显示56眼中42眼存在阻塞所属区域小片无灌注区低荧光,16眼有新生血管性高荧光,未见玻璃体积血,增生性视网膜病变及牵拉性视网膜脱离等并发症发生。结论:临床视网膜动静脉交叉处2～3级以上BRVO者有别于常见的BRVO,其视网膜损害范围轻,出血范围小,程度轻,且无灌注区面积小,发生新生血管密度低,此类患者有必要单独列出,BRVO值得进一步分型,以促进临床的诊治。     

无早期症状的视网膜分支静脉阻塞临床特点

目的观察视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)中,因不参与引流黄斑区血液,而阻塞早期无症状病例的临床及荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)特点。方法回顾性分析BRVO病例中因合并玻璃体积血就诊及FFA检查时偶然发现的66例(70只眼)临床资料。结果 66例BRVO病例中,右眼26例,左眼36例,双眼4例。颞上周边支阻塞45只眼,占68.18%;颞下周边支5只眼,占7.58%;鼻上支8只眼,占12.12%;鼻下支12只眼,占18.18%。FFA检查时偶然发现17例,占25.76%;继发玻璃体积血49例,占74.24%。70只眼均发现大小、数量不等的视网膜新生血管。伴增生膜5只眼,占7.58%。合并视盘新生血管3只眼,占4.55%。黄斑前膜4只眼,占6.06%;视网膜裂孔、并继发视网膜脱离6只眼,占8.57%。结论无早期症状BRVO病例,均为BRVO后期并发症,与其它类型BRVO有所不同。     

Ocular neovascularization with retinal vascular occlusion-III. Incidence of ocular neovascularization with retinal vein occlusion

A prospective natural history study was conducted in 721 eyes with various types of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) to determine the incidence of various types of ocular neovascularization (NV) and the factors that influence the development of ocular NV. The material was 360 eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), 97 eyes with hemi-CRVO, and 264 eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO); these cases were further subdivided into six groups for logical data analysis: nonischemic CRVO (venous stasis retinopathy-VSR, 282 eyes), ischemic CRVO (hemorrhagic retinopathy-HR, 78 eyes), hemi-VSR (66 eyes), hemi-HR (31 eyes), major BRVO (191 eyes) and macular BRVO (73 eyes). Ocular NV attributable to RVO was seen only in HR, hemi-HR, and major BRVO. In HR the anterior segment was the major site of NV, with iris and angle NV and neovascular glaucoma (NVG), while in hemi-HR and major BRVO the retina and optic disc were the major sites of NV. The principal factor influencing the development of ocular NV in RVO seems to be the severity and extent of retinal ischemia, while duration of follow-up since onset also plays an important role in determining the incidence of ocular NV. The findings and subject of ocular NV in RVO are discussed in detail along with a review of the pertinent literature.     

Serous macular detachment in branch retinal vein occlusion

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between the extent of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and the incidence of serous retinal detachment (SRD) in the macular area. METHODS: One hundred nine eyes of 109 consecutive patients with BRVO comprised the study population. These eyes were characterized as having either macular BRVO or major BRVO. We compared the tomographic macular findings between the two groups. RESULTS: Thirty-nine eyes had macular BRVO, and 70 eyes had major BRVO. The incidence of SRD was higher in the group with major BRVO (63%) than in the group with macular BRVO (21%) (P < 0.001). The incidence of cystoid macular edema was similar in both groups (macular BRVO, 97%; and major BRVO, 90%). Foveal thickness of major BRVO (610 +/- 190 micro m) was significantly greater than that of macular BRVO (500 +/- 140 micro m) (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in thickness of the neurosensory retina between the group with macular BRVO (450 +/- 120 micro m) and the group with major BRVO (480 +/- 140 micro m). CONCLUSIONS: Serous macular detachment occurs more frequently in major BRVO than in macular BRVO. Vascular leakage from congested retinal veins outside the macular area appears to be a major source of subretinal fluid at the fovea.     

Quantitative computerized image analysis of the relationship between neovascularization and nonperfusion area in branch retinal vein occlusion]

Quantitative computerized image analysis of composite fluorescein angiograms of 62 eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) found 33 eyes with newly formed blood vessels. Determination of the ratio of the retinal capillary nonperfusion area to the disk area revealed that the ratio was positively correlated with the incidence of neovascularization, in that 10.0% of the cases with the ratio under 10 and 63.2% of the cases with the ratio between 10-30 had neovascularization, and the incidence of the latter increased to 82.6% among cases with the ratio over 30. The calibres of 344 retinal arteries and veins in normal subjects and in the affected and unaffected eyes of BRVO patients were measured to find that both vessels were narrowed in late patients of retinal vein occlusion.     

Retinal breaks and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in association with branch retinal vein occlusion

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To report the incidence and clinical characteristics of retinal breaks and/or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the clinical records of 230 eyes of 214 patients with BRVO and identified eyes with retinal breaks and/or RRD. Patients had at least 6 months of follow-up. RESULTS: Seven of 230 eyes (3%) had retinal breaks and 3 eyes (1.3%) had RRD. One of the eyes with RRD had subclinical retinal detachment. All 7 eyes had ischemic disease documented by fluorescein angiography. Two of 7 eyes had concurrent retinal neovascularization. Four eyes with breaks, but without RRD, and the eye with subclinical RRD were managed by argon green laser. Two eyes with RRD were managed successfully with scleral buckling surgery and postoperative supplemental argon green laser. The mean follow-up period was 14.8 +/- 8.3 months. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with BRVO should be monitored closely for possible retinal break formation and RRD development.     

Role of the vitreous in retinal neovascularization evaluated by a comparison of central retinal vein occlusion and branch retinal vein occlusion

Thirty three patients (33 eyes) with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and 80 patients (81 eyes) with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) were studied in an attempt to investigate the role of the vitreous in the formation of retinal neovascularization. All these eyes had some areas of capillary nonperfusion confirmed by fluorescein angiography and no scatter photocoagulation before the first examination. The incidence of new vessels at the optic disc (NVD) in CRVO was not significantly different from that in BRVO. However, the incidence of new vessels elsewhere (NVE) in CRVO was significantly less than that in BRVO. Follow-up vitreous examination of 36 cases while they had not developed NVD and/or NVE showed a higher incidence of posterior vitreous detachment from the mid-peripheral retina (MP-PVD) in CRVO than in BRVO. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of posterior vitreous detachment from the optic disk (D-PVD) between CRVO and BRVO. The high incidence of MP-PVD in CRVO may explain the low incidence of NVE in CRVO.     

Perimetric sensitivity with the micro perimeter 1 and retinal thickness in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between retinal sensitivity and thickness of the macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). DESIGN: Prospective case series. METHODS: We prospectively examined 15 eyes of 15 patients with macular edema associated with BRVO. In each patient, retinal sensitivity in the macular area was examined with the Micro Perimeter 1 (MP-1); retinal thickness was measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Eyes with marked retinal hemorrhage or macular nonperfusion were excluded from the current study. RESULTS: Retinal sensitivity measured with the MP-1 was significantly correlated with retinal thickness in the fovea (R(2) = 0.460) and in all extrafoveal regions (R(2) = 0.383 to 0.794). In four eyes treated with triamcinolone acetonide, retinal sensitivity showed marked improvement in parallel with the reduction of the macular edema. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal sensitivity in the macular area correlates linearly and negatively with increased retinal thickness in eyes with BRVO.     

视网膜分支静脉阻塞伴行的动脉改变及其对预后影响

目的观察视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)伴行的动脉变化及其对预后的影响。设计回顾性病例系列。研究对象黑龙江省医院121例(124眼)BRVO患者。方法观察不同病程的BRVO患者荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)的影像资料,分析不同病程伴行的动脉变化对视网膜无灌注区的形成、新生血管的发生及视神经的影响。主要指标FFA图像中视网膜动脉管径及充盈时间等改变。结果早期患者64眼中,动脉管径扩张且荧光素渗漏严重者27眼(42.19%),其中19眼(70.37%)在病变晚期出现了超过7 PD的大片无灌注区,而动脉正常或受累轻微的37眼中仅7眼出现大片无灌注区(P<0.05)。所有患者中38眼(30.68%)病变晚期发生小动脉闭塞;18眼(14.52%)阻塞静脉与伴行动脉的远端出现一致性闭塞;5眼(4.03%)伴行动脉干不同程度闭塞。65眼(52.41%)出现大片毛细血管无灌注区,其中49眼(75.38%)发生视盘或视网膜新生血管,而与动脉有关的新生血管有16眼(43.24%)。结论 BRVO伴发的视网膜动脉受累(如早期患者动脉充盈延缓、管径扩张,晚期患者动脉管径缩窄、小动脉闭塞等)程度可作为早期判断有无无灌注区、识别发生新生血管高危眼以及对BRVO分型的参考指征。     

Neovascularization in branch retinal vein occlusion combined with arterial insufficiency

The aim of this study is to elucidate the association of neovascularization in branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) combined with major arterial insufficiency (MAI), compared with BRVO alone. The authors retrospectively reviewed the charts, color photographs, and fluorescein angiograms of 304 patients (308 eyes) who had BRVO from 1990 to 2002 at Hanyang University hospital. Patients with BRVO combined with MAI and patients with BRVO alone were differentiated by angiographic appearance. Of the 308 eyes, 12 (3.9%) had neovascularization, all of which were in the 56 eyes of the MAI group for which the neovascularization rate was 21.4%. Neovascularization in BRVO was more strongly associated with the non-perfusion caused by MAI, rather than with the extent of the non-perfusion area that originated from retinal capillary obstruction. MAI is considered as a risk factor for neovascularization and hence could be a prognostic factor.     

Intravitreal levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 are correlated with macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion

Background To investigate whether vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or interleukin-6 (IL-6) contributes to the pathogenesis of macular edema in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), the correlations between these factors were investigated. Methods We studied 25 patients suffering from macular edema with BRVO and 14 patients with nonischemic ocular disease (control group). The degree of retinal ischemia was evaluated in terms of the area of capillary nonperfusion using Scion Images, and the severity of macular edema was examined using optical coherence tomography. Vitreous fluid samples were obtained at the time of vitreoretinal surgery, and VEGF and IL-6 levels in the vitreous fluid and plasma were determined by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results Vitreous fluid levels of VEGF and IL-6 were significantly elevated in patients with BRVO compared with control patients (P=0.0011 and P<0.0001, respectively). Also, the vitreous level of VEGF was significantly correlated with that of IL-6 (P=0.0012), and vitreous levels of VEGF and IL-6 were correlated with the size of the BRVO nonperfusion area (P<0.0001 and P=0.0033, respectively). Furthermore, vitreous levels of VEGF and IL-6 were correlated with the severity of macular edema (P=0.0008 and P=0.0191, respectively) and the severity of macular edema of BRVO was significantly correlated with the size of the BRVO nonperfusion area (P=0.0044). Conclusions The levels of VEGF and IL-6 are increased in patients with macular edema with BRVO and are significantly correlated with the size of the nonperfusion area and the severity of macular edema. Therefore, they may play a role in macular edema with BRVO.